The Annals of the World, History 1 · Age of the world 6 (5 of 18)
Lysander, Year of the World b. sending for such out of the cities adjoyning, The Julian Period. 4308 as he knew to be blades, Year before Christ 400 and had good hearts and head-peeces of their owne, bad them make every man, what friends he could, and set up for himself: assuring them as before, that as soon as the Athenians were down, he would dissolve the popular governments in all those cities, and that they should be every man a Prince in his own country, [Plut. in the life of Lysander.]
The moon was eclipsed in the evening, Year of the World c. [Xenophon Helen. 1.] 15. April, according to the Julian Calendar, about 3 houres after sun set; as the Astronomical accompt sheweth.
When Pityas was Ephorus at Sparta; and Callias, Pretor or L. Chancellor in Athens, and Lysanders year of command was out, Callicratidas was sent to succeed him in the charge of the navie; and forasmuch as he was a man whom Lysander hated, he surrendred the ships to him indeed, as he could do no lesse; but of the monies which he had received from Cyrus to pay the Navy withal, what was remaining unspent in his hand, that be all returned to Cyrus again at Sardes, bidding Callicratidas, go aske it of Cyrus if he would have it, and see how he could get moneys to pay the Navy: whereupon Callicratidas was forced out of pure necessity, to make a journey into Lydia, to Cyrus, and there desired to have pay for the Navie. But being none of the greatest Courtiers, grew quickly impatient of attendance, and that thus he was put off and delayed from day to day; and saying that the Greeks were come to a faire passe, if they must now stand crouching for pay, to a company of barbarians, gave over his suit, and came his way, [Xenoph. Hellen. 1. and Plut. in the life of Lysander.]
Callicratidas sailing to Miletus, got moneys of them there, and going from thence to Chios, had the Castle of Delphinium, which was kept by five hundred Athenians, delivered up unto him: which he brake downe: and having there gotten about a mark sterling, for every marriner, went to Teos, where slipping into the towne by night, he sacked it; and came to Lesbos, where he took Methynna the chief City of the Isle: Conon the Athenian made what haste he could to come to their rescue, but came too late; wherefore, finding all lost there, he began to fly away; but Callicratidas with his fleet of one hundred and seventy ships, pursued him, drew him to a fight, and overcame him. In which fight, Conon, having lost 30 saile of his ships, fled with the 40 that were left, to Mitylene. But Callicratidas followed him, and there blockt him up by sea and land; and whiles he lay there, moneys came to him, sent after him by Cyrus, [Xenoph. ib. Diod. l. 13.]
The Athenian Navy consisting in all, of one hundred and fifty saile, drew forth, to come to the rescue of Mitylene: and Callicratidas, leaving Eteonicus, with fifty ships to continue the siege, with the other one hundred and twenty, came to the Islands called Arginuse, which lye between Malea, and a bay of Lesbos, and Catanis, a foreland in Asia, and there, manfully fighting, was slain; the Athenians got the victory, but lost twenty and five of their ships in the fight, with all the men aboard them, save some few, which swam a shore, and the Peloponesians having lost seventy and seven ships, fled away to Chios; but the greatest part of them retired into the Countreys of Cuma and Phocea, [Id. ib.] and that this sight at Argiunsae, was made, when Callias was Pretor, or L. Chancellor at Athens, the third year of the ninety third Olympiade, besides Xenophon and Diodorus, Atheneus also in his fifth book, de…pnosoph. affirmeth.
Cyrus put to death his two own cousin Germans, Year of the World 3599 Autobezaces and Mitreus, Year of the World 3409 the sons of Darius his fathers sister: Year before Christ 401 for that when they met him, they had not pulled in their hands within their sleeves; an honour which was never wont to be done, but to the king himself; which when Hieramenes and his wife, the parents, as it seemeth, of them that were so put to death, heard, they told Darius, that it was a shame for him, to wink at so foule a fact of his son: whereupon Darius sent for his son, to repaire to his presence, pretending that he was sick, in his Camp at Thamneria, in the Country of the Medes, whither he was gone with his army against the Cadusians, a bordering Nation, which had newly revolted from him, [Xenophon Hellen. lib. 2.]
The Lacedemonions which were scattered in the countreys of Eolia and Ionia, met together at Ephesus; and thence sent messengers to Lacedemon, to let them there know, how things went with them in Asia; and to desire that they might have Lysander again for their General, a man of whom they had had so good proof of, in the year before: in which request, Cyrus also joyned with them; but because by their Law, the same man could not be twice Ammiral of their fleete, therefore they gave the title of Ammiral to one Aracus, but committed the whole power for the management of the war unto Lysander, under the name of his Lievtenant. Lysander therefore coming to Ephesus, sent to Eteonicus to come unto him with his ships from Chios; gathering also out of Peloponesus, and other parts, all the ships that ever he could make, and did not only repaire those which he had, but also built new ones, in the port at Antandrus; [Xenophon, ibid. Diodorus in the third and fourth years of the ninety third Olympiade; and Plutarch in the life of Lysander.]
Lysander made a journey to Cyrus, and desired money of him, as before; which having, though with much difficulty, gotten (for Cyrus made it appear unto him, that by reason of his former liberality that way, moneys went very short with him) he forthwith appointed sea captaines over every fighting ship, and payed every mariner his due to a farthing, [Xenoph. Hellen. 2.]
The Carthaginians having taken Gela in Sicily, took the statue of Apollo, which was in his temple in the suburbs of the city, all of brasse, and of a vast bignesse, and sent it to Tyrus, [Diod. year 4. Olympiade 93.]
Cyrus, having received his fathers message, as afore said, sent for Lysander, to come unto him at Sardes, willed him by no means to fight with the Athenians at sea, till he had gotten a far greater fleete of ships than now he had; promising at his return to bring with him a very great Navy, from Phenicia, Cilicia, and other parts thereabouts, and then commended the care of all the cities of his own Government to Lysander, and for such tributes as belonged peculiarly to himself, he assigned them all over unto him, and what was left of that, bad him take it to himselfe, [Xenophon Hellanic. 2. Diodorus, year 4. Olympiade 93. Plutarch in the life of Lysander.]
Then took Cyrus his journey toward his father, taking Tissaphernes, as a friend, along with him, and three hundred Grecians, all Corseleteers, commanded by Xenophon of Arcadia, [Xenophon de Expedit. Cyri, lib. 1. pag. 243. and 254.]
When Cyrus was gone, Lysander having paid his army, went with his fleet to Ceramium, a bay in Caria; and coming with his army, before a town called Cedreas, a place confederate with the Athenians, the next day he took and sackt it, and made the inhabitants thereof (who were no better than a kind of half barbarous people) slaves: so doth Xenophon relate this matter in [2 Hellanic.] but Diodorus [year 4. Olympiade 93.] thus, Lysander (saith he) with a great number of ships, setting upon Thasus, a City of Caria, confederate with the Athenians, took it by force, and cut the throats of all the males there, not under age, to the number of eight hundred; and selling the women and children for slaves, laid the City smat smooth with the ground; where, instead of Cedrenians, the word Thasians is put; which were the inhabitants of an Isle called Thasus; far off from thence, and who after the defeat of the Athenians at Egos Potamos, and final ruine of that state, were not taken by force, by Lysander, but surprised by a trick or slight of his, as we may easily learn out of a broken passage of [Emil. Probus, in the life of Lysander,] and the full relation of the thing, by [Polyenus, lib. 1. stratagem.]
At Miletus, certain men, being desirous to abolish the popular government there used, brought it to passe by Lysanders help, thus. At first, in the Feast of Bacchus, they laid hold on those which were most against their faction in their own houses, to the number of 40. and cut their throats. Afterward again, in a full market, they seized on 300. more of the richest of the people, and cut off their heads: whereupon, some of the principal of the people that were left, fearing what might befall themselves, to the number of a thousand, and no lesse, fled to Pharnabazus, the Persian Governour in those parts; who entertained them very kindly, and giving every one of them, a Statere of gold, gave them Clauda, which is a Castle of Claudia (shall I say of the Island Clauda mentioned Acts 27. 16?) for a place to dwell in, [Diodor. year 4. Olympiade 93.]
The Athenians set sail from Samos, and came to Chios and Ephesus; and having wasted the Kings countries thereabouts, prepared themselves now for a sea-fight: mean while Lysander sailing from Rhodes, and leaving Ionia on the right hand, went up with his Fleet to Hellespont, to see that no shipping should passe that streight; and withal to reduce such Cities as had revolted from them in those parts, [Xenoph. Hellen. 2.]
Lysander going from Abydus, came with his Fleet to Lampsacus, a confederate city with the Athenians; and thither repaired also the men of Abydus by land, and such others as were under the command of Thorax, a Lacedemonian Captain: and setting upon the city, took it by force, and sacked it, being rich, and full of corn and wine, and all other provisions: but sent away the Athenian Garrison that was there, according to his word, suffered all freemen there to enjoy their liberty, and having given the spoile thereof to his souldiers, he left the place it self entire to the inhabitants, [Plut. in the life of Lysander.]
The Athenian Navy, which consisted of 180 sail, was wholy surprized and taken by Lysander at Egos-potamos, in the streight of Hellespont (of all which number, scantly ten escaped) with 3000. souldiers, besides their Commanders, [Id. ibid.]
Conon their Captain seeing the Athenian State here utterly lost, and fearing the cruelty of his country-men, if he returned to Athens, came with nine ships onelyonly to Abarindes a Foreland of Lampsacus: and taking from thence some principal masts of Lysanders ships, sailed away to Euagoras King of Cyprus, with whom he was formerly of good aquaintance: sending away neverthelesse a Post-barque to Athens, to let them know what had befallen him at Egos-potomos, [Id ib. with Isocrat. in his Euagoras; Aristot. lib. 2. Rhetor. Justin lib. 5. cap. 6. and Aristid. in Oratio. Rho diaca.]
Lysander having rifled their Camp, carried away the ships, and prisoners, and spoils, and all, with the sound of Pipe and Flute, and Triumphant Songs, to Lampsacus. And the same day sent away Theopompus, who had been a Milesian Pirate, with the news of this victory to Lacedemon; in a most choice ship with pennants hung out, and streamers, and all other magnificent attire; which journey he went in three dayes, Philocles the Captain, and the Athenian prisoners to the number of 3000. Adimantus onelyonly excepted, had all their throats cut, [Xenoph. Diodor. Plutarch.]
Lysander, having set all things in order at Lampsacus, sailed to Byzantium and Chalcedon, both which opened their gates unto him: sending away the Athenian Garrisons in both places, upon his word. They who had formerly betrayed Byzantium to Alcibiades, getting away, went first into Pontus, and from thence came afterward to Athens, where they were all endenised. And Lysander leaving Sthenelaus a Lacedemonian for Governour, both of Byzantium and Chalcedon, returned to Lampsacus, there to repair his Navy, [Xen. Hellen. 2.]
Lysander turning out of every City, such as favoured the Athenian party, and destroying every where, Democraties, and all other forms of Government whatsoever; left them onelyonly, such as at Sparta were called Harmostae; (i. e.) Moderators, to govern them: and dividing each City into ten Wards or Companies, chose out of them ten special men, to whom he committed the soveraignity over all, into which number he chose none any where but such as either had been formerly obliged to him, or would now take an oath to be his: and having by this means erected a Decemvirate, or a Government of Ten men in every City, held them all at his own devotion: and did all himself, [Plut. and Emil. Prob. in the life of Lysander.]
Lysander, having spent some short time in ordering this businesse, sent word to Sparta that he was ready with 200. sail; with which, together with Agis and Pausanias the Spartan Kings, he forthwith came to the siege of Athens, hoping in a short time to take it: but finding that they defended themselves beyond his expectation, he himself returned into Asia; where he abolished all Republicks, or Democraties, and established every where his Decemvirates, or Government by Ten men: putting many to death every where, and making the rest to get them packing into other places. And whereas at Miletus, his friends to whom he had undertaken to assist them in suppressing the Democratie there, had already upon a second advice, fallen to an accord with the adverse faction; he most cunningly, and most perfidiously withal, so wrought the matter, that he delivered no lesse than 800. of the Democratical party to be murdered by those which stood for an Aristocratie in that city, [Plutarch ib.]
The Athenians being so besieged by sea and land by the Lacedemonians, Year of the World 3600 obtained at last peace upon certain articles: The Julian Period. 4310 But upon the 16 day of Munichion the Attic monethmonth (the 24 of April, Year before Christ 404 according to the Julian Calender) as Plutarch in his life reporteth; he told the Athenians, that they had broken the articles, in that they had not demolished their walls within the ten dayes limited to them to have done it in: whence it is gathered, that that peace or agreement was made upon the sixth of their monethmonth Munichion, (i. e.) upon our 14 of April:) wherewith ended the Peloponesian war, when it had lasted 27 years: as [Thucidides in his 5 book] telleth us.
Shortly after this peace, Darius King of all Asia, when he had reigned 19 years died: whose eldest son, and successor, Artaxerxes, reigned 43 years, [Diodor. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 93.] But Ctesias who was Physitian to this Artaxerxes, saith, that when Darius Ochus died at Babylon; there succeeded him Arsacus, al. Arsaces, begotten by him, upon the body of Parysatis, before he came to be King: and that coming to the crown, he altered his name to Artaxerxes: who for the greatnesse of his memory was surnamed Mnemon. To which also, as I conceive refers that relation of [Athenaeus, lib. 12. Deipnosoph.] where he saith, that Ochus when he lay a dying, was asked by his eldest son, by what wisdom and policy he had maintained his State so many years, to the end, saith he, that having learned by you, I may follow your steps therein: and that his answer to him was, that he had done it, by doing right to God and man. For although Darius Ochus was often urged by his wife Parysatis, who ever loved her younger son Cyrus more than the elder; to follow the example of Darius Hystaspes, and leave him to succeed him in the kingdom, who was first born after he came to be King; and not him that was borne before: yet would he never hearken to her therein: But by his last Will, gave the kingdom to his eldest son Artaxerxes, and to his younger son Cyrus, all those Cities and Territories, which he had at that time under his Government in Asia, [Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes. Justin. lib. 5. cap. 11.]
So soon as Artaxerxes came to the Crown, by the perswasion and importunity of Statyra his wife, he took Vadiastes, who had murdered Terituchmes, her own brother, and husband to Amistris, who was Artaxerxexes his own sister, and caused his tongue to be drawn backward out of his pole, and there to be cut off: and made Mitridates or Mithridates his son, who had preserved the city Zaris, to the son of Terituchmes, Satrape or Governour in his room, [Ctesias.]
When Artaxerxes went to Pasargada, where according to the custom, he was to put off his own Robe, and to put on the Robe which old Cyrus wore, before he came to the Crown; and was there inaugurated according to the ancient Regal Ceremonies by the Priests of Persia: Tissaphernes brought him the Priest, who had instructed his brother Cyrus in his childhood, according to the custom of his country, and taught him the principles of the art Magick, who was in that regard the more easily believed; when he accused Cyrus for having a plot, when Artaxerxes should be putting off his own Robes, to set upon him, and to murder him in the very Temple, [Plut. in the life of Artax.]
Artaxerxes hereupon caused his brother to be laid hold on, purposing to put him to death; and put him in chains of gold, for the reverence he bare to the Regality of his blood: but when he was to be killed, his mother caught him about the middle, and then casting her hair about his neck, and tying it to her own, with many teares and lamentations made, at length procured his pardon; and obtained him to be sent again to his command in Lydia, and other sea Towns in Asia, [Id. ib. with Xenoph. in Expeditio. Cyri. lib. 1. Justin. lib. 4. cap. Vlt. and Ctesias.]
Alcibiades fearing the power of the Lacedemonians, who commanded all now by sea and land, withdrew into that part of Bithynia which belonged to the Thracians; and carried thither with him a great masse of Silver and gold; yet left he a far greater quantity of both behind him in the Castle where he was. But the Thracians there, so soon as they perceived the wealth which he had brought, devised how to catch him, and to get his money to themselves: yet him they missed, for he had conveyed himself privily away to Pharnabazus in Phrygia: whom he so caught, and enamoured with his gentile behaviour, that no man was so inward with him, as Alcibiades was: whereupon he gave him the Castle of Grynium in Phrygia; whereof he made fifty talents a year in tribute, [Plut. and Emil. Prob. in the life of Alcibiades.]
The Lysandrian Feast, and Games, were instituted in honour of Lysander: wherein, when Antimachus and Niceratus, contended in Poetry; Lysander gave the Garland to Niceratus: and when Antimachus took that so to heart, that he burnt his own Poeme; Plato being then but a youth, cheered him up, and told him, that ignorance hurt onelyonly the ignorant themselves, as blindnesse did the blind, [Plut. in the life of Lysander, with Diodor. 4. yeare 93. Olympiade, out of Apollodorus.]
In the next Olympiade after the taking of Athens by Lysander, Year of the World d. wherein Crocinas a Thessalian, wan the prize in running, which is counted the 94, Olymp. Xenephon saith that there was an Eclipse of the Sun. [Hellen 2.] which the Astronomicall account sheweth to have fallen upon the 3. of our September in the forenoone.
When Cyrus was gotten back again safe into Lydia, Year of the World 3601. a. remembring how he had been shackled by his brother, he began to cast about, how he might hereafter keep himself out of his brothers danger, and withal, if it might be, how to make himself king in his room. Therefore he listed as many Grecian soldiers as possibly he could, and under this and that colour, gathered a great army of several nations, that with them he might come upon his brother as unprovided as might be, [Xenoph. Exped. Cy. lib. 1. Plutarch in the Life of Artaxerxes.] He lent also unto Lysander a ship, made all of gold and Ivory, of two cubits high; congratulating him thereby, for the great victory he had gotten by sea, which Lysander laid up in the treasury of Brasidas, and Acanthians, [Plutarch in his Lysander,] And when Lysander came to him at Sardes to deliver him a present from all the confederate cities, of sundry things (among which perhaps was that Jewel or neck-lace, which Elian. [Var. Histor. lib. 12. cap. 1.] saith, was sent unto him from Scopas the younger, out of Thessaly) Cyrus also, to welcome him, shewed him his Orchard, which he had laid out and planted with his own hand, and entertained him with such discourse of husbandry, as is set forth by Xenophon in his Oeconimies in the person of Socrates.
Among the Persians, Satabarzanes accused Orontes; for keeing company with Parysatis the Kings mother: whereas otherwise she had ever lived in a fair reputation of chastity, therefore was Orontes put to death; and Parysatis grew discontent with her son, and caused Mithridaris, Terituchnes his son, to be made away by poyson, [Ctesias.]
Alcibiades having learnt, that Cyrus intended to make a war against his brother, and that the Lacedemonians had a hand therein; he had purposed to hast away to Artaxerxes, to make him the first discovery of this treason, hoping by this means, both to procure a benefit to himselfe, as Themistocles had done before him; and withal, by the kings help to free his countrey of Athens, from their Lacedemonian bondage. In this mean while, Critias, one of those 30 Tyrants, whom Lysander had set over the Athenians to rule them, gave him notice, that unlesse he took order, to have Alcibiades made away, all would come to nothing, that he had done at Athens, neither yet did Lysander to any thing hereupon, untill a cipher was brought him from Lacedemon, commanding him expressely, to dispatch him: whereupon Lysander sent to Pharnabazus, to let him know, that unlesse he forthwith delivered up Alcibiades into his hands alive or dead, the league made between the king and Lacedemonians could not stand, but all would break out again; and hereupon Pharnabazus sent Susamithres his Uncle, and Magaeus, (whom Emil. Probus calls Bagoas) to murder Alcibiades, whiles he was in a certain place in Phrygia called Melissa, situate in the mountain of Elophois, and was preparing for his journey toward the king.
The people of the countrey whom they had hired to do the deed, durst not attempt it by sword or handy stroaks: but in the dead of the night, laying a great deal of wood round about the house, wherein he lay a sleep, set it on fire; and when Alcibiades had gotten through it, and was escaping away, they shot their darts and arrows at him, and so kill'd him, and carried his head to Pharnabazus; the rest of his body, a sweet-heart of his, wrapped in her own gown, (which a little before he had dreampt, he was wraped in) and buried in the same fire which the house was burned with; making him as fair and as honourable a funeral, as the time and place, and her present ability afforded, [Ephorus lib. 17. cited by Diod. year 1. Olym. 94. Aristot. Histor. Animal. lib. 6. cap. 29. Cic. lib. 1. de Divina. Valer. Max. lib. 1. cap. 7. Justin. lib. 5. cap. 8. Achenae. Deipnosoph. lib. 13. Plutarch and Emil. Prob. in their lives of Alcibiades.]
Clearchus a Lacedemonian, Year of the World b. bearing himself for a Tyrant of Byzantium; and being overcome by his own people, led by Panthoedas, stole away by night, and came into Ionia; where growing into familiarity with Cyrus, whose mind was at that time wholly set upon making a war against his brother, wrought so far upon him, that he was made by him General of all his forces: for finding him, a man of a haughty spirit, and a courage apt to embrace any imployment; he gave him 10000 darics, with which he raised forces, and marching out of Chersonesus made war upon the Thracians, that bordered northward upon Hellespont: which because it seemed for the advantage of the Grecians, therefore did the cities of Hellespont contribute willingly to the maintenance thereof: so that these forces were maintained under hand for the use and service of Cyrus, [Xenophon de Expedit. Cyri. lib. 1. Diodor. year 2. Olympiade 94.]
Then Lysander in hostile manner wasted the Province of Phrygia and other places of Pharnabazus his government, Year of the World c. he forthwith sent to complain of him at Lacedemon, where himself was in great esteem and much beloved, because he had at all assayes, ever upheld their State, against their enemies: and therefore the Ephori being much incensed against Lysander, took Thorax a great friend and favourite of his, and because they found that he had store of money in his house, put him to death: and sending their cypher, called Lysander himself home out of Asia. Hereupon Lysander was faine to entreat Pharnabazus to write other letters in his justification; which he openly did, and that in so good a manner, as Lysander himself could wish no better: but having others ready written, he shuffled them in at the sealing, and sent them away by Lysander himself; which when he came to Lacedemon, and there delivered to the Ephori, he was thereby made the proper informer against himself, [Plut. and Emil. Prob. in their lives, of Lysander, and Polyaenus, lib. 7. Stratagem.]
Not long after, hardly and with much adoe, he gat leave of the Ephori to travel, and to visit the Temple of Jupiter Ammon; pretending that it was to pay the vows which he had made before he entered into certain battels, which he had fought in their service: but indeed it was to bribe the Priests there, for his own ends and purposes. And to that end, he carried with him a large proportion of monies; and had there besides King Lybis, an old friend and host of his fathers: and for a memorial of that friendship, his younger brother had his name given him Lybis by his father. But the chief Priest of that Oracle would not be bribed: nor that onelyonly, but they sent messengers to Sparta, to inform against him, for attempting so to do: whereupon when he returned to Sparta, he was called in question for it; but was acquitted by the court, [Diodor. year 2 of the 94 Olympiade, Plutarch and Emil. Probus in their lives of Lysander.]
At this time all the cities of Ionia, Year of the World 3602 save onelyonly Miletus, The Julian Period. 4312 which were under the government of Tissaphernes, Year before Christ 402 fell over to Cyrus: for when Tissaphernes residing at Miletus, perceived that the Milesians had the same inclination towards Cyrus that the others had, he prevented that purpose of theirs, by killing some of them, and turning others out of the gates: who coming to Cyrus were graciously received by him; and he gathered forthwith an army by land and sea, to restore them to their right again, [Xen. De Expedit. Cy. lib. 1. pa. 244.] among his land companies there was one Socrates of Achaia with 500. Corselets, and Pasio of Megara with almost 700. more, [lb. pa. 245] But Tamos an Egyptian, Cyrus his Ammiral, with 25 ships, kept the siege by sea, [lb. pa. 252.]
Cyrus sent to Artaxerxes, praying that he would be pleased to trust him being his brother, with the government of those cities, rather than Tissaphernes: in which sure his mother also stickled hard for him; so it came to passe that the King perceived not that there was any Treason intended towards himself, but thought that Cyrus had kept an army about him, onelyonly to oppose Tissaphernes: and was well enough content, that they two should try it out between themselves. For Cyrus duely sent unto Artaxerxes the tribute payable out of those cities, which Tissaphernes formerly held, [lb. pa. 241.]
This Cyrus, who never came to be King, either of Persia or Babylon, is the man, whom Geor. Harvartus, lulled, as it seems, asleep with some pleasing fancy of his own, would needs have to be him, who after the end of the Babylonish captivity, licensed the Jews, with their Governour Zerobabel, and Joshua, al. Jesu, the son of Jozadake the High Priest, to return into their own country: whereas Artaxerxes Mnemon was then King of Persiae, and Johannes, who in [Nehemiah ca. 12. 11, 22, 23.] is called Johanan and Jonathan, was High Priest of the Jews; and the Governour of the Jewish Nation, was a certain Persian Lord, whom Josephus Antiquit. [lib. 11. cap. 7.] sayes was called, Bagoses, a captain of another Artaxerxes: as Rufinus translates him; (i. e.) another from Artaxerxes Longimanus; of whom Josephus had spoken in the next precedent Chapter. But the relation which he makes of these men, is this:
Jesus was brother to John the High Priest, whom Bagoses much affecting, promised to bestow the High Priesthood on him, when ever it should fall. In confidence whereof, the said Jesus bearing himself bold; first fell into contestation, and afterward into and open brawle with his brother in the very Temple; and therein provoked him so far, that his brother flew him on the place. Which done, Bagoses came, and entering the Temple, profaned it; saying that the High Priest had already polluted it with his own brothers blood: and for seven years after, vexed the Jews for that murders sake, laying a heavy fine upon them; to wit, that before they offered their daily sacrifice, they should pay (not for every year, as the common translations of Josephus, and out of them Salianus have it) but, for every lamb, 50 drachmaes. Which punishment continued so long as that Johannes the High Priest, who committed that fact lived, and as it seemeth, no longer; and whom we rank also with the time, not of Artaxerxes Ochus, but of this Artaxerxes Mnemon; and but with the beginning of his reign neither, which we therefore do, because we find mention of this Johannes or Johanan (though not then High Priest) in the book of Ezra [chap. 10. 6. with Neh. 12. 23.] For between the 7 year of Artaxerxes Longimanus, to which that History of Ezra refers, and the end of the 7 year of Artaxerxes Mnemon his reign, (before which we suppose and take for granted, that this Johannes died not) there passed no lesse than 70 years space, according to our account, And so, he dying after the 90 year of his age, his son Jaddus, succeded in the priesthood, and held it to the reign of Alexander the great; and died about the 83 of his age, if we suppose him to have him been born toward the end of Darius Nothus his reign. But this by the way: we now return to our Cronology, and the death of Cyrus the younger, who was taken out of this life, before he attained to the 22 year of his age.
Cyrus sent messengers to Lacedemon, The Julian Period. 4603 praying them, The Julian Period. 4313 that as he from time to time had supported them with men and money against the Athenians, Year before Christ 401 so now they would send him men, telling them further in his letters vauntingly; that if they sent them foot, he would give them horses; if horsemen, Coches: if they had lands, he would give them town-ships: if towns, cities for their reward; and as for their wages, that they should have it not by tale, but by weight, paied down unto them. Hereupon the Lacedemonians, conceiving that what he asked at their hands, was but right, and that this war would sort out to their advantage, taking no notice against whom it was, decreed to send him aide: seeking to ingratiate themselves with Cyrus, and if things fell out otherwise than well, yet they had a fair excuse to Artaxerxes, that they had decreed nothing against him in person, and the Ephory dispatched away presently their letters to their Ammiral at Samos, to do whatever Cyrus required at his hands. [Xeno. lib. 3. Hellen. Diodor. year 4. Olympiade 94. Justin lib. 5. cap. ult. Plutarch in the Life of Artaxerxes.]
The Lacedemonian Ammiral therefore with his ships put over to Ephesus, there to meet with Tamos the Egyptian, Ammiral to Cyrus, and offered him his service to the uttermost of his power, he joyned his fleet with his; and attending him from thence round about the coast of Ionia, unto Caria, wrought so, that Syenelis, who commanded all there, could not stir to hinder Cyrus in his march by land against his brother, [Xenophon and Diodor. ib. with Xenophon, Cy. lib. 1. pag. 348, and 252.] Diodorus saith, that the Lacedemonian Ammiral at Samos, whose name also was Samus, had 25. and Tamos, 50 saile: whereas upon the more assured testimony of Xenophon, in his book of this journey, undertaken by Cyrus, Tamos had onelyonly 25 saile, and Pythagoras the Lacedemonian, (for him he maketh the other Ammiral, and not Samus) 35.
Cyrus having now his army on foot, and resolved to march into the upper Asia, gave it out, that he went against the Pisidians, which, said he, make often inrodes upon places of my government, and thereupon sent for Clearchus the Lacedemonian, Aristippus of Thessaly, Xenes of Arcadia, the banishment of Miletus, and the Army which lay at the siege of Miletus, Proxenus a Baeotian, with all the power he could make, Grecians or others to repair unto him with all speed to Sardes, [Exen. de Exped. Cy. lib. 1.
Tissaphernes perceiving that greater preparations were made, then a bare going against the Pisidians could require; Year of the World b. with a troop of 500 horse, hasted him away; with all the speed he could possibly make to Artaxerxes, who enformed hereof by him, began presently to make provisions for the war, [Xenoph. de Exped. Cy. lib. 1.]
Cyrus, having left some trusty Persians, friends of his to look to Lydia, and entrusting Tamos, his Ammiral, an Egyptian born, but a sure carde, to take care of the cities of Ionia and Eolia in his absence; himself with his army, marched towards Caria and Pisidia, giving still out, that certain persons in those parts, began to grow unruly, [Diodor.]
But how Cyrus gathered his army, and with them marched up against his brother; and how the battail was fought between them; and how Cyrus perished in it, and how those Grecians that went with him, came back again safe to the sea, (i. e.) into Asia the lesse) Themistogenes of Syracusae hath delivered, saith Xenophon, in the beginning of the third book of his Grecian History, with which place of Xenophon, we are to compare that saying of Plutarch, in his book, [de Gloria Atheniensium] where he saith, foreign, (i.) Xenophon wrote a history of himself; setting down how he played the Captain, and what feats he did, and then made as if Themistogenes of Syracusae had written it; giving away the glory of this his writing to another man, that the things therein written of himself, might finde the more credit in the world. And another place in Suidas, where he sheweth, foreign, &c. (i. e.) That the Expedition of Cyrus, which commonly goes with Xenophons History of the Grecians, and some other Pieces concerning his own country, were all of Xenophons own writing: For indeed, these books of the Expedition of Cyrus, went heretofore with the rest of his Grecian Histories. In the end whereof, he plainly sayes, that the writer thereof, was present in all that Action: and therefore the work it self, which is full every where of Xenophons worthy acts therein, is attributed to him; not onelyonly by Plutarch, but long before him by Cicero, Dionysi…s, Halicarnassaeus, Hermogenes, Laertius, Athenaeus, and (not to speak of our Divines, Eusebius, and Jerom) by Arianus of Nicomedia; who also had the surname of New Xenophon put upon him, as we read in Photius and Suidas: both because he comprised the discourses of his master Epictetus in 4 books, as Xenophon had done those of his master Socrates, in the like number; and also, for that as Xenophon had written, that Expedition of Cyrus in 7 books, so he had written the Expedition of Alexander in as many: though he in his Anabasis, or Expedition of Alexander did not altogether imitate that former Anabasis or Expidition of Cyrus, because that hath a brief Proeme to every book, but none to the book in general, as Laertius hath observed; whereas this in every book, save the sixth, maketh a transition, by way of an epilogue or summary of the precedent books, which because Xenophon useth not in his, with some other occurrents in those books which relish not altogether of Xenophon; therefore I rather encline to think, that these books were of Themistogenes his writing; and not of Xenophons. However, following the authority of those ancient Worthies, I have all along cited him by the name of Xenophon, as they have done before me.
Now of those five heads, mentioned by Xenophon in his said 3 book Hellenic. and said to have been written by Themistogenes, the four first are wholy comprised in the first book of this Anabasis, or Expedition of Cyrus. 1. The gathering of his army. 2. Their marching into the Upper Asia, and coming to the place where they fought. 3. The manner and issue of the fight it self: and 4. The fall of Cyrus in that battel.
For Cyrus moving from Sardes, (where Xenophon met him being sent for from Athens by Proxenus the Boeotian, and there listed himself for the action, as we find in the 3 book) came to Celaenae in Phrygia, and there stayed 30 dayes: in which time Clearchus, and other Greek Commanders came from divers parts, and by sundry ways unto him: and there, upon a general muster, were found enrolled, eleven thousand Corsletes, and about two thousand Targateers.
From Celaenae Cyrus came with this army to the bank of Cayster, where he received money from Epiaxa: Syenesis, the King of Cilicia his wife, (with whom Cyrus was thought formerly to have been too familiar) and therewith paid his army (with whom he was then 3 moneths behind, at which they much repined) four full moneths wages. Epiaxa came five dayes before Cyrus to Tar…us in Cilicia; and by her perswasion, her husband Syenesias, coming thither also to him; gave him a vast summe of money toward the relief and maintenance of his army: And both Cresias and Diodorus adde, that Syenesis, like a wise man, supplied Cyrus and Artaxerxes too, with necessaries for the war. For having two sons, he sent one of them to Cyrus with a competent number of men for his service, but had sent away the other privily beforehand to Artaxerxes, to let him know, that having such an army come upon him, he durst not but keep fair with Cyrus, and openly joyn with him, neverthelesse that he continued a true servant in heart to Artaxerxes, and would fall over to him so soon as he could spie out his opportunity. Cyrus stayed 20 dayes at Tarsus, where the Grecian companies told him plainly, they would march no further. But Clearchus by his wisdom took them off from that mood; and so they came to Issus, which was the uttmost city of Cilicia, where Cyrus his Fleet met him, bringing him 700. Diodorus saith 800. Corseleteers: which the Lacedemonians had sent him under the command of Chirosophus; and there also 400. Corseleteers, which had formerly served Artaxerxes under their Captain Abrocomus, came into his Camp: but Abrocomus himself, leaving Phaenicia with 300. thousand men, marched away to Artaxerxes, though he came not to him till five dayes before the fight: so that by his abandoning the place, Cyrus passed the gates, or streights of Syria, and so came without stop or hinderance to the place where the fight shortly after was; having made in all from Ephesus to that place, 93 stages or dayes journeys, and in them marched 535 Parasanges, which make 16050. furlongs.
The place where the fight at last was, was called Cynaxa, as Plutarch saith; and is 500. furlongs from Babylon: from whence, whereas it is said in the 2 book of the Expedition of Cyrus, that the fight was 3060, furlongs from Babylon. Jacobus Capellus, thinks it should be read, from Susa. In the army of Cyrus there were reckoned of the Grecians, upon the point of 13 thousand men (though Justin. lib. 5. cap. ult. sayes, there were not above 10 thousand) of which there were 10 thousand 4 hundred Corseleteers, 2500. Targateers; and of other nations 100 thousand, and near upon 20 booked chariots. Of Artaxerxes his part; there were 900 thousand men, and 15 hundred hooked chariots: but Ctesias Cnidius, who was in the battel, quoted by Plutarch, and Ephorus, cited by Diodorus, say there were in his army but 400 thousand onelyonly. In the fight there died of Artaxerxes his side 15 thousand, as Diodorus saith, of the other 3 thousand: but Ctesias in Plutarch affirmeth, that the number of the slain given in to Artaxerxes, was not above 9 thousand; but that in his judgement; there could be no lesse than 20 thousand lost that day. But whatever the number was, this battel was fought the 4 year Olympiade 94. when Xenaenetus was Pretor or L. Chancelor in Athens, one year before Socrates was there put to death; as [Diogenes Laertius reporteth in the life of Socrates.]
In this fight the two brothers met, and Artaxerxes was first wounded thorough his coat of armour; which wound Ctesias saith that himself did cure. But Cyrus carried on with this good successe against his brother, spared for no danger, and so was slain by an unknown hand in the battel. Artaxerxes spent his rage upon the dead body of his brother, severing his head from the body of him, and cutting off the hand that had wounded him from his arme, and carried it about in a triumphant manner: which his sorrowful mother, coming her self to babylon, with much adoe got together, and carrying his reliques to Babylon, there bestowed burial on them. This encounter of the two brothers, is more amply delivered by Plutarch, out of Ctesias and Dinon.
The King coming to rifle his Camp, there found and took Cyrus his Concubine, a woman so much renowned for her wit and beauty, [Xenoph. lib. 1. Exped. Cy.] She was a Phocaean, born in Ionia, the daughter of one Hermotimus, called at first by the name of Mitto: but afterward by Cyrus (because she seemed nothing inferior to Aspasia the Miletian, who was Pericles his Mistresse, of whom I spake before, in the year of the World 3564.) Aspasia. Artaxerxes was wounderfully desirous to get her into his hands; and when she was brought bound unto him, he grew exceedingly wrath with those which so brought her, and laid them in irons for their paines: and ever after esteemed her above all the Harlots he kept, (which were in number 360. all choice beauties) and most doted on her, [Plut. in the lives of Pericles and Artaxerxes. Elian. Var. Hist. lib. 12. cap. 1. Justin. lib. 10. cap. 2.]
The Grecians, on the other side, not knowing what was befallen to Cyrus, kept on fighting still, and in their quarter beat Tissaphernes, and all his power; in which squadron yet of the Grecians there were not in all, above six thousand, as Isocrates tells us, in his Panegyric: adding, that they were none of the choicest Grecians neither: but the meer refuse of them, and such as could no longer live at their own homes: and these now in a strange country, forsaken of their fellows, betrayed by their companies, and bereft of their Captain, whom they followed to this war. But the King coming with the maine of his army to the rescue of Tissaphernes, fell upon their Camp and rifled it, which yet they returning from the pursuit of Tissaphernes, recovered and beat the King out of it again; and lodged therein that night, supperlesse for the most part that night, as well as dinnerlesse the day before. And here ends Xenophons first book of Cyrus his voyage.
The second book sets forth, how these Grecians under the command of Clearchus their Leader, intended to return home again: and how Tissaphernes promising to convoy them back with his own forces; and to be himself their guide on the way: and breaking this promise and league and oath made unto them, procured Clearchus, with Proxenus, Agias, and Socrates, Colonels, and 20 more Captains of companies, and 200 common souldiers, to be murdered. Ctesias also in his Persian History, (which the author of this book of the voyage of Cyrus had undoubtedly read) had formerly told us, how cunningly Tissaphernes, by the meanes of one Menon a Thessalian borne, and by his jugling, and by his swearing and forswearing had gotten Clearchus, and the rest above mentioned into his hands, and sent them away fast bound in irons, to the King at Babylon; and how Ctesias himself, who was Physitian to Parysatis the Kings mother, did by her meanes do many good offices to Clearchus, whiles he lay there in prison: and how the King at her sute, had promised and sworne too, that Clearchus should have no harme: and yet neverthelesse, how the King afterward by the means and instigation of Statyra his Queen, caused Clearchus and all the rest of the Commanders, Menon onelyonly excepted, to be butchered; and how all the rest of the bodies were thrown out and devoured by wilde beasts and birds, onelyonly the body of Clearchus was covered with a huge sand-hill, cast up over it by a mighty winde, and so preserved, [Ctesias in the Collections of Photius, and Plut. in the life of Artaxerxes.]
In the third book, Year of the World d. and the four following, is declared how the rest of the Grecians, who kept themselves out of Tissaphernes his clutches, returned into their own country: and how the souldiers by the perswasion of Xenophon, having lost their old ones, chose them new Captains to command them, (of whom Xenophon himself was one, chosen in the roome of Proxenus) and by their conduct, passed thorough so many Countries of the enemy, and endured so much cold in the Winter season, and infinite other miseries and dangers, and thorough them all came safe home at last: the summe whereof is to be found in [Diodorus Siculus, in the History of year 4. Olympiade 94.] to which a man may adde, what is in Isocrates his Panegyric.
Artaxerxes, for his good service in this war, bestowed upon Tissaphernes all the Governments which his brother Cyrus held, besides what he had before, [Xenoph. Hellen. lib. 3. Diod. year 4. Olympiade, 94.] and having heaped many other large gifts and favours upon him; gave him above all, his own daughter to wife; and used him ever after as his most confident friend and servant, [Diod. ib.]
The Carian, who wounded Cyrus in the thigh, so that thereof he died, Parysatis, the kings mother caused, after ten dayes torment, his eyes pulled out, and boyling lead powred in at his ear-holes, to be done to death. Mithridates, who gave Cyrus his first wound, and in his cups afterward, bragg'd that he had killed him, was put between two boats, and there lay 17 dayes, and untill he was eaten out with wormes: as for Bagabae…, Artaxerxes his Eunuch, who at his command, had cut off Cyrus his head, and right hand, Parysates wan him of the king at Dice, and having gotten him; caused him to be flead alive; and then his body to be laid athwart three crosses, and his flead skin to be hung up by it; and then Parysatis, at the humble suit of the king her son, left of mourning for Cyrus, [Ctesias, and Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes.]
Parysatis, caused the Queen Statyra, hir daughter in law, to be poisoned in this manner, Statyra had a maid servant about her, which was all in all with her, called Gingis or Gigis: whom Dinon saies to have been a voluntary instrument in her death: Ctesias, that her hand indeed was used in it, but against her will: him which gave the poyson, Ctesias calls Bellitara, but Dinon, Melantas: There is a little bird in Persia, called Rhintaces, or Rhindaces; which hath no excrements at all; but all her guts are fully stuft with fat: one of these birds, Parysatis, as she sate at table with Statyra, took and cut in two with a knife, which was poisoned on the one side, gave the one halfe, which was toward the poysoned side, to her, and the other she took and ate her self: as Ctesias thinks: But Dinon saith, that not Parysatis her self, but Melanta her maid, carved to her with a poisoned knife; but when the Queen died in extream torments after it, the king suspected his mother for it, as one who knew well the cruelty and implacable disposition of her nature; and caused her servants and carvers to be questioned, and had to rack about it. But Parysatis kept Gingis a long time in her own chamber; and though the king required her, yet would she not give her up to justice, till at last, Ginges her self desiring she might steale to her own lodging by night, Artaxerxes took her, and punished her, as a poisoner. As for his mother, he neither did, nor said any hurt to her: but when she asked leave to retire her self to Babylon, he gave it her; but told her withal, that while she lived, he would not come there, [Plutarch, Ibid.]
Aristo, with some others, surprised the city of Cyrene: and in the tumult, slew 500 of the principal men of the inhabitants, of the rest, the better sort escaped by flight. These associating to them, some 3000 of the Messenians, whom the Lacedemonians at this very time, had turned out of their country, came into the open field, against those, who had possessed themselves of their City. In the fight there was a great slaughter made of the Cyrenians on both sides, as for the Messenians, there were scarce any of them left, yet when the fight was ended, the Cyrenians came to an agreement between themselves; and taking an oath each to other, never after to remember by-past injuries, lived in good correspondencie each with other, in the Government of their Commonwealth, [Diod. year 4. Olymp. 94.]
Tissaphernes (for whom Pharnabazus is by error crept into Diodorus) being sent by Artaxerxes, Year of the World 3604 to take charge of all the governments in the lesser Asia, would have drawne into his hands all the cities of Ionia also, Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Diod. year 1. Olymp. 95.]
Now when, upon his coming, all the petty Governors and Cities, who had any ways adhered to Cyrus, grew afraid what would become of them, they all, by their particular messengers, sued to Tissaphernes for his …avour; but he that was the chiefest of all, Tamos the Egyptian, of whom I spake a little before, Governor of Ionia, putting himself, with all his treasure, and sons, all save Gaus, (who became afterward the kings General) a ship-board, went with his fleet into Egypt, to Psammyticus the king there, bearing himself bold, upon the many good offices, which he had formerly done unto him; But Psammyticus, casting off all respects of gratitude, for courtesies received, and pity towards a poore suppliant at that time, butchered him and all his children, onelyonly to possesse himself of the ships and treasure, which he had brought; [Diodorus, Ibid.]
The Grecians (of whom I spake before) departing from Trapezus, which was the first city of Grecians, which they came unto, and is situated upon the coast of the Euxine sea, in the countrey of Colchos, after three days march, came to another Greek city, and in the same countrey of Colchos, and a sea town, as the other was, called Cerasunta, and there they stayed ten dayes, and mustered their men, whom they found to be 8600. which were remaining of the 10000, which they carried out; the rest were lost either by the enemy in the battle, or by the snow, or other sicknesse in their return: from thence they went thorough the countries of the Mosynaecori, the Chalybes, and Tybarenians and came to a Greek town called Catyora, a colony of the Synopians, eight, or rather, as the order of the history implyeth, five months after the fight in the country of Babylon, having made from thence to this place, 122 stages, or dayes journey, and marched 620 parasanges, 18600 furlongs, and here they staied 45 dayes, [Exped. Cy. lib. 5.]
During their abode here, they made their provision, partly out of the market of Colyora, and partly by such booties, as they got out of the countries adjoyning of Paphlagonia; and on the other hand, the Paphlagonians, if they found any of them stragling from the camp, did as much by them; untill at length Corylas, who was governour of the Paphlagonians, set all things straight between them. Afterward these Grecians getting shipping from those of Heraclea, and Synope, came to Harmone a port town of Synope, where they staied five dayes; and from thence to Heraclea, a plantation of the city of Megara, made in the country of the Myriandeni, and came to a Peninsula, or neck of land there, called Acherusia: here they divided themselves into three companies. The Arcadians, and Achaeans, which made above 4500 men, all corseleteers and foot, having gotten shipping of the Heracleans, put themselves speedily aboard; that coming unawares upon the Thracians which inhabited Bithynia, they might get the greater spoile of them, and landing at the port of Calpe, (which is in the middest of their sea coast) by night, went to the next towns and villages, six mile up into the countrey. But these Thracians thus provoked, flew upon them, and flew many of them; for one regiment of them, with their Colonel Smicrates, was quite cut off, and of another company of theirs, there were but eight persons, with their captain Hegesandrus that escaped; the rest were fain to fly to a hill for safeguard; where they were presently close besieged. Chirosophus with 1400 corseletiers, and 700 targateers, (which were themselves Thracians, and had followed Clearchus in that voyage,) went from Heraclea all along the country on foot, and when at length he came into Bithynia, growing there somewhat sickly, he got shipping, and came with his men safe to Calpe. And Xenophon with his brigada, consisting of 17 hundred corseletteers, and 800 targateers, and some 40 horse more or lesse, came by sea into a country which parts those Thracians of Bithynia from the countrey of the Heracleans: and from thence marching thorough the body of the country, came and rescued those, who were besieged in the hill, by the Thracians; and so at last came all together into a body in the port of Calpe. [Ib. lib. 6.]
There died Chirosophus, and in his place, was chosen to succeed, Neo, of an Asinian born; who when he saw his company miserably opprest with hunger and other wants, gathering together, to the number of two thousand men, went a forraging all over the country of Bithinia: these first Pharnabazus set upon with his horse, which he sent to help the Bithynians; and withall, that with their further assistance, he might keep these Grecians from falling upon his government of Phrygia. These horse at first onset, flew of the Grecians no lesse then 500. the rest flying to a hill for safety, were by the coming of Xenophon rescued from the enemy, and so all returned safe to the camp before sun-set. But when Spithridates and Rhathines, came with more companies to succour the Bithynians, the Grecians obtained there a notable victory of them, and in memory thereof, erected a Trophy upon the place, and then returned to their camp by the sea-side, being distant some 7 or 8 miles from thence. After which victory so gotten, their enemies provided for their own indemnity, by driving their cattle, and carrying away their families and goods, from thence into remoter parts. But when the Grecians, having passed quite thorough Bithynia, found nothing to relive themselves withal in the parts where they were, they returned back a day and a nights journey, into Bithynia again, and there found and brought from thence store of prisoners, and sheep and other provisions for their own support: and six dayes after came to Chrysopolis, a city of the Chalcedonians, where they stayed seven dayes; and there sold the booty which they had gotten, [Ibid.]
Pharnabazus fearing least these Greeks would make war upon his country, wrought so with Anaxibius, the Lacedemonian Ammiral, that he transported them all out of Asia to Byzantium: And then Anaxibius returning from thence with Xenophon into Asia, had word sent him to Cyzicum from Aristarchus the new Governour of Byzantium, that Polus was appointed Ammiral in his place, and that he was onward of his way, as far as Hellespont: and therefore failing from thence to Paros, he sent to Pharnabazus, and demanded the money which he had promised him for transporting the Greeks out of Asia: which not obtaining, he dealt with Xenophon in all haste, to carry them back again into Asia. But Pharnabazus prevailed so far with Aristarchus the Governour of Byzantium, that he brake the neck of that design; whereupon Xenophon was fain to put himself in pay under Senthes the King of Thracia: the winter not being yet over, and the cold so violent, that many of the Greeks lost, some their noses, some their eares thereby, [Ib. lib. 7.] and Diodorus tells us, that part of these Grecians returned into their own country; but that the greatest part of them followed Xenophon into Thracia, to the number almost of 5000. [year 1. Olympiade 95.] whereby it appears, that the number is mistaken in him, where he sayes, that there came to Chrysopolis onelyonly 3800. men, [year 4. Olympiade 94.]
The Ionian and other Greek cities thoroughout Asia, Year of the World c. partly out of a desire of their own liberty, partly for fear of Tissaphernes, because they had ever preferred Cyrus before him, refused to admit of him; and dispatched away their messengers to the Lacedemonians, praying them, that since they were the Princes and Protectors of all Greece, they would not neglect nor abandon them, being Greeks, though dwelling in Asia: but would take order, that their country might be kept free from devastation and spoil, and themselves enjoy their liberty as others, [Xen. Hellen. li. 3. Diodor. Sic. year 1. Olympiade 95.]
This petition was very welcome to the Lacedemonians, who, according to the manner of men, the more they had, the more they would have; and not content to have doubled their estate by the accession of the Athenian power, affected now nothing lesse than the soverignty and dominion of all Asia, [Justin. lib. 6. cap. 1.]
The Lacedemonians therefore, promised them aid at first word: and forthwith sent to Tissaphernes, to pray him not to make war upon the Grecian Cities that were in Asia. But he beginning with the city of Cuma, wasted all the Region belonging thereto, and carried many prisoners from thence, and then came with his army, and sate down before the city it self: but because the Winter coming on, he could not take it for the present, he set a great ransom upon the prisoners, and so for that time brake up his Siege, [Diodor. ib.]
Hereupon was Thimbron sent into Asia with an army; wherein were 1000. new made citizens of Laconia; 4000. of Peloponesus, and 300. Athenian horse, who had formerly served the 30 tyrants of Athens: such as the City had rather should be wasted away, and spent in forreign services, than be kept at home to do greater mischief. And to these Thimbron, when he came into Asia, added many more taken out of the cities of the country, [Xenoph.] for at Ephesus, what out of the confederate cities, what out of other places, he listed 2000. and having now an army of 7000. men, he marched some 15 miles further into the country, and at his first assault took Magnesia a city of Tissaphernes his Government. And from thence went to Tralles a city of Ionia, and began to besiege it; but because the situation of it was very strong, he left it, and came back to Magnesia; which was no walled Town: and therefore fearing least so soon as he was gone, Tissaphernes would take it again, he removed it to a hill thereby called Thorax. And then fell to wasting of the enemies country; and thereby exceedingly enriched his army. But hearing that Tissaphernes was coming down upon him with an army of Horse, he retired to Ephesus, [Diodor.] For not being able to encounter his horse, he drust not keep the plain; thinking it enough if he were able to keep the countries, where himself was, from being harrowed and wasted by the enemy.
When as now the Grecians under Xenophon had served Senthes three moneths in Thracia, there came unto them Charminus and Polynicus sent from Thimbron, to tell them, that he had great need of their help in Asia against Tissaphernes: and that he would give them a Daric every man by the monethmonth for his pay: to every Captain of a company, two Darics, and to every Colonel four. But when Xenophon told them, that for his part, he was purposed to be going home into his own country; the chief of all the army came unto him, and humbly and earnestly besought him not to leave them untill he had carried them from thence, and delivered them into Thimbrons hand: wherefore he went aboard with them, and passed over to Lampsacus; where he met and conferred with Euclide, the Philiasian Poet. Then passing thorough the territory of Troas, they came to Pergamus; where Xenophon was entertained by Hellas the wife of Gongylus of Eretria, and her two sons, Gorgius and Gongylus: by whose advice and counsel, when he had gone about to entrap and take Asidates the Persian, but had failed thereof, and not without great danger to himself and all his company; at length by chance his souldiers lighted on him, took him with his wife and children, and horses, and all that ever they had; which was exceeding much: and presently after came Thimbron to them, and received the army from Xenophons hand; and mingling them with the rest of the Grecians in his army, he presently led them against Tissaphernes and Pharnabasus, [Exped. Cy. l. 7.]
And here end the seven books of the Expedit. of Cyrus, the writer whereof, whosoever it was, was present in this whole Action, and concludeth his book, with this Epilogue. The Kings Commanders in the countreys which we passed through, were these, Artimas of Lydia, Articamas of Phrygia, Mithridates of Lycaonia and Cappadocia, Siennesis of Cilicia, Dernes of Phenicia and Arabia, Belesis of Syria and Assyria, Rhoparas of Babylonia, Arbacas of Media, Teribazas of Phasis and Iberia, the Carduchi, the Chalybes, the Macrones, the Colchi, the Mosynoeci, the Coeti, and the Tybareni had no Governors, but were all free people: Corylas was President of Paphlagonia, Pharnabazus of Bithynia: Seuthes was king of the Thracians, in Europe side. The whole voyage, going and coming, was 215 stages, 1150 parasanges, and 34255 furlongs, or rather 34500. allowing thirty furlongs to every parasange, the whole time of their going and coming, foreign, was one whole year and three months.
Thimbron growing strong with this new accesse of forces received from Xenophon, Year of the World d. durst now pitch down his camp, in the fields, before Tissaphernes his face: and took Pergamus into his hand, upon a voluntary surrender made unto him: so did he Tenthrania and Halisarnia, which were commanded at that time by Eurysthenes and Procles, the descendants of Demaratus of Lacedemon, Gorgius also and Gongylus, the two brothers before mentioned, had already joyned with him; whereof the one held Gambrius and Palegambrius, the other Myrina, and Grinium: and Thymbron himself took in other weaker places by plain force, [Xenoph. Hellen. 3.]
Thymbron, Year of the World 3605 when Larissa, The Julian Period. 4315 a town in Asia called Egyptia, Year before Christ 399 would not open her gates besieged it; but whiles he lay before it to little purpose, there came letters to him from the Ephori at Sparta, that leaving Larissa, he should march away into Caria: and he was now onward of his way thither as far as Ephesus, when Dercylidas, an excellent Engineere, and for his wit sirnamed another Sisyphus came to succeed him in the charge of the Army. And Thymbron returning to Sparta, was there accused by sundry confederate Cities, for suffering his army to plunder them, and was therefore bannished the City, [Id. ib. Diod. 2 year of the 95 Olympiade.]
Mania a woman of Dardania, but of a manly spirit, and one who after the death of her husband Zenis, had very happily mannaged the government of Eolia, under Pharnabazus, and had taken in sundry sea townes, as Larissa, Hamaxitus and Colone, was most trecherously murthered by her son in law Midias, when she her self was upward of fourty years of age, and her son of the age of seventeen, was murthered with her, and that done, he seised upon the two strong townes, Scephis and Gergitha, wherein she had principally laid up her treasure, the rest of the townes, the garrisons that were in them held good for Pharnabazus: whereupon Midias sent unto Pharnabazus, his messengers, with great presents, desiring that he might hold the whole government of those parts, upon the same termes, that Mania did: but all in vaine; for Pharnabazus returned him answer, that he should never enjoy himself more, if he left that murther of his, committed upon Mania, unrevenged, [Xenoph. ib. with Polyae. l. 8. in Tania, or Phania, for so by misprinting, is Mania there called.]
Dercylidas, when he saw, that he had to do, with Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes both, two great commanders, and both borne up with mighty armies; but saw withal, that they were at variance between themselves, closed with Tissaphernes, and made peace with him, [Id. ib. with Justin lib. 6. cap. 1.] where yet Hercylidas is put for Dercylidas.
Dercylidas, having first conferred with Tissaphernes, marched fairely, and without any spoile of the country, into Eolia, which was under Pharnabazus his Government, unto whom he bare also a particular grudge, for an affront received from him, whiles he commanded at Abydus, under Lysander: and in a trice possessed himself of Larissa, Hamaxitus and Colonae, which submitted to him of their own accord (where by the way it is to be noted, that Diodorus Siculus, instead of Larissa, hath Arisba.) and proceeding on, he took in Neandrus, and Ilium, in the same manner; nor did the Cocylitae stand out at all against him: Cebrene also, a very strong and fortified City, for fear of an assault, which they saw ready to be made, yeilded to him: whereupon, leaving a good garrison there, he marched forthwith, with the rest of his army to Scephis and Gergithe; where when Midias, who feared no lesse the very inhabitants of the place, than he did Pharnabazus, coming forth upon hostages taken, to a parly, and beginning to treate of an association of armes against a common enemy, Dercylidas laid hold on him, and told him plainly, that there was no hope of any friendship between them two, unless he would presently set all the citizens of those places which he held, at liberty, to live each of them according to their own lawes. And thereupon marching into Scepsis with him, and there having done sacrifice to Minerva, and turning out Midias his soldiers, he perswaded the inhabitants of the place, to maintain their liberty: now they had it restored to them. And from thence going to Gergithe with his army, when Midias desired that he would at least leave him that city, but could not be heard; he commanded to open the gates, and Dercylidas entered that likewise, and finding there the moneys which Mania had laid up, sufficient to maintain an army of eight thousand men, for all most a whole year, he took that into his own hands, and sent back Midias, to live a private life at Scepsis. And so Xenophon tells us, that in eight dayes space, he took in nine several cities. And Diod…r. the 2 year of the 95 Olympiade, writes that, what by plain force, what by tricks, he possessed himself in a very short time of all the cities, and country of Troas.
There was a quarrel grown between Artaxerxes, and Euagoras the king of Salamis in the Isle of Cyprus, who had turned out from thence, him that was the Lord of the place, and one whom Artaxerxes wished very well unto, called Abdemon Thyrsius, or, as Theopompus, in the Excerpta Photii, nu. 176. calls him, Abdymon Cityces. This quarrel therefore was now composed between them two, by the mediation of Conon the Athenian, who had sometime lived with Euagoras, and of Ctesias the Cnidian, who had long lived in the Court in Persia, upon condition, that Euagoras should pay a certain tribute to Artaxerxes, and a present also was sent to Satibarzanes; Ctesias also sent letters to Euagoras, to make an attonement with Anaxagoras a king of the Cyprians; which with others of like kind, written by Euagoras and Conon, Ctesias hath all inserted into his History of the Persian affairs.
Dercylidas having gone thus far in these parts, sent to Pharnabazus, to know whether he would have war or peace, and Pharnabazus, being afraid what might betide unto Phrygia, where himself did constantly dwell, and which bordered upon Eolia, which was now all in Dercylidas his hand; desired a truce, [Xenophon Hellen. 3.]
This truce concluded, Year of the World 3606. a. Dercylidas marched away into that part of Bithynia, The Julian Period. 4316 which the Thracians held, Year before Christ 398 and there wintered; which Pharnabazus liked well enough of, because the Thracians of of that countrey made often inrodes upon Phrygia and Dercylidas plundering that part of Bithynia, at his pleasure, wanted no provision for his winter quartering, [Id. ib.]
Certain Odrysian horse to the number of 200, and 300 targateers, being sent from Senthes King of Thracia, to aide Dercylidas, upon their first coming, went a forraging into Bithynia, and were there almost all cut off. But afterward keeping themselves close with the Lacedemonian army, they wasted the borders and territories of the Bithynians very sorely, [Ib.]
The spring coming on, Dercylidas removed out of Bithynia, and came to Lampsacus, where he understood by three Ambassadors come from Sparta, that his command was continued to him for another year. The same Ambassadors also, by command from the Ephori, told the army there, that in former time the souldiers had been extremly injurious to their allies and confederates, and commended them, for their good behaviour that way: whereunto answer was made by him, that commanded those who had formerly followed Cyrus in his wars, that the souldiers were still the same, but that different Commanders, had caused a different behaviour in them. This done, Dercylidas sent away the Ambassadors from Ephesus to take their journy thorough the Grecian cities and countries in those parts, telling them how glad he was, that they should find them all in so peaceable and flourishing a state as they should do, [Ibid.]
When the Ambassadors were gone, Year of the World c. Dercylidas sent again to Pharnabazus, to know whether he would have the last winters truce to continue, or whether he would have war. And when he desired the continuance of the truce, he passed forthwith with his army over the Hellespont, and came into the Chersonesus of Thracia, which contained 37 furlongs, all which he enclosed with a strong wall. This work he began in the spring, and finished it before the beginning of Autumne, [Id. ib. with Diodor. Sic. year 2. Olympiade 95. where, contrary to his custom, he delivers the gests of two years in one discourse.
Conon the Athenian wrote his letters from Cyprus to Artaxerxes, concerning his own affairs, which he desired to be presented to him, either by Zenon of Crete, a dancer, or by Polycritus of Mendes a Physitian, or in their absence, by Ctesias, who was likewise a Physitian. It is said, that this letter coming to Cresias his hand, he added thereto of his own, that he prayed the king, to send Ctesias unto him, as a man very necessary for the kings service, in those parts, especially in matters belonging to the sea. But Ctesias himself writes, that the king of his own accord, sent and imployed himself in that service, [Plutarch in Artaxerxes,] which letters of Conon to the King, and to himself, as also the speech which he used to the King ament that matter, he hath inserted into his own History; where he relates also, how, when at the same time the Lacedemonians sent Ambassadors to the King, he committed them to custody; and kept them there.
Pharnabazus having made truce with Dercylidas, took a journey to the king: and there charged Tissaphernes before him, for that when the Lacedemonians had sent an army into Asia, he had not only not opposed them, but had moreover maintained them there at the Kings charge; telling him that it was a shame, that the Kings war should not be pursued to an end, but bought out; and that his enemies should be bribed with money, and not beaten out with armes: and perswaded the King to furnish out a fleet, and make Conon the Athenian, Ammiral of it. By whole perswasion, together with the advice of Euagoras the King of Cyprus, the King presently commanded 500 talents to be consigned into Pharnabazus his hand; and commanded him to commit the charge of the Phenician fleet unto Conon, and to make him commander in chief, over all his maritime affaires, [Diod. year 2. of the 95 Olympiade, with Isocrates in his Euagoras: and in his Oration ad Philip. and Pausanias, in Atticis, and Justinus, lib. 6. cap. 1.]
Pausanias returning from Court, having conferred with Conon, about what course to be held, made him Ammiral of the seas: making him many large promises on the Kings behalf: Conon taking the charge upon him, but not fully furnished with a fleet, took 40 ships, which he had then readie,, and with them sailed into Cilicia, and there provided to begin the war, [Diod ib.]
Ctesias being sent away by Artaxerxes to the sea side, Year of the World d. went from thence first into Cnidia his own country, and from thence to Sparta, as himself saies, toward the end of his History; which as Diodorus saith, he ended with the third year of this 95 Olympiade.
Dercylidas returning out of Chersonese into Asia, going in progresse over the cities, found that the banditoes of Chios, had possessed themselves of Atarne, and from thence making sundry inrodes upon Ionia, lived upon the spoile thereof; and although the town it self was strong, and well provided of victuals, yet he went and laid siege thereto, and continued before it, full eight moneths space, [Xenophon, Hellenic. lib. 3.]
In the end, Year of the World 3607 when they were forced to render themselves, The Julian Period. 4317 he committed the keeping thereof to one Dracon of Pellene; Year before Christ 397 but himself, having furnished that place with ample provisions, that he might have it for a sure retreat, if need were, went to Ephesus, [Id. ib.]
When the Embassadors from Ionia came to Sparta, and there declared, that if Caria, where Tissaphernes constantly resided, were invaded, they conceived that Tissaphernes would quickly grant them leave to live according to their own lawes, the Ephori wrote to Dercylidas, that he should march into Caria with his army, and to Pharaces their Ammiral, that he should saile with his fleet, into those parts also, [Ibid.]
The same time also, Pharnabazus went to Tissaphernes, partly for that he was the chief General, partly to let him know, that he for his part was ready to joyne with him in making war upon the Grecians: and therefore first took him along with him into Caria, to settle matters there; and having put garrisons there, returned with him into Ionia. But Dercylidas hearing that they had passed the river Meander, and having conferred with Pharaces, and shewed him, that he feared least Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, would both fall down with their armies into Ionia, being now destitute of garrisons, put over the Meander likew…se, [Ibid.]
In the Persian army there were 20000 foot and 10000 horse; but Dercylidas was not in all above 7000 strong, [Diodor. 2 year of the 95 Olympiade.] And now as many soldiers as were there out of Peloponesus, stood firme, and prepared to fight: but as many as were there out of Priene and Achilium, as likewise out of the Isles, and other townes of Ionia, partly threw away their armes into the corne, which was then in great store, growing in the fields lying upon the Meander, and ran away partly when they came to fight, shewed well enough that they meant not to stand to it: yet Tissaphernes, remembring how the Grecians which were in Cyrus his army, had plaid the men in that fight against himself, and imagining that all Grecians would prove like them, durst not set upon them, as Pharnabazus would have had him: but sending to Dercyldias, told him that he desired to come to a parly with him, whereupon, upon hostages enterchangably given and taken, they fell to treat of a peace; Dercylidas demanded, that the King should suffer all the Grecian cities to be free, and enjoy their liberty: Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, that the Lacedemonian forces should withdraw out of the countreys of the kings dominions, and their commanders out of the cities, and the truce was to continue, till Dercylidas could receive an answer from Sparta thereupon: and Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus from the K. and so both armies drew out of the field, the Persians returning to Tralles, the other to Leucophris, [Xen. & Diod. ut supra.]
Now a certain man called Herodas, Year of the World 3608 of Syracuse in Sicily, The Julian Period. 4318 living at that time with a master of a ship in Phenicia, Year before Christ 396 perceiving sundry ships of war daily drawing thither; others a rigging, others upon the stocks, and a Navy of 300. sail providing, put himself aboard the first ship that he found bound for Greece; and coming to Sparta, informed them, what a Fleet was there in providing: but whither bound, or for what purpose he said, he could not tell. The Lacedemonians were much troubled hereat: And Agesilaus one of their two Kings, being put on by Lysander, offered himself to go in person with an army into Asia against the Persians: and to take with him 30 men of Sparta, whom they should chuse by their advice, to mannage that war. The first of whom was Lysander, who hoped by this occasion to restore again the Decemvirates thoroughout all the cities in Asia, which himself had heretofore set up: and which the Ephori afterward had abolished, commanding every city, to live according to their own laws. So Agesilaus taking with him 2 thousand of the new made Citizens of Sparta, and 6 thousand out of their confederate cities, with as much provision as would serve for six moneths; loosed from Geraesum, a Port in Eubaea, with all the Forces that he could there make, and came to Ephesus; and that so speedily, as he landed there before ever Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus heard of his setting forth: whereby it came to passe, that he found them there, all as unprovided, as himself could wish, [Xenoph. Hellen. lib. 3.] and in his Oration, of Agesilaus, with Plutarch and Emil. Probus, in their several lives of Agesilaus, and Pausa. in Laconicis: who yet sayes, that he landed first at Sardes.
And now having raised 4 thousand souldiers more at Ephesus, he drew into the field with 10 thousand foot, and 4 hundred, or (as the Latine translation hath it) 4 thousand horse: unto which were joyned a rabble of others, which followed the Camp for pillage, being no fewer in number, than the army it selfe, [Diod. year 4. of the 95. Olympiade.]
Tissaphernes hereupon, sent to him to know what was the cause of his coming into Asia: and his answer was, that he came to restore the Grecian cities there to their liberty and freedom. Tissaphernes hereupon desired him to forbear for 3 moneths, that he might send to the King, bearing him in hand, that he nothing doubted but all should be to his content. Agesilaus hereupon, sent Heripidas, Dercylidas, and Migialius to him, to take an oath of him, that he meant no guile, but would do what possible he could to procure the peace which he had promised: & they on Agesilaus his behalf took an oath, that Tissaphernes performing on his part, they would inviolably keep the truce on their. But Tissaphernes, not regarding his oath taken, sent to the King to encrease his army. And Agesilaus, though he knew well what he intended, yet kept the truce made on his part, [Xenoph. Hellen. lib. 3. and in his book of Agesilaus; with Plutarch and Emil. Probus. in Agesil.]
Whiles Agesilaus lay still at Ephesus, all things grew to a confusion in the cities; because neither the Democratical government was observed with the Athenians, nor the D…cemviral, which Lysander had set up, was observed among them; all became suitors to Lysander, a man well known among them, that he would obtain of Agesilaus for them what they desired. Hereupon it was, that Lysander had ever a great court of attendants and suitors about him: so that Lysander now seemed to be King, and Agesilaus a private man. This was a web in Agesilaus his eye, and therefore he began first to take the administration of matters out of his hand, and to lessen his authority: then sent he him on an errand into Hellespont; where when Lysander found that Spithridates, a Persian, (Plutarch calls him Mithridates) was over-born by Pharnabazus, he desired to speak with him, and upon conference perswaded him, with his children and such wealth as he had, and 200. horse, to fall off from Pharnabazus; and he presently leaving, what he had safe at Cyzicum, with his son, came unto him, and he carried them with him to Agesilaus; who was glad to see him, and by him informed himself to the full, how things stood with Pharnabazus, [Xenoph. Hellen. 3. and Plut. in the life of Agesilaus and Lysander.]
Tissaphernes having gotten fresh supplyes from the King, grew high, and proclaimed open war against Agesilaus; unlesse he would presently leave Asia. Agesilaus was glad hereof, and bad his men provide themselves presently for the war: and withal sent to the Ionians, Eolians, and them of Hellespont, to send him to Ephesus all the strength they could make: and Tissaphernes supposing that he would march into Caria, went himself with his army into Phrygia; and falling suddenly upon the cities there, gat a vast sum of money and other provisions out of them, and so came safe and without any stop, near to Dascylium: where his horse, scouring the country before the army, were met with by the horse of Pharnabazus, and routed; and in that encounter lost 12 men, and 2 horses. But when Agesilaus with his foot came to their rescue, the Persians on the other side retired, having lost one of their men, [Xenoph. Hellen. 3. and in his Agesilaus, with Plutarch and Emil. Probus in their Agesilaus likewise.]
Agesilaus having spent the greatest part of that Summer in plundering of Phrygia, and the countries adjoyning, and enriched his army; toward the Autumn returned to Ephesus, [Diodor. year 1 of the 96 Olympiade:] and there spent that Winter, [Emil. Prob. in his Agesilaus.]
Nephereus, Year of the World 3609 al. The Julian Period. 4319 Nepherites reigned in Egypt 6 years. Year before Christ 395
The Lacedemonians sent to him, to joyn with them in armes against the Persian; but he instead of that, sent them tackle and furniture for 100 ships of war, and 30 thousand bushels of wheat, for a present, [Diodor, year 1 of the 96 Olympiade.] Justin calls him Hercinion, and so doth Orosius; treading all along in his steps: and relates the matter in this manner. The Lacedemonians, saith he, crave help by sea of Hercinion, by their Ambassadors: and received from him 100 ships of war fully furnished, and 600 thousand bushels of wheat, [Justin lib. 6. cap. 2. and Orosius lib. 3. cap. 1.]
Pharax, Ammiral of the Lacedemonian Fleet, seting sail from Rhodes with 120 ships, came to Sasanda Castle of Caria, distant from Caunus 150 furlongs: and weighing again from thence, set upon the Town of Caunus, and upon Conon the Athenian, who there lay with his 40 ships. But when Artaphernes and Pharnabazus, came with a huge army to the relief of Caunus: Pharax raised his siege, and returned with all his Fleet to Rhodes. After this, Conon gat together to the number of 80 ships, and with them sailed toward Chersonesus. And at the same time the Rhodians keeping out the Peloponesian Fleet, revolted from the Lacedemonian State: and received Conon with all his Fleet, into their Port and City. And it fell out, that the Egyptian Fleet, knowing naught of the alteration there made, came boldly to an anchor under the Island with all their loading of wheat, sent to the Lacedemonians: where Conon with the Rhodians setting upon them, took and brought them all, with their men and loading, into the Port, and stored the place with corn, [Diodor. year 1 Olympiade 96.] but the souldiery mutined against Conon, because the Kings Officers defrauded them of their pay: who therefore asked their pay the more boldly, because they were imployed in so great a service, under so great a Commander as Conon was, [Justin lib. 6. cap. 2.]
Agesilaus, knowing well that there was no dealing with the enemy in a Champion Country without sufficient horse, set himself to raise Troups on all hands; and therefore gave order thoroughout all the confederate cities, that such of them as were rich and had no mind to serve themselves, should send him in every man a horse, with a rider on him in his stead. And the Spring coming on, commanded all his army to come together at Ephesus: and there trained all sorts, both of horse and foot, with great care and diligence to make them fit and ready for the war. And during such preparation, made the City of Ephesus seem more illustrious than ordinary, as being the very shop, and, as it were, the work-house of so great a war, [Xenoph. Hellen. 3. and in his Agesilaus: and Plutarch and Emil. Pro. in the same mans life.]
And now a whole year was spent since Agesilaus came from Sparta, and the 30 Commissioners allotted for his Council returned to Sparta; of which Lysander, as I said before, was the prime man, and 30 others were sent in their rooms, of which Heripidas was chief. Of these Agesilaus chose Xenocles, and one more, to command the Horse, and Scythes to command the Foot of the new made Citizens of Sparta, which were all Corselets: and Heripidas to lead them who had served under Cyrus; and Migdon, them which were sent in by the Cities of Asia. And gave it out that he would march out-right into the strongest part of the enemies country, to the end they should all arme and prepare their minds for a hot encounter. And Tissaphernes conceiving that he had given this out of purpose to amuse him a second time, and to keep him at home, marched directly into Caria, commanding his Horse to stay behind, and keep in the plain of Maeander: But Agesilaus did indeed, what he had said, and fell on with his whole army into the country of Sardes. And when he had marched 3 dayes and saw no enemy appear, he gathered there a huge stock of all kind of provisions for his army. On the 4 day the enemies Horse came in sight, and finding the Grecians scattered abroad, and busie about the plunder of the country; fell upon them, and slew a great part of them. To whose rescue when Agesilaus came, and considered with himself, that the enemies Foot was not yet come up, and that himself was ready at all points, he set upon the enemy near the River Pactolus, and there gat a great victory of them: and possessing himself of their Camp, and having all now, both friends and enemies goods in his hands, he found there among other riches, amounting to above 70 talents of money, and all his camels, which he afterward carried with him into Greece. But Tissaphernes lay all this while at Sardes: and was therefore blamed and accused by the Persians, as a desertor, and a plain betrayer of them.
So Xenophon: But Diodorus, sayes, that Tissaphernes was present in the fight with 10 thousand Horse, and 50 thousand Foot: and that Agesilaus, coming down from the hill country of Sipalus, and over-running all the plaine about Sardes it self, wasted all, and destroyed among others things a goodly Park or Garden of Tissaphernes his own, enclosed and set with all sorts of trees and other things for pleasure, infinitely sumptuous, and of most exquisite workmanship and beauty. And that turning from thence, he sent Xenocles with 14 thousand men, to lye in ambush midway, between Sardes and Tybarnae, to intercept certain Persians, which were to passe that way; and that fighting a second time with the Persians, he overcame them again, and slew upward of six thousand of them; and took a great multitude prisoners, and seized on their camp, stored with infinite riches: and that after all this done, Tissaphernes fled to Sardes, and Agesilaus returned to the sea side with his army. Pausanias also in his Laconica, writeth, that Agesilaus fought with Tissaphernes in the champion country of Hermus; and there overthrew not onelyonly the horse, but also the foot army of the Persians, which was the greatest number that ever they had in one body, next that of Xerxes, with which he passed into Greece, and that other of Darius, which he carried into Scythia. But tis best relying upon Xenophons credit in this point: who was not onelyonly Reader to Agesilaus, (as Cicero 3 de Oratore affirmeth,) at leastwise, was very intimate and familiar with him, (as Emil. Pro. sayes in the Life of Agesilaus, and D…ogenes Laertius, in the Life of Xenophon reporteth) but was also with him in all this service in Asia; and the next year returned with him into Greece.
Conon, Ammiral of the Persian fleet, having often sollicitated the king, by his letters for pay for the Navy, and doing no good that way, at the length made a journey to him himself; Pharnabazus also putting him foreward to accuse Tissaphernes of treason to the King; wherefore committing the charge of the Navy to Hieronimus and Nicodemus (both of Athens) in his absence; he sailed into Cilicia, and from thence coming to Thapsacum in Syria, he put himself into a barge, and so came down the river Euphrates unto Babylon: There addressing himself as the manner was to Tithraustes the Chiliarch or chief Coronel, who holds as I said before, the first place next the King, he shewed him what he was, and that he desired to speak with the King. But when he could not be admitted to the presence or speech with the King without adoration, (i. e.) prostration first used to him, he was fain to do his businesse with him, by entercourse of letters and messengers: whereby yet he so far prevailed, that the king declared Tissaphernes to be a Traitor to him; and bad Conon to take charge of the war against the Lacedemonians, and to make paimaster of the Navy, whom ever he pleased to nominate to that office. And so being highly rewarded for his service, was dispatched away to the sea-side, with power to command what shipping he thought fit of the Cypriots and Phenicians, for the guard of the sea against the next summer, and Pharnabazus was assigned to him, for an Assistant or Coadjutor, as himself desired, [Diodor. year 1. of the 96 Olympiade, Justin lib. 6. cap. 2. Emil. Pro. in the Life of Conon.]
As concerning the Cypriots, it is to be observed; that in the very time, whiles there passed courtesies and presents enterchangeably between Artaxerxes and them, the King intended war against them, ten whole years before it came to an end, eight whereof he spent in meer preparations making for it; as we shall shew hereafter, when we come to the fourth year of the 98 Olympiade, out of Diod. Sic. speaking of the issue of that war, of which 8 years, it seems that six were spent, at what time Isocrates made that his Panegirical oration, whereby speaking of those many vain attempts made upon Euagoras in Artaxerxes, he useth these words; He made, saith he war upon Euagoras, who was Lord but of one poor city in Cyprus, and one who had formerly rendred himself unto him, and became his vassal, and lived in an Island, and had suffered a great losse at sea; and had not above three thousand targateers to maintain his state withall; and yet, thus weak as he is, the king hath not been able to have his will of him, though he hath now spent six whole years in a war against him.
Parysatis the Queen-mother, egging the King on against Tissaphernes, for the hatred which she bare him for her son Cyrus his sake, he committed the charge of that war to Tithraustes, giving him letters to the cities and Commanders in those parts, whereby he commanded them all to do what ever Tithraustes commanded, [Diod. year 1. of the 98 Olympiade.]
He gave him also at his departure two several letters to Tissaphernes himself; willing him to go on with the war against the Lacedemonians; and one in speciall to Ariaeus the Commander of Larissa, requiring him to be assisting to Tithraustes, in the making away of Tissaphernes. Those Tithraustes delivered to him so soon as he came to Colossae in Phrygia: and Ariaeus having read them, sent presently to Tissaphernes, praying him to come to Colossae, there to consult about the Kings affairs, especially concerning the war against the Grecians: whereupon he fearing no hurt, left his army at Sardes, and came with all speed to Colossae, with a troop of 300 Arcadians, and Milesians in his company, and took up his lodging in Ariaeus his house; and there going into a Bath, layed aside his sword: there Ariaeus with his servants seized on him, and clapping him into a close Coach, sent him away prisoner to Tithraustes; who carrying him as far as to Celaena, there cut off his head, and sent it to Artaxerxes: and Artaxerxes bad carry it to his mother: who was exceeding glad at the sight thereof; and no lesse were all the Grecian women, whose husbands had followed Cyrus in his war, and were afterward by his treachery cut off, when they heard thereof, [Diod. Ib. Polyaenus stratagem. lib. 7. Xenoph. Hellen. 3. and in his book of Agesilaus. and Plut. in the lives of Artax. and Agesilaus.]