The Annals of the World, History 1 · Age of the world 6 (4 of 18)

The Annals of the World · History 1 · Age of the world 6 (4 of 18)

p. 142The Athenians hearing of the revolt of Samos, dispatch away thither sixty saile of ships, well furnished; wherof sixteen went partly towards Caria, to encounter the Phoenician fleet in those parts, and partly into Chios and Lesbos, to take in aides from thence, the other 44 vessels continued with Pericles the Ammiral and his 9 collegues. The Samians hereupon recall their 20 saile of ships, which they had sent all full of souldiers to assault Miletus, and joyning to them 50 saile more, fought with the 44 ships of the Athenians, near an Island called Tragia, and had there the worst of it. From whence the Athenians, having a supply of 40 saile more from home, and 25 more by way of aid from Chios and Lesbos, went and landed with their forces, in the Isle of Samos, and getting the better of it there also, they possessed themselves of the Haven, and having drawn a treble ditch about the city by land, they barred up the Haven with their ships.

A few dayes after, Pericles understanding by letters out of Caria, and Caunus, that the Phaenician fleet, was coming towards him, to the relief of Samos, he, leaving a part of his army to maintain the siege, took with him 60 saile out of the Navy; and went to encounter them, with all the speed he could possibly make, and with him went Stesagoras with five ships of Samos, and others, to meet with the Phaenician Navy.

The Samians taking advantage of the absence of Pericles, by the perswasion and leading of Melissus, the son of Ithogenes; a singular Philosopher, suddenly sallied out upon the Athenian camp, which was neither fenced not manned, as it ought to have been; and having sunk the ships which kept the Haven, fought with the land forces in the open field, and routed them; and hereby, having an open sea, for 14 dayes space, they freely imported and exported, what they would, without impeachment.

Pericles, hearing what had befallen his men at Samos, made back thitherward, as fast as conveniently he could, encreased his fleet; and when Thucidides; Agnon—and Phormio, were come to him with 40 saile, and Tlepolemus and Anticles, with 20 ships more from Athens; and those of Chios and Mitylene had sent him 30 saile, with these great forces, he set upon Melissus, and overthrew him in the field, and then fell to besiege the town it self by land and sea, as afore, and harassed them with frequent assaults on every side: insomuch, that some say, those engines of Battrie, as Rams, and Vines, and Galleries, were there first invented, by one Artemon, of Clazomena: which Artemon the Engineer, Ephorus the Historian doth unskilly confound with Artemon Periphresus, of whom Anacreon the Poet, in his verses (recited by Athenaeus lib. 12.) maketh mention, [Thucid. lib. 1, Diod. Sic. in the 4 year of 84 Olympiade, and Plut. in the life of Pericles.]

After 9 moneths siege, Year of the World 3565 the Samians gave up the town, The Julian Period. 4275 which was forthwith dismantled, Year before Christ 439 they gave hostages also for their fidelity in time to come, they gave up all their shipping, and paid for the expense of the war, according to an enstalment then made. Those of Byzantium also came in, and submitted to the Athenian government as before, [Thucid. lib. 1.]

Spartacus succeded Archaeanactides, Year of the World 3566 in the kingdom of Bosphorus Cimmerius, [Diod. the third year of the 85 Olympiade.]

Spartacus died, Year of the World 3571 whom Diodorus Siculus, The Julian Period. 4281 in the 4 year of the 86 Olympiade, Year before Christ 432 affirmeth then to have reigned 17 years; and in the 3 year of the 85 Olympiade, he affirmeth him to have reigned 17 years, when as yet the interval between these two Olimpic years assigned by him, the one to the beginning, the other to the end of his reign, make up but five, or at most (both parts being included) but six years of his reign; after him succeded Seleucus.

At Athens, The Julian Period. 4572 in the year when Apseudes was Archon or President, and in the last year, almost compleat of the 86 Olympiade, Meton observed the summer solstice, to be upon the 21 day of the Egyptian monethmonth, Phamenoth (or the 27 day of June, according to the Julian Calendar) in the morning, [Ptolomy, in his Mag. Syntax lib. 3. cap. 2.] and thereupon framed the Cyclus Punaris, or the circle of the moon, which we call the Golden number, of 19 years, [Diod. Sic. the fourth year, of the 85 Olympiade, deducing the beginning of this Cycle, from the new moon next following that Solstice, or the 15 day of July, according to the Julian account.

Arcesilaus was kill'd by the Cyrenians his own subjects; Year of the World 3573 and was the 8 king in that state. The Julian Period. 4283 And the man which in the 3 year of the 73 Olympiade, Year before Christ 431 wan the 31 Pythian race with his chariot; and which is so much renowned for it by Pindarus, in his 4 and and 5 Ode. whom when his son would have succeded, he was put by, by the Syrenians; whereupon he sailed into the Hesperides, or western Islands, and there died: and so that kingdom of Cyrenia, which had stood 200 years, four of the name of Battus, and four of the name of Archelaus, enterchangeably succeding each the other therein, according to the oracle at Delphos, reported by Herod, [lib. 4. cap. 163.] came to an end, [Scholiast. Pind. in Od. 4. Pythion.]

p. 143The 1 year of 87 Olympiade drawing to an end, when there were but two months left of the Praetorship of Pythodorus of Athens, in the beginning of the spring, began the war which is called the Peloponesian war, between the Lacedemonians and the Athenians: wherein the Nations inhabiting all along the coast of Asia, sided with the Athenians; as the Carians, the Dores, the Ionians, those of Hellespont, and all the Islanders adjoyning, except those only, which inhabited the two Islands of Melos, and Thera: But both parties sent their Embassies to Artaxerxes, to crave his aide, [Thucid. lib. 2.]

In the beginning of this war, there flourished 3 noble Historiographers, Hellanicus, of the age of 65. Herodotus 53. and Thucidides 40 years old; as A. Gellius, in his 15 book. cap. 23. reporteth out of Pamphilia, [lib. 11.] of which Thucidides wrote the full history of this war, to the 21 year thereof; diligently setting down all things done therein, by winters and summers: beginning every summer from the first of the spring; and every winter from the first of Autumne.

In the first summer of this war, there fell so great an enclipse of the sun, that the stars appeared in the firmament, [Thucid. lib. 2.] which bred a great terror in all mens minds as a sad and great prodigie in the world, But Pericles, seeing the Master of the ship wherein he was, overtroubled thereat, cast his cloak over his eyes, and asked him whether he were afraid at that? or whether he thought it portended any great matter of no; and when he said, no: why, replyed Pericles, what difference is between this covering of the sun, and that, save only, that, that which causeth this darknesse, is greater than my cloak? [Plutarch in the life of Pericles:] and thereupon entered into a discourse concerning the eclipses of the sun and moon, and their motions, by which they come, according as he had heard and learned from his Master Anaxagoras; and perswaded his fellow citizens, not to trouble themselves, with a vain and needlesse fear, [Valer. Max. lib. 8. cap. 11.] And that this year also, upon the 3 day of August, at 5 a clock in the after-noone, the son was eclipsed at Athens, to about the quantity of 10 digits, the Astronomical account plainly demonstrates.

A fearful plague, Year of the World 3574 beginning first in Ethiopia, The Julian Period. 4284 and thence spreading it self into the parts of Lybia and Egypt, Year before Christ 430 and especially into the regions of the Persian dominion, came at last, and lay very sore upon the City of Athens in the 2 year of this war; [Thucid. l. 2.] where he setteth down historically, the kind and manner of this plague; as he might well do, having himself been taken with it, and oft in company with those who were sick thereof: and what he doth historically; that doth Hippocrates as a Physitian, as living then in Athens, and was imployed in the curing of sundry persons, afflicted therewith, [lib. 3. Epidem. Sect. 3.] but poetically, Lucretius, who lived many ages after, hath set it forth, and painted it to the life.

In a town of the Colophonians, called Notium, upon a sedition raised among themselves, Itamenes and his Median solidiers, being called in by one of the sides, came and possessed himself, of the strongest part of the town, [Thucid. lib. 3.]

In the later end of this summer, Aristeas, the son of Adimantus a Corinthian, and the Embassadors of the Lacedemonians, Aneristus, and Nicolaus, and Patrodemus, and Timagoras of Tegrea, and Polis of Argos, in his own name, taking their journey into Asia towards Artaxerxes, to entreat of him aide of men and mony for the war, took Thrace in their way, and came to Sitalces the king thereof, the son of Tereas: But when they thought to passe the Hellespont, and to go to Pharnaces the son of Pharnatacus, hoping by him to be convoyed and brought to Artaxerxes, they were betrayed by Sadocus, the son of Sitalces the king, and Nymphodorus of Abdera, the son of Pytheus, and were all taken and carried to Athens: and the Athenians without judgment, or hearing them so much as speak, when they would have said something for themselves, the self same day they came, caused them all to be kill'd, and throwne into a ditch, [Thucid. l. 2. with Herod. l. 7. c. 137.]

The winter following, Year of the World 3575 the Athenians, sent six ships, into Caria: under the command of Melesandrus, both to gather what mony they could in those parts, and to scoure the seas from pirates and robbers, who out of Peloponesus, were wont to take up poor Merchants ships with their loadings, which traded along the coast of Phaselis, Phenice, and other ports of the continent. But Melesandrus, with his Athenians, and other confederates, not keeping the sea, but going a land in Licia, was there met, and fought withall, and slain, with a great part of his army, [Thucid. lib. 2.]

Seleucus, The Julian Period. 4285 the king of Bosphorus Cimmerius, Year before Christ 428 having held that principality 4 years [Diod. 4 year of the 86 Olympiade.] after whom, as it seemeth, Spartacus the 2. reigned, and he continued 22 years.

Pericles died, Year of the World 3576 the 4 year of 87 Olympiade, The Julian Period. 4286 [Diod. l. 12.] 2 years and 6 months after the beginning of the Peloponesian war, Year before Christ 428 whereof himself had been the chief occasion, [Thucid. lib. 2.] and when he had continued Prince of the Athenian state, 40 years, [Cic. lib. 3. de oratore. and Plutarch in the life of Pericles.]

p. 144In the same year died Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, Pericles his master, who was born in the 70 Olympiade, and died in the first year of the 88 Olympiade, as Laertius in his life reporteth, out of Apollodorus his Chron. though it be there miswritten, Olympiade 78. Where he also addeth, that the men of Lampsacus, bestowed on him, an honourable burial, with this Epitaph, recorded also by Elian, [lib. 8. Var. Histor. cap. ult.] upon his tomb.

Great Anaxagoras lies hear in mold,

Who did all secrets of the Heavens unfold.

In the winter season of the fourth year of the Peloponesian war, Year of the World 3577 the Athenians sent 12 ships, commanded by Lysicles, and four commissioners with him, to collect their tribute from their consederate cities. Lysicles, as he went from place to place to gather moneys, at last going from Myus, thorough Caria, the Carians, and Anaeitae rose suddenly upon him out of an Ambuscado, and slew both him, and the greatest part of his army, [Thucid. lib. 3.]

Alcides commander of the Lacedemonian fleet, coming to the foreland of Myonesus, in the countrey of the Teii, put to death there the greatest part of the Greeks, whom he had taken prisoners out of Asia: but when he was come to Ephesus, some messengers sent unto him, by the Samians, which were of the Anaeitae, told him that he took a wrong way to deliver the Greek nation out of servitude and thraldom, if he purposed to destroy such, as neither ever bare arms against him, nor were his enemies; but onelyonly were forced to pay contribution, to the Athenians: whereupon he spared the rest, and let them go.

A new broile rising between the old citizens, which dwelt in the base town of Notium, and those which had newly fled thither, these confideing in the power of such Arcadians, and other barbarians as Pissuthnes, the Governor of Lydia had sent them, drew a wall round about the upper town, for a fortification against the base town, and confederating with those Colophonians, who dwelling in the upper town, took part with the Medes, made one Common-wealth with them. But the other side sent for Pachetes, a captain of the Athenians to come and help them; who when he came, desired Hippias, whom Pissuthnes, had made captain of the Arcadians in the fort to come forth to a parlee, covenanting with him, that if they could not agree, he should return safe and sound into the fort again, whereupon he came forth: but so soon as he came, Pachetes took, and committed him to safe custody, yet without manacles or fetters; and setting presently upon the fort took it, and put all whom they found therein to the sword, as well Arcadians as Barbarians; and last of all, to keep his word with Hippias he let him come safe and sound into the fort; but so soon as he was come, laid hold on him again, and shot him to death with arrows, so he restored Notium to the Colophonians, save to those, who had taken part with the Medes. Afterward the Athenians sent a plantation thither of their own, and governed the place, according to their own laws, gathering together as many of the Colophonians out of all parts, as they could find to inhabit it, [Thucid. lib. 3. Polyae. Stratag. lib. 3.]

Artaxerxes sent Artaphernes, Year of the World 3578 a Persian Ambassador, The Julian Period. 4289 with a letter written in the Assyrian language, Year before Christ 425 to Lacedemon: wherein, among other things signified to them, that he knew not what they would have, nor what their meaning or intention was; for that they had sent unto him a multitude of Ambassadors: but no one of them agreed with another; werefore if they would have him to understand their minds, they should send some men of their own unto him, with the bearer thereof, [Thucid lib. 4.]

Artaxerxes, Year of the World d. in the interim died, and his son Xerxes succeeded him, onelyonly for one year, [Diod. Sic. the 4 year of the 88 Olympiade.] whose mother Damaspia, died the same day, that Xerxes, or rather, that her husband Artaxerxes (as the sequele sheweth) did; and Bagorazus the Eunuch carried the corps, both of father and mother into Persia, [Ctesias.]

In the winter of the seventh year of the Peloponesian water, Year of the World 3580. a. Aristides, the son of Archippus, one of the captains which were sent from Athens, to gather the tribute of their confederetes, lighted upon Artaphernes the Persian Ambassador, as he was going to Lacedemon, at a place called Eione, upon the river strimon, and brought him prisoner to Athens, whom the Athenians presently shipt away, and sent him back to Ephesus, and an Ambassador of their own with him; but coming thither, and hearing there, that Artaxerxes was lately dead, they returned home again, [Thucid. lib. 4.]

In the beginning of the next summer; Year of the World b. Thucidides sayes, The Julian Period. 4269 there was a little Eclips of the Sun, Year before Christ 445 beginning, as his manner is the Summer, from the first of the spring, for that upon the 21 day of March, according to the Julian Calendar, toward the end of the p. 145fourth year of the 88 Olympiade, in the forenoon, the Sun was more than half over eclipsed, the Prutenian account sheweth.

The Banditoes of Mitylene, after their city was taken by the Athenians, joyning with the Banditoes of Lesbos, and hiring some others out of Peloponesus, went in a great body and took Rhaetium; and having received of them a round summe of money, spared the City: and from thence went to Antandrus and took that by intelligence within: for their purpose from the beginning was to set at liberty, as sundry other Cities of the country called Actaea, (which formerly was held by the Mitylenians, but was then possessed by the Athenians,) so especially Antandrus; to the end that having fortified it, they might there build them shipping enough, as having the hill Ida, and store of timber from thence at hand: and hoped with that and other provision, to get Lesbos, and other Cities of Eolia, in the Continent, into their possession, [Thucid. lib. b. 4.]

At the same time, Year of the World c. Aristides and Demodocus, whom Diodorus calleth Symmachus, Captains of the Athenian Navy, lay in Hellespout, gathering of their tribute; whiles Lamachus, their third Captain, was gone with ten ships into Pontus. They therefore hearing that the Mitylenians purposed to fortifie Antandrus; gathered an army of their confederates, and set sail thitherward; and when the enemy sallied out from thence, foiled them in the field, and gat the Town again. But Lamachus who was gone into Poatus, coming into the mouth of the river Caleces, (which Diodorus calls Cachetes) in Heracleotis, leaving their ships at an anchor, there went and spoiled all the country about Heraclea, which in favour of the Persian, had refused to pay contribution to the Athenians. But when upon the falling of a great raine the river swol, and ran with a mighty current, and drave their ships upon the rocky shoar, he there wholy lost his Fleet, and a great part of his army besides. Wherefore when by sea he could not, having lost his ships, and by land durst not with so small a company return home, thorough so many fierce & warlick Nations as lay in his way; they of Heraclea, taking this occasion to gratifie them rather than to be revenged of them, and thinking the spoil of their country well bestowed, if they might thereby purchase them for friends, which were before their foes, sent them away fairly, with all manner of provision for their journey homeward. So Lamachus, with the company which he had left, went over land thorough the country of the Thracians, which dwelt in Asia side, and came safely to Chalcedon, [Thucid. lib. 4. Diodor. lib. 12. Justin lib. 16. cap. 3.]

When Xerxes, Year of the World d. upon a Festival day had drunk himself stark drunk, and was laid asleep in his chamber, his brother Secundianus, begotten upon Aloguna, a Babylonish woman, and Pharnacyas an Eunuch, came in upon him, and murdered him. [Ctesias.]

Secundianus, who had a long time born a grudge to Bagoras the Eunuch, picking a quarrel with him for burying his fathers body without his advise taken therein, commanded him to be stoned to death: which act of his the army took very ill; and although he bestowed large mouies among them, yet what for this, what for the murder of his brother, they ever hated him. [Ctesias.]

Ochus, Year of the World 3581. d. whom his father Artaxerxes had made Governour of Hyrcania, being sent for by his Brother Secundianus to come unto him, sent word he would, but came not; and this he often did: but at length, gathered a mighty army, and intended for the kingdom. Arbarius who was General of the Horse to Secundianus, fell over unto Ochus: and Arxanes the Governour of Egypt did the like. Artoxares also, out of Armenia came unto him in person, and whether he would or no, set the Cidaris, (i.) the Crown upon his head. [Ctesias.]

Thus Ochus was made King, Year of the World b. and called himself from thence forward Darius: and by the advice of Parysatis, his wise and sister, tried first what he could do with his brother Secundianus by fair words and oaths: But Menosthanes, who was the greatest man with him among all his Eunuchs, was earnest with him not to believe his oaths, nor have any treaty with faithlesse men: yet Secundianus, came to a treaty, and was there laid hold on; and being thrown into a heap of ashes, there died, [Ctesias] of which kind of punishment, see more before, in the year of the World, 3485. b. and in 2 Maccabees, [cap. 13. 5, 6.]

When Scundianus, al. Sogdianus, was now dead, then reigned Ochus alone, known by the name of Darius Nothus toward the later end of the first year of 89 Olimpiade; as appears by [Thucidides, lib. 8. and Diodor. 3 year of 89 Olympiade.]

When the men of Delos were driven out of their country by the Athenians, Year of the World 3582 Pharnaces gave them Adramyttium in Asia for a dwelling place, The Julian Period. 4292 [Thucid. lib. 5. Diod. 3 year 89 Olympiade.] Year before Christ 422

The Athenians, Year of the World 3583 by command of the Oracle at Delphos, The Julian Period. 4293 restored those of Delos to their Island again, Year before Christ 421 [Thucid. lib. 5.]

Those of Byzantium and Chalcedon, Year of the World 3588 joyning with the Thracians, The Julian Period. 4298 passe with a great. Year before Christ 416 p. 146army into Bithynia, and having wasted the country, and forced many of the lesser towns, used there unmeasurable cruelties: for having gotten together an huge multitude of men women and children, they butchered them every one, [Diod. 1 year of 91 Olympiade.]

Jubilie 21. which was the last that ever the Prophets of the Old Testament saw: Year of the World 3589 for that place in [Nehem. 12. 22.] is not to be understood of Darius the last, but of this Darius Nothus, in whose time [Nehemiah cap. 12. 22.] signifieth, that Johananes, called also Johannes and Jonathan, obtained the High Priesthood after his father Joiada, (whom Josephus calleth Judas) and that Jadduas his son, who succeeded his father in the Priesthood, was then also born; but these things Nehemiah mentions onelyonly by the way: his full History ending with the time of Artaxerxes Longimanus, the father of this Darius, of whom Josephus [lib. 1. cont. Ap…on… ] speaketh in this wise: From the death of Moses, to Artaxerxes, King of Persia, who succeeded Xerxes; the Prophets comprised what passed is their times in 13 books; but from Artaxerxes to our time, all things indeed have been likewise committed to writing, but not held to be of like credit with the former: because the succession of the Prophets one after another, hath been uncertain; and Euseb. in Chron. in the 32 of this Artaxerxes, with whom the continued History of Nehemia ended; Hitherto, saith he, the Divine Scriptures of the Hebrews contain the Annals, or year books of the times: but those things which were done among them after this time, we must deliver out of the books of the Maccabees, and out of the writings of Josephus and Africanus; who have delivered a general History of things done among them down to the Roman times.

But that Malachie the last of the Prophets, was contemporary with Nehemia, they gather from hence; to wit, for that he no where exhorts the people to the building of the Temple, as Haggai and Zachary did: but the Temple being now built, he reproves those disorders which Nehemiah at his second return with a new Commission from Babylon, in the last Chapter of his book saith he found to have in his absence crept in among the Jews: as marriage with strange women, [cap. 11. 11.] withholding of tithes, [cap. 3. 8.] and abuses in the worship of God, [cap. 1. 13. cap. 2. 8.] And because they were no longer now to expect a perpetual succession of Prophets, as before; Malachie therefore in the last words of his Prophecy exhorreth them, that they should hold them fast to the law of Moses, until Christ that Great Prophet of the Church should appear, whose forerunner John the Baptist, should first come, in the spirit and power of Elias, to turn the hearts of the fathers to their children, and the rebells to the wisdom of the just, [Mal. 4. 4.] compared with [Luke 1. 17. Math. 11. 14. and cap. 17. 12.] to which hath reference that of Jerom [lib. 13. of his Comment. upon Esay cap. 49.] After Haggai, and Zachary and Malachie, saith he, I see no other Prophets till John the Baptist. See [1 Maccab. 4. 46. and cap. 9. 17. and August. de Civit. Dei lib. 17. cap. 24.]

We read indeed in the book of Pirke Abbeth, that The men of the great Synagogue succeeded the Prophets: though the Jews of later times reckon, even Haggai, Zachary, and Malachie, among them, and make Ezra the President and Head of this Sanedrin, or great Syagogu…, or Council.

Pissuthnes the Governour of Lydia, Year of the World 3590 revolted from Darius; The Julian Period. 4300 and therefore Tissaphernes, Year before Christ 414 Spitradates, and Pharmises, were sent against him. And Pissuthnes went to meet them, having with him Lycon an Athenian, with such Grecians as he had under his command: But the Kings Commanders bribed Lycon and his Greeks, and drew them off from Pissuthnes, and then drew in Pissuthnes himself, upon promise to bring him safe to the King, which they did. But he presently bad, Away with him to the Ash-heap: and bestowed his Government upon Tissaphernes: and Lycon, for a reward of his treachery, had whole Cities and Countries bestowed upon him. [Cteslas.]

Eusebius in his Chron. noteth that Egypt fell off from the Persian, and that Amyrtaeus Saites reigned there 6 years: which seemeth to be the same Amirtaeus, which Herodotus writeth of, [lib. 2. cap. 140. and lib. 3. cap. 15.] where he sheweth that he did the Persians a thousand mischiefs.

In the 19 Summer of the Peloponesian war, Year of the World 3591 when Nicias would have drawn off his army in a night from before the w…lls of Syracusae in Sicily, The Julian Period. 4301 there suddenly appeared an Eclipse of the Moon, Year before Christ 413 about ten of the clock at night, in the monethmonth Metageiton; upon the 27 of August, according to the Julia… Calender; at the sight whereof he was so affrighted, that he forbare drawing off, for that time, and by a little more delay used thereupon, he lost himself and his whole army, [Thncid. lib. 7. Polyh. lib. 9. Diod. Sic. an. 4. 91. Olympiade, Plin. lib. 2. cap. 12. Plutarch in the life of Nicias, and in his book, De Superstitione.]

The winter following, two Governours of Darius, upon the sea coast in the lesser Asia, Tissaphernes of Lydia, and Pharnabazus of Hellespont, seeking to recover the old tribute from the Grecian Cities lying within their severall p. 147Governments, which the Athenians had of late forbidden them to pay unto the King, dealt with them under hand, to fall off from the Athenians: and withal solliciting the Peloponesians in general to make a fresh war upon the Athenians, moved the Lacedemonians in special to consederate and joyn in armes with the king against them: when the Athenians power was thus weakned in Asia; upon whom Pissuthnes had founded all his hopes, Tissaphernes sought by all means how to get Amorges, a bastard son of Pissuthnes, who had taken up arms in Caria, into his hands; and, as he was commanded, to send him alive or dead to the king. But finding at this present, that the Citizens of Chios and Erythrae, were ready to revolt from the Athenians, he sent his messenger with theirs to Lacedemon, there to negotiate the matter, by the joynt advice of both, [Thucid. lib. 9.]

At the same time Calligetus and Timagoras the one of Megara, the other of Cyzicum, each banished out of his own countrey, came to Lacedemon, sent indeed by Pharnabazus, who had enterteined them, during the time of their exilement, but in the name of the inhabitants of Cyzicum, to get shipping of them, to carry into Hellespont. And when the messagers of Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, made each of them his suit a part from the other, the Lacedemonians were thereupon extremely divided among themselves: some advising that Ionia and Chios should first be holpen; other that Hellespont: but in the end, the Petition of Tissaphernes and the Chii carried it; and the rather, by the help of Alcibiades, who standing at that time a condemned man at Athens, lived at Sparta, in house with Endius, one of the Ephori, his fathers old acquaintance, wherefore having made a confederacy with the Chii and Erythraeans, they presently ordered 40 saile of ships to be sent away to their succor. But Calligetus and Timagoras, who were there in the behalf of Pharnabazus, and the men of Cyzicum, would contribute nothing toward the setting out of this fleet to Chios; nor would lay out the 25 talents which they had brought with them to hire ships for themselves that way; because they had a purpose shortly to prepare a fleet of their own, [Id. Ib.]

In the 20 summer of the Peloponesian war, Year of the World 3592 Alcibiades an Athenian, The Julian Period. 4302 and Chalcideus a Lacedemonian, Year before Christ 412 were sent by Endius, and the rest of the Ephori, with five ships into Ionia, to draw the Greek cities there off from the Athenian party: and coming speedily to Corycum, by such perswasions as they used, they prevailed first with the Chii, then with the Erythreans openly to revolt from the Athenians: and then going with three ships to Clazomenae, draw them also over from the Athenian party: and those of Clazomenae, putting over presently into the continent adjoyning, there built a strong fort, that if need were, they might there have a place to retire unto out of their poor Island: and in like manner all that revolted from the Athenians, fell in hand presently, with sortifications, and other preparatives for the war, [Thucid. lib. 8.]

Strombichides, a Commander of the Athenians, coming with 8 ships to Samos, and taking with him one more from thence, sailed to Teus, and perswaded them, not to enter into any practise against the Athenians. Chalcideus also came thither with 23 saile of ships; and had with him some foot companies of the Clazomenians and Erythreans. The Teians, though at first refused to receive those foot, yet when they saw the Athenians fled and gone, took them in: who having a while expected the return of Chalcideus from the chase of the Athenians, and he not returning they of their own heads, threw down the wall which the Athenians had made to the land-ward, with the assistance of certain others which came to help them, under the command of Tages Tissaphernes his Livetenant. Chalcideus and Alcibiades, having pursued Strombichides, as far as to Samos, taking with them 20 ships more from Chios, sailed to Miletus, and by the means of Alcibiades, who had great acquaintance with the chief men there, perswaded them also to fall off from the Athenians, and when the Athenians followed them thither, but were kept out by the Milesians, they retreated to an Island called Lada, lying over against Miletus. [Ib.]

After this revolt of the Milesians, the first association of the Lacedemonians and the Persians was concluded and made, by Tissaphernes and Chalcideus, upon this condition, that what ever cities the Persians did then hold, or heretofore had held, should continue still in their power. [Ibid.]

The Chii therefore presently to know how the squares went at Miletus, and with all to induce other cities to the like revolt, from the Athenians, bent their course with ten ships to Anaea, a city in Caria: but being called back by Chalcideus, because Amorges Pissuthnes his sonne, was drawing down thitherward, with his land forces, they came to a place called Dios-hieron, a small town, in Ionia; where, espying a fleet of 16 saile of the Athenians, sent from thence under the command of Diomedon to joyn with Thrasicles, they dispersed themselves, and one ship of them came to Ephesus, the rest to Teus, but four of them fell into the Athenians hands: yet nothing but the bare hulls, for the men were got to land, the rest of the ships came safe to Teus. After this when the Athenians were gone to Samos, the Chii p. 148pursued their purpose, with the remainder of their Fleet and Forces, and drew over to their party Lebedus and Eras, cities of Ionia, [Ib.]

After the Foot companies of the Chii, were departed from Teus, Tissaphernes, coming thither with his army, pulled down what was left of the walls of Teus, and departed: and no sooner was he gone, but Diomedon, with ten sail of Athenians came thither; and agreed with the Teians to receive him too: and going from thence to Eras, when he had tried, and could not force it, went his way, [Ib.]

The Athenians, having taken the Fott, which the Clazomenians had built in the Continent, made them go back again into their own Island, all save the heads of that revolt, who went to Daphnus: and so the Clazomenians returned into the obedience of the Athenians, [ib.]

In the same Summer, Year of the World c. the Athenians with 20 sail which lay at Lada against Miletus, landing at Panormus, and lighting there upon Chalcideus, the Lacedemonian slenderly accompanied, slew him, and all that were with him; and returning thence the third day after, erected a Trophie in memory of what they had there done: which the Milesians, as set up by those who had not mastered the country, demolished, [ib.]

In the end of that Summer, the Athenians with 1500. Corselets, and 1000. men out of Argos, and as many of their other confederates, with 48 ships, commanded by Phrynichus, and Onomacles, and Saronidas, sailed into Samos first, and from thence set sail for Miletus; and landing there, sate down before it with their army. Against them went out 800. of the Milesians themselves, all Corselets; and Alcibiades, with those companies which Chalcideus had brought out of Peloponesus, and certain companies of forreign nation which followed Tissaphernes, and Tissaphernes himself with his Horse. The Argivi which led the Van in the wing where they were, trusting over much to their valour, were wholy routed by the Milesians, whom they vilified and contemned as being but Ionians, and lost 300. upon the place: yet the Athenians had the better of the day: and therefore setting up a Trophie in the field, set themselves to besiege the city, seated as it was, in a peninsula or neck of land: but when news was brought that a Fleet out of Sicily and Peloponesus was upon the sea thitherward, by the advice of Phrynicus, they drew off, and returned to Samos, [Ibid.]

The Fleet when it came, with the ships of Chios which had formerly been beaten with Chalcideus by the enemy, at the entreaty of Tissaphernes, set upon Jasos: where Amorges the base son of Pissuthnes, (who had revolted from the King) then kept himself. The Peloponesians under the command of Astyochus the Ammiral, to whom Theramenes a Lacedemonian had brought that Fleet, and the Syracusans (who made principal proof of their valour in this service under their General Hermocrates) setting suddenly upon the Jasians, who thought they had been friends, surprised them, and took the city. The Peloponesians having therein taken Amorges alive, delivered him up to Tissaphernes, to send him to Darius, if he pleased. The city Jasos it self, which long peace had made to abound with all plenty, they sacked, and made a vast booty of it: The companies which Amorges had there in pay, they saved, and because most of them were Peloponesians borne, they listed them among themselves: but the Town it self they gave over to Tissaphernes, with all the persons thereof, bound and free, taking for every head of them half a crown; and returning from thence to Miletus, they convoyed Paedaritus, who was sent by the Lacedemonians as Governour to Chios, overland, with the companies belonging to Amorges, as far as Erythrae, and left Philippus, Governour of Miletus, [Ibid.]

The Winter following Tissaphernes, Year of the World d. having put a Garrison into Jassos, came to Miletus, and there according to promise made at Lacedemon; paid them and their fellows, the monies which were due, which was a drachma of Athens, upon every head; and agreed with them for a standing pay, in time to come, [Ib.]

Astyochus the Ammiral of the Lacedemonian Fleet with ten ships of Lacedemon, and as many of Chios, having in vain for a while besieged the city Pteleum, put over to Clazomenae, and there commanded such as favoured the Athenian party to leave the place, and go and dwell in Daphnus: which was the command also upon them laid by Tamos Lieutenant of Ionia; which when they refused to do, he set upon the Town; being but an open burgade: yet not being able to carry it by assault, he left it and went his way: But meeting with a strong wind at sea, he himself came safe to Phocaea and Cuma, but the rest of his ships. were driven ashoar upon the Isles lying before Clazomenae, Marathusa, Pela, and Drymissa: where they lay 8 dayes for the violence of the tempest, and there spent and spoiled what they pleased of such goods as the Clazomenians had transported thither for fear of the war; and the rest they put aboard their ships, and carried away, and came to Astyochus at Phocaea and Cuma, [Ibid.]

The same Winter, Hippocrates of Lacedemon, setting sail from Peloponesus with ten ships of the Thurians, commanded by Dorieus and two others in comission with him, and one of Laconica, and another of Syracusae, came to Cnidus, which had now p. 149revolted from Tissaphernes, whereof so soon as the Milesians heard, they presently sent unto Hippocrates, by all means to leave one half of his ships in garrison at Cuidus, and to go with the rest, and surprize certain ships laden with Marchandise from Egypt, lying at Triopium, which is a foreland of Cnidia; and the Athenians hearing thereof, went from Samos, and surprized the six ships which lay at Triopium, as a garrison to the places, but the Marriners were got out of them, and so left them nothing but the hulls: and then coming to Cnidus, missed but little of surprizing it, at the first onset, being but an open bourgade without walls; but being put off for that time, their purpose was, to try again the next day: but the Cnidians having cast up some works about the place that night, and they which were forced a shoare at Triopium, coming thither also, the thing grew harder to do now, than it was before, wherefore having wasted the countrey, they returned to Samos, [Ibid.]

When the league concluded between Chalcideus, Year of the World 5593 and Tissaphernes, was judged at Sparta, not to be right, and pinch a little on the Lacedemonians side, another form was drawn up, between the Lacedemouians and their confederates on the one side, and Darius and his sons, and Tissaphernes on the other, in clearer terms than the former was, and subscribed,) in the presence of Theramenes of Lacedemon, after which Theramenes, having given up the charge of the Navy to Astyochus, put himself aboard a little Skiff, and went his way, [Ibid.]

The business, which Pharnabasus, (who was Governour for the king in Hellespont) had sent Calligetus of Megara, and Timagoras of Cyzicum about to Sparta, was there granted, according as he desired, and 27 saile of ships were sent under the command of Antisthenes a Lacedemonian, in the depth of winter from Peloponesus into Ionia, The Lacedemonians also sent 11 Commissioners of theirs (whereof one was Lycas, the son of Arcesilaus) to be of councel with Astyochus, in the management of this war, one of their instructions was, that when they came to Miletus, they should send of these 27 ships, all or some, more or lesse, as they should see cause into Hellespont, to Pharnabazus, and make Clearchus Commander of those they thought fit to send, and further, that, if they saw cause, they should remove Astyochus (who was drawn into some suspition upon Pedaritus his information by letters against him,) from the charge of the Navy, and put Antisthenes in his room. Now these Commissioners loosing from Malea, a port in Peloponesus, came first to the Island of Melus; and from thence fetcht a further compasse about, that they might go in the lesse danger of the enemie, and landed at Caunus in Asia, [Ibid.]

Astyochus coming to Cnidus, hasted from thence to meet with the Athenian fleet, which waited for the Peloponesian ships coming from Caunus, where they were safely arrived: and meeting with them, they fought, where the Athenians gave at first the enemy a blow, but receiving a far greater one in the second fight from them, they retired, and came to Halicarnassus: and the Peloponesians as conquerers, returned to Cnidus. The Athenians after this, came to an Island called Sima, where they had received their overthrow; with all their fleet, and yet dust not attempt any thing upon the Lacedemonian navy, which lay at Cuidus, but taking in onelyonly some tackle and furniture from Sima, and having done something against Lorymae, in the continent, they returned again to Samos, [Ibid.]

When all the Peloponesian Navy was come together at Cnidus, consisting in all of 94 ships; the 11 Commissioners debated with Tissaphernes of matters aleady transacted, if they found fault with any thing therein, and how the war for the future might be carryed on, for the best advantage on both sides, but especially Lichas, considering what had passed, said, that neither of the two leagues, no, not that which was made with Theramenes, was as it should be, for that it was a thing not to be endured, that the king should hold all those countreys which be or his ancestors had held; for by this reason, said he, all the Islands, and all Thessaly, and Locri, and consequently, all Baeothia, must all fall again into the kings power, and the Lacedemonians, instead of freeing the Greek cities, must help to enslave them to the power of the Persian more than ever; and therefore, that they must fall to a new draught & form of a league between them, or vacate this, and never ask nor receive Stipend more of the king of Persia, by vertue of this that was already made; whereupon Tissaphernes growing into cholor, brake up the treaty, and went his way, [Ibid.]

Now when letters came from the Peloponesians to Astiochus, that he should make away Alcibiades, for that they had him in suspition, and he was a professed enemy to Agis the king of Lacedemon, Alcibiades getting an incling thereof, withdrew himself secretly, and fled over to Tissaphernes, and perswaded with him, not to make such large allowance of Stipend to the peloponesian Navy; but rather hold matters in such a ballance, that neither they might subvert the state of the Athenians, nor the Athenians theirs; and so when they had wearied and worn out each other with a war, both in the end might easily be brought into the kings subjection. Hereupon Pisander and p. 150ten other Ambassadors with him, sent by the people of Athens, to treat with Tissaphernes and Alcibiades, upon such terms, as to them should seem meetest for the Commonwealth, and benefit of both, of whom Alcibiades in Tissaphernes his name made such vast demands, as though they yielded to many of them, yet were they fain at last to break off without doing any thing, for he demanded that they should surrender into the kings hands, all Ionia, with the Islands adjacent thereunto: and when they had yeilded thereunto, then he demanded, that the king might make what ships he would, and where he would, and that he might passe and repasse by their coast as often, and with as many ships in a fleet as he pleased. But then the Athenians conceiving these demands to be intolerable, and themselves abused by Alcibiades, brake up in a rage, and returned to Samos, [Ibid.]

After this; Year of the World b. toward the end of this winter season, Tissaph ernes went to Caunus, purposing to recall the Lacedemonian Commissioners back to Miletus, and to make them take their pay again, upon any conditions, least they should turn flat enemies against him: when they came, he paid them down all their arrears: and made a third league with them: which began thus,

In the 13 year of the reign of Darius, when Alexipidas was Ephorus, (i. e.) agreements were made, in the field of Maeander, between the Lacedemonians, and their confederates on the one side, and Tissaphernes and Hieramenes, and the sonnes of Pharnacus on the other, concerning the affairs of the king, and of the Lacedemonians and their confederates, to wit, That what countrey soever in Asia is, the kings, that let him hold still, and of his own countreys, let him dispose as he will, &c. But concerning the paiment of their yearly stipend it was thus agreed, That Tissaphernes should pay the fleet that then was there, till the kings own sh…ps came, and after they were come, then the Lacedemonians and their confederates, should maintain their own navy if they would, but if they would rather have a stipend for it, then Tissaphernes should furnish it; but with condition, that upon the end of the war, they should refund all the money, which they had received, [Ibid.] from whence we may gather the full meaning of what Justin, [lib. 5. 1.] more concisely hath delivered, Darius the king of Persians, saith he, making a league with the Lacedemonians by Tissaphernes his Governour of Lydia, promised to bear all the charge of the war.

In the very beginning of the summer following, which began the 21 year of the P…loponesian war, Dercylidas, a Lacedemonian, is sent from Miletus over-land, with a small company into Hellespont, to stir up the city of Abydus, which was a colony or plantation of the Milesians to rebel against the Athenians: whereupon that city first, and two dayes after Lampsacus, fell off from them to Dercylides, and Pharnabazus.

Upon the first news whereof, Strombychides set saile out of Chios, with a fleet of 24 Athenian vessels, and came to Lesbos; and when the Lesbians, made a sally to encounter him, he routed them, and took the town at the first assault, being but an open bourgade, and having setled matters there, went to Abydus, but being there manfully repulsed, he put over to Sestos, and there placed a strong garrison for the defence of all the Hellespont, [Thucid. lib. 8.]

The whole Navy of the Athenians comming together at Samos, they there entered a covenant with the Samians, to joyn in the restoring of the Popular estate in Athens, and to abolish the Junto or Government of 400, newly there erect, and bound themselves with solemn oath for performance hereof; and appointed Thrasibulus and Thrasyllus for captaines in this action; they consulted also of calling home Alcibiades, hoping by his means, to draw away Tissaphernes from the Lacedemonian party, and to gain the kings favour and assistance to themselves, [Id. ibid.]

Among the sea-men of the Peloponesians, which were at Miletus, there grew a grudge and murmuring against Tissaphernes, and Astyachus both; against Astyochus; for that he, when as heretofore they were strong in shipping, and the Athenians weak, would never fight with them at sea, nor to this day would, though it were known well enough unto him, what division there was among the Athenians: no, nor would ever so much as draw the Lacedemonian Navy into a body; and against Tissaphernes, for that he cared not to send for the Navy of the Phaenicians, according to his promise, nor payed them their stipends, but when pleased himself: and then but by halfs neither: when therefore they cried out to put the matter to a battaile; Astyochus and his confederates, commanded the M…lesians to march over-land, to the fore-land of Micale, whiles they went about by sea, with their whole fleet, consisting of 112 ships, to the same place. But when the Athenians, which lay at Glauca, under Mycale, with eighty two ships, saw their fleet coming, they presently weighed ancor, and highed them away as fast as they could to Samos: yet when Strombichides with his fleet, hearing thereof, hasted him to come to their help out of Hellespont, the Peloponesians withdrew and returned to Miletus. And the Athenians, having now 108 ships together, all strong and well provided, followed them home to Miletus, and there going on land, ranged their army in the open field; but seeing that the Peloponesians would p. 151not come forth, they took sea again, and returned to Samos without stroke striking. After which, the Peloponesians, seeing they were not able to deale with the Athenians, with all the force they could make by sea, and not being able of themselves to pay so many seamen, especially when Tissaphernes, was so sparing and backward, in sending in their stipend, according to agreement; they sent away Clearchus with 40 of their ships into Hellespont, to Pharnabasus, who both desired their coming very earnestly and promised them pay very liberally, and many good offices besides, if they pleased to come. [Ib.]

Thrasybulus, going to Tissaphernes, brought over Alcibiades with him to Samos, where the army made him one of their chief commanders; and indeed committed the whole charge of things to his ordering: who being thus made, in a sort, General to the Athenian army, sailed back presently to Tistaphernes; that he might seem to communicate in all counsels with him; and handled matters so cunningly to his own advantage, that he could make the Athenians afraid of Tissaphernes, and Tissaphernes of them, at his pleasure; [Ibid.]

And moreover wrought this effect in the Peloponesians which lay at Miletus, that he set them further out with Tissaphernes, than they were before, so that they began now to mutiny again, not only against him, but also against Astyochus: whom they charged of collusion with Tissaphernes for his own gain and advantage sake. And in this mangling it fell out that the Mariners of the Syracusian and Thurian companies cried, gelt, and demanded pay of Astyochus in a very sawcie and mutinous manner; and when he again answered them somewhat roughly, and with some menacing termes withal, and offered to bastinado Doricus, who commanded the Thurian squadron (though the Greek scholiast of Thucidides, understands hereby, Hermocrates, commander of the Syracusian squadron) for upholding his marriners, they, crying, One and All, ran in upon him; and had, no doubt, there made an end of him, had he not ran and saved himself at an altar there by. The Milesians also, making a head, got secretly into the fort or citadell, which Tissaphernes had built, and turning out the soldiers that were there in garrison, took it into their own hands: which was very well liked of by the rest, save only by Lychas the Lacedemonian, who said that the Milesians, and the rest under the kings dominion ought in duty to obey Tissaphernes so long as he governed so moderately as he did; and untill the war should receive a happy end. [Ibid.]

Whiles they were busie in this alteration, Pindarus arrived, sent from Lacedemon, to succeed Astyochus in the Ammiralty or command of the Navie: and he took it upon him, upon the surrender of Astyochus. When Astyochus took shipping to returne home to Lacedemon, Tissaphernes sent a messenger of his own along with him, one Gauletes, a Carian born, but one that could both the Greek and Persian tongue; who was both to charge the Milesians for surprising his citadel, and withall to clear him from those false aspersions, which the Milesians, and Hermocrates the Syracusian had cast upon him, for he well knew, that they would along too, and accuse him for conspiring with Alcibiades against the Lacedemonian state; and for ficklenesse of minde toward them.

Tissaphernes seeing the Peloponesians bent against him, (among other things, for suffering Alcibiades to return to his own again) as one who now openly favored the Athenian party against them, went to Aspendus, where the Phenician fleet, consisting of 147 sail of ships, was now arrived to purge himself, as he thought: and took Lichas the Lacedemonian along with him, leaving his Agent Tamos with them, to see the stipend duly paid to the Peloponesian Navy, which yet was but so so performed by him: moreover the Peloponesians at Tissaphernes his request, sent Philippus a Lacedemonian, with two tall ships to Aspendus, there to take a view of the Phenician fleet. And Alcibiades, understanding that Tissaphernes was at Aspendus came with 13 sail to Caunus first, and then to Phaselis, promising every where to his friends huge supplies and aides in all kinds, and when he was returned to Samos, he informed them there, that he had wrought matters so, as that the Phenician fleet should not assist the Peloponesians, and that Histaphernes was now become more friend to the Athenian than ever; for true it was, that Tissaphernes met with the Phenicians at Aspendus, but would not let a saile of them go to the Peloponesians; putting them off with this idle excuse, that there were not so many ships come to him, as the k. had commanded: whereas indeed his purpose was, to hold both parties of the Greeks in suspence; and by siding with neither, to make them waste and consume one another, [Ib.]

The Junto or Government of 400 at Athens was dissolved, and 5000 put in their places; who by an Act of theirs, ratified, and confirmed the recalling of Alcibiades home, into his country, [Ibid.] and by the same order, was he joyned in Commission, though absent, with Thra…ybulus, and Theramenes, and by their vallour, and vertue, the Athenian state, was in short time, much reformed and brought into better order than earst it was, [Emil. Prob. in the life of Alcibiades.]

p. 152Whiles the Peloponesians linger out the time at Miletum, none of those, whom Tissaphernes, when he went for Aspendus, had left behind him, took care to pay the Navie, nor did Tissaphernes himself, or the fleet which he promised, come at them: and both Philippus, who was sent with Tissaphernes to Aspendus, wrote to Mindarus, who had the charge of things belonging to the Navie, and so did Hippocrates from Phaselis, that he should not look for any supply of ships, or any thing else that good was, from Tissaphernes his hand: But on the contrary, Pharnabazus, who served the king, in the parts of Helespont, shewed them all the favour and friendship, that could be imagined: For he both sollicited their coming, and of his own accord, moved all the Greek cities within his Province, to fall off from the Athenians (which Tissaphernes would have seemed to do too) hoping hereby to have encreased his own power. Mindarus, being netled with this news, made ready in an instant 72 ships; and gave the word, on a suddain to be gone, to the end, that there might no tidings thereof be carried to Samos, where the Athenians lay, and presently weighing anchor from Miletus, ran a streight course to Hellespont; and Thrasyllus hearing thereof, followed him from Samos, with 55 saile [Thucid. lib. 8.]

Mindarus and the Syracusian squadron had a fight at sea with Thrasyllus and Thrasybulus, at a fore-land of Cynos-sema (a place known by old Hecubaes tombe) where after a sharp bickering on both sides, the Athenians went away with the victory, having had 15 of their own ships sunk, and taken 21 of their enemies: which sea-fight is more fully fet forth by Thucid. [in his 8. book, and by Diod. Sic. 2 year of 92 Olympiade.]

The 4 day after this fight, the Athenians having used all possible diligence, in repairing their fleet, set saile from Sestos to Cyzicum, which had revolted from them, and having esp…ed 8 ships at Harpagium and Priapus, which came from Byzantium, set upon them, and having beaten those who defended them from the shoare, took the ships into their own possession: and going on their way to Cyzicum, took that also, being then but an open bourgade, and squeesed a great summe of mony out of them, [Thu. l. 8.]

Alcibiades setting out from Samos with 22 ships, exacted great summes of mony out of them of Halycarnassus: and then wasting the country of Coos, fenced the town of Cos, with a wall; and the winter now drawing on, returned with a great prey to Samos [Id. ib. Diod. 2. year of 92 Olympiade.]

Astacus a Persian borne, and Lievtenant to Tissaphernes, having conceived secret deadly batred against the men of Delos (who being driven out of their old habitation, dwelt at Atramyttium) coming that way, sent for all the chief men among them, as friends and confederates, to come and serve the king in his wars, and upon a time, seeing them altogether at dinner, closed them round with his souldiers, and they with their darts slew them every man. [Thucid. ib.]

Those of Antandrus in Eolia, fearing least Astacus should serve them with the same sauce, and impatient of those taxes which he had laid upon them, sent for certain Peloponesian souldiers, from Abydus, and drawing them privily over the mount Ida, received them into their city, and turned the garrison of Astacus out of the Castle there, [Id. ibid.]

Tissaphernes returning from Aspendus into Ionia, and being much moved with this last attempt at Antandrus, and with other the like a… Miletus and Cuidus (for there also the inhabitants had turned out his garisons) thought himself much wronged by the Peloponesians: wherefore fearing worse matters from them, and troubled moreover in his mind, least Pharnabazus, in a shorter time, and with far lesse charge in paying them, should seem to have gone further against the Athenians than himself had done, he purposed to go in person to the Peloponesians in Hellespont, both to expostulate with them their fact in turning his Garison out of Antandrus, and also to clear himself, in the best manner he could, of those imputations which they laid upon him, concerning the Phenician fleet and other things: and as soon as he was come to Ephesus, he there sacrificed to D…ana, [Id. lib. 8. in fi.] Here ends the History of Thucid, which Theo-pompus continues for 17 years, and Xenophon for 48 years after, [Diod. 2 year of 92 Olympiade.] Theo-pompus we have not, the later we have, but maimed in the head: for besides the proeme of his History, we want his whole two first years of it: to wit, from the end of the summer of the 21 year of the Peloponesian war, where Thucidides left, to the end of the 23 summer of the same war.

Of the 300 ships sent back into Phenicia, Year of the World 3594 Tissaphernes purged himself to the Lacedemonians, The Julian Period 4304 saying that he had received advertisement, Year before Christ 410 that the coast of Phenicia was in danger to be assailed both by the Arabians, and also by the king of Egypt (meaning K. Amyrteus) [as Diod. Sic. hath it, 3 year of the 93 Olympiade,] whereas Thucid. taught us, that there came but 147 ships to Aspendus out of Phenicia, and that they were all sent back again by Tissaphernes; contrary to his promise made.

There was this year another sea-fight, Year of the World 3595. c. between the Lacedemonians, The Julian Period. 4305 and Athenians, Year before Christ 409 at Cynos-sema aforesaid; which was described by Theo-pompus, as a certain nameless greek writer saith, in the life of Thucid.

p. 153Thymochares, coming to Athens with a small company of ships, presently the Lacedemonians and Athenians had another sea-fight, wherein the Lacedemonians, under the conduct of Hegesandridus, gat the victory, [Xen. in the beginning of his History of the Greeks.]

Not long after Dorieus of the Isle of Rhodes, Ammiral of the Thurian Fleet, out of Italy, in the beginning of Winter, setting out from Rhodes with 14 sail of ships, went to the Hellespont, there to joyn with Mindarus: who lying at Abydus, did there attend the coming of all the friends aud confederates of the Peloponesian name and nation. And now was this Dorieus come as far as Sigeum, a Port in Troas, when the Athenians lying at Sestos, having knowledge of his being there, and whither he was going, went toward him with 20 ship: but Dorieus hearing of their coming, fled from thence, and drew up his ships upon the Rhaetaen shoar; and having there landed his men, with the help of the men of Dardania, they defended both themselves and their ship… too, in spight of the Athenians: who seeing at last, they could do no good upon them, came back to Madytus, to the rest of their army. Mindarus seeing this fight, who at that time happened to be at old Troy, sacrificing to Minerva, went speedily with 84 ships to the Foreland of Dardania, to re…ieve Dorieus, and to save his ships; where he found also the land Forces of Pharnabazus ready to assist the Lacedemonian Navy against their enemies. Against whom the Athen an Fleet consisting of 74 ships came forth, close to the shoar of Abydus, and there began the fight. Mindarus having under his command 97 ships in all of his own, besides those of Dorieus, he placed the Syracusians in the left wing; himself took charge of the right: on the other side, Thrasybulus had the right wing, Thrasyllus the left. The fight continued doubtful from morning to the evening: when upon the sudden Alcibiades came stemming in with 18 fresh ships which came from Samos towards Hellespont: upon sight whereof the Lacedemonians fled towards Abydus. And the Athenians, following them close, took ten of their ships; and then a great storm of winde arose, so that the Athenians could not do as they would have done in the chase, and so the Peloponelians escaped all safe to shoar, and fled to Pharnabazus his land army that was thereby: and Pharnabazus himself during the fight, rid his horse into the very sea, up to his saddle-skirts, and there fought, and commanded his men both Horse and Foot to do the like. The Peloponesians also themselves, locking their ships close together, and making one bulke of them, fought against their enemies from the decks close to the shoar: but the night drawing on, the Athenians with 30 empty ships which they had taken of their enemies, and taking with them such of their own as had been hurt, and either battered or bilged in the fight, returned to Sestus: and the next morning so soon as it was light, gathering what spoiles they could get together of their enemies wreck, they erected a Trophie: and then leaving 40 sail to guard the Hellespont, they disposed of the rest, some here, some there, to gather up their tribute monies: yet one of their chief Captains, Thrasyllus, sailed back to Athens, there to let them know what a victory they had gotten, and withal to desire a supply both of men and shipping for the carrying on of the war in those parts. [Xen. Hellen. lib. 1. Diod. Sic. lib. 13. Plutarch in the life of Alcibiades.]

Mindarus, about the first watch of the night, came back to the sea side, and gave order for the curing of his ships which were hurt and broken in the fight: and sent in all haste to Lacedemon for fresh supplyes, both by land and sea. And whiles these things were in providing, his purpose was to joyn his land Forces with Pharnabazus, to take in the tributary cities of the Athenians, that were in Asia, [Diod. ib.]

Meane while came Tissaphernes in Hellespont, Year of the World 3596. a. and Alcibiades thinking to magnifie himself after so great and glorions a victory atcheived against the Lacedemonians, The Julian Period. 4306 came a land unto him with rich presents, Year before Christ 408 and a princely traine. But Tissaphernes, who was already ill spoken of at Lacedemon, and fearing least some information would be made against him to Darius, laid hold on him, and put him in irons at Sardes; pretending, that such was the Kings command, to shew, that he reckoned the Athenians for his open enemies. But within a monethmonth after, he with one Manitheus, a Carian borne, and a fellow prisoner of his, gat horses, and by night stole away to Clazomenae; and gave out, that it was with Tissaphernes his privity and consent, [Xen. Hellen. lib. …1. Plutarch in Alcibia.]

Mindarus with 60 sail of ships, Year of the World b. in the later end of Winter, went to Cyzicum, and joyning with Pharnabus his land army, took the place by force; and against him with 86 ships went Alcibiades, Thrasybulus, and Theramenes: and routed him first at sea, and then in a second fight at land; in which Mindarus himself, bravely fighting, died. The Syracusians, seeing no means left to escap, set their own ships on fire. The rest of the Fleet came all entirely into the Athenians hands, who carried them all away to Proeconnesus. This fight is more amply described [by Xenophon Hellen. lib. 1. by Diodor. lib. 13. by Plutarch in the life of Alcibiades, and by Polyaenum, stratag. lib. 1.]

The next day, the Athenians sailed from Proeconnesus to Cyzicum, where they were p. 154received into the city; which was abandoned by Pharnabazus, and the Peloponesians, [Xenop.] and there they erected two Trophies; the one for their victory at sea, in the Isle of Polydorus, the other for that at land; where they first put the enemies to flight, [Diod.]

Alcibiades staying at Cyzicum 20 dayes, and having gotten a vast summe of money out of them, departed without doing them any other harme: and returned to Proeconnesus, [Xenoph.]

The Commanders of the Athenians, which remained behind at Cyzicum, came at length to Chalcedon, and there walled Chrysopolis, and made it a place where to gather a tole or tribute of every bottom that passed by out of Pontus, [Xen. Hellen. lib. 1. Polyb. lib. 4. pa. 312. and Diod. 4 year of 92 Olympiade] leaving there a Garrison, and a Fleet of 30. ships, under the command of Theramenes and Eubulus; both to keep the Town, and also to watch what ships came in and out at the mouth of Pontus, and to do what other mischief they could to the enemy, [Xenoph.]

The Athenians also intercepted certain letters, written Laconically, or concisely, from Hippocrates, Mindarus his Lieutenant to Lacedemon, to the Ephori there, of the losse they had sustained at Cyzicum: in this wise foreign. (i.) All is lost: Mindarus is dead; our men starve: we know not what to do, [Xenoph. and Plutarch.]

The Lacedemonians hereupon sued for peace, which they opposed, who lived by the war, [Justin. lib. 5. cap. 4.] For though the more moderate sort of the Athenians were inclinable enough to peace, yet they who made their advantage of these combustions, chose rather to continue the war: especially one Cleophon, who was a principal Leader of the people; He, when he had spoken many things proper enough to the purpose then in hand, foreign, as Diodor. Sic. elegantly expresseth it: (i. e.) He made the people proud, by recounting to them the greatnesse of their good successes; as if Fortune did not use to bestow her favours in the war by turns; Now this Cleophon, who by his turbulent speeches, stirred up the people to a continuation of this war, (though to his own confusion, as appeared afterward) was by his occupation a Lute-maker; and one who, as every man knew, had been a slave and kept in irons; yet afterward by divices and tricks, came to be a Denison of Athens, and at this time, having won the people to him by his munificence and largesse, grew so bold, as openly to professe, that he would with his own hand, cut of that mans head who ever he ware, that should offer to speak any more of a peace: as Eschines hath it in his Oration, De falsa legatione, (i. e.) of a false Embassie.

The Peloponesians, and their confederates the Syracusians, as many as had escaped alive out of the fight, betook themselves to Pharnabazus, [Diodor. lib. 13.] whom Pharnabazus courteously entertained, and with many words of comfort told them, that for the losse of a few wooden ships, they should not let fall their courage, seeing the king had wood enough in his Dominions to build more ships withal, so long as the men were safe: and withal gave them every man a new suite of cloaths, and two moneths pay beforehand: and moreover arming the Mariners, placed Garrisons all along the sea coasts of his Government; and assembling all the Commanders of Cities, and Captains of every ship, gave them order to build as many new ships at Antandrus, as they had lost of their old; and gave large allowance of monies to go in hand therewith; and allowed them timber out of the mount Ida, as much as they would for that purpose: which done, he presently sent to relieve Chalcedon, [Xenoph. Hellen. lib. 1.]

While this Navy was in building, Year of the World c. the Syracusians, joyning with the inhabitants of Antandrus, built a wall about the Town, and made it a most strong place of defence; in requital whereof, the Antandrians made the Syracusians free of their City, [Xenoph. ib.]

The Captains of these Syracusian companies, being all condemned to exile, by their country-men at home; Their General Hermocrates, accused Tissaphernes at Lacedemon, and found credit in all that he said; not onelyonly upon the testimony of Astyochus, but even for his own words sake: whereupon he returned to Pharnabazus, and without asking, received from him a large sum of money; wherewith having procured men and ships, he returned into his own country, [Xenoph. ib. with Diodor. 4 year, Olympiade 92.]

Parasippidas, being condemned to exile at Sparta, because it was conceived, that by his plotting with Tissaphernes, he had procured all that favoured the Lacedemonian party, in a tumult there raised, to be turned out of the Isle of Thasus: Cratesippidas was sent to take charge of the Navy in his room at Chios, [Xenoph. ib.]

He with 25 sail of ships, trifled away the time about the coast of Ionia, but did nothing worth the speaking of for a long time; yet afterward, being furnished with monies p. 155by those that were banished out of Chios, he brought them home again, and thrust 600 of the contrary faction out; who possessing themselves of Atarneum, a most fortified place in the continent, over against Chios, made dayly incursions from thence upon them, [Diod. ib.]

In the 93 Olympiade, Year of the World d. wherein Eubotas the Cyrenian wan the prize in running, when Archippus was Ephorus, at Lacedemon, and Euctemon, was Praetor, or L. Chancelor at Athens, there was a new game set up, of a race to be run, by a brace of Mules, in a Coach, called foreign, or foreign, as Xenophon shews [Hellen. 1^o ] of which besides Diod. Sic. [lib. 13.] and Pausan. [lib. 1.] Eliac. Julius Africanus also in Catalog. Stadionicarum maketh mention, adding moreover, that in the same Olympiade, Polydamantes the Scotussian, wan the prize at wrastling, being the same man, whom Darius Nothus, by expresse messengers, with large gifts and promises drew to him at Susa; where he slew three of the kings guard, which is called the Immortal Guard, of which you may see more in Herod. [lib. 7. cap. 83.] which all at once ran in upon him, as Pausan. in his later book Eliacor, sheweth, who also in the same book speaketh of Eubotas, surnamed Stadionicus, who when the Oracle of Ammon had foretold, that he should win the prize at running, he caused his own statue to be made before-hand; and coming afterward indeed to win the prize, was proclaimed to have won it, and dedicated his statue in testimony thereof, all in one day.

In this year also, the Medes which had fallen off from Darius the king of Persians, submitted themselves again him, as Xenophon testifieth, [Helllen. 1.] Herodotus also, in the first of his History, [cap. 130.] relates, how the Medes revolted from Darius, and that upon an overthrow received, they returned to his subjection: who because he makes mention both of the war at Decelaea, [lib. 9. cap. 71.] which was waged the fifth year before, and of Amyrtaeus his son reigning after him, [lib. 3. cap. 15.] (of whom I shall speak more in the year following) hence I gather, that he either wrote, or at least revised his History, in the very later end of the Peloponesian war.

In the beginning of the Summer, Thrasyllus at Athens, taking command of the ships committed to his charge, with five thousand seamen, all armed in fashion of targateers, which he was to joyn with those other targateers, which were there before, came to Samos, where having staid three dayes, he put over to the coast of Pygega, in Ionia, and having first wasted the countrey thereabout, he came at last with his army before the wall of the town it self, and when some succours came from Miletus, and fell upon the Athenians, who were but slightly armed, and busie in gathering the spoile of the countrey, the rest of the Athenians coming to relieve their fellows, put all the Milesians, (few escaping) to the sword, and having got together, 200 of the bucklers, of them that were slain, erected a trophy of them, and the next day sailed to Notium, and there providing themselves of necessaries, went to Colophas, which presently yielded to them. The next night they entered into Lydia, when their corn was almost ripe, and set many villages on fire. But whiles they were scattered here and there, and minded nothing but their boot-haling, Stages, a Persian, (the same Tages, as it should seem, which I mentioned before in the year of the World, 3592. out of Thucidides) fell upon them with his horse, and took one prisoner, and slew seven of them, [Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.]

Tissaphernes understanding that Thrasyllus was ready to set saile for Ephesus; to surprise it, gathered together all the strength he could make, and sent about horsemen into all parts, to command men to come in and defend Diana of the Ephesians. Thrasyllus, when he had spent 17 dayes in Lydia, set saile for Ephesus; landed his corselets at Coressus, but his horse, his Targateers, and other Soldiers all, he set on shoar near to a bog on the other side of the town, and so soon as it was light, drew up to the town in two companies: against whom, they of the town, with such aids as Tissaphernes had sent them; set first upon the corselets which were at Coressus: whom when they had routed, and pursued to the sea side, and killed some ten of them they speedily returned, and set upon them which were placed near the bog: where having put the Athenians to flight, and slain 300 of them upon the place, they there erected one Trophy, and another at Coressus. But of their aids, they highly rewarded the companies of the Syracusians, and Selinuntians, because they had carried themselves of all others most valiantly in that service; promising such of them, as would be denised in their city, freedom from tax and tallage for ever, [Id. ib.] Plutarch also in the life of Alcibiades, maketh mention of a Trophy of brass there set up, in scorn of the Athenian nation.

The Athenians, having upon a truce received the bodies of their slain, and buried them at Notium, sailed away to Lesbos and Hellespont. And when lying at Methymna, a city of Lesbos, they there espied twenty five saile of the Syracusians, with whom they had had to do at Ephesus, passing by, they set upon them, and took 4 ships, with all the men in them, and routing the rest, pursued them as far as Ephesus. Thrasyllus sent all the prisoners which he had taken to Athens, saving onelyonly one Alcibiades an Athenian, and cousin germain to Alcibiades, p. 156and a banished man also, as the other was, and him he there put to death: and then set sail for Sestus, where the army lay; and from Sestus the whole army put over to Lampsacus, and withal, the Winter which they reckon from the beginning of Autumn, came on. But when Alcibiades at Lampsacus, would have drawn his whole army of all sorts into one indistinct body, his own old souldiers refused to be ranked and mingled with those who had served under Thrasyllus. We, said they, who have ever been Conquerors, to be sorted with those that were beaten and routed but the other day, [Xen. Hellen. 1.]

When Alcibiades and Thrasyllus his companies wintering altogether at Lampsacus (Diodorus his copies have it Labdacus) had fortified the places, Year of the World 3597 in a military way; they then went to besiege Abydus: which when Pharnabazus came with a very great army to relieve, he was there fought withal by the Athenians, overcome, and put to flight. And Alcibiades had Pharnabazus himself in chase, with his Horse, and 120. Corslets following him; and gave him not over till late in the night. Upon which victory so gotten, the whole army grew friends, and willingly consorted each with other, without distinction: and so returned triumphantly into their Camp whence they set out.

The next day Alcibiades set up a Trophie; and went and wasted Pharnabazus his province, with fire and sword, without any opposition; but all the Priests which he took, he sent away ransom-free, [Plutarch ib.]

The Lacedemonians finding themselves agrieved with Tissaphernes his delayes, and puttings off, sent Boeotius and others with him Ambassadors unto Darius; who easily obtained of him all that ever they demanded, [Xen. Hellen. lib. 1. 7.]

In the same Winter, Alcibiades and Thrasyllus his companies, making their several inrodes upon the countries belonging to Darius; in the Continent, made infinite havock there, [Id. ibid.]

Darius gave his son Cyrus the younger, being then not above 16 years of age; as being born after his father came to be King, Year of the World b. (as Ctesias affirmeth, The Julian Period. 4307 and Plutarch also in the life of Artaxerxes) charge over all the sea coast, Year before Christ 407 with the title of Satrape, (i. e.) President or Governour of all those countries: and withal made him Generalissimo of all those, whose Randevouz or place of assembling was wont to be in the plain of Castolus in Lydia: with this charge, that he should joyn with the Lacedemonians in making war against the Athenians, [Id. ib. and in Expedit. Cyri. lib. 1. in initio.] And Justin, [lib. 5. cap. 5.] out of Trogus, saith, That Darius King of Persia made his younger son Cyrus Governour of all Ionia and Lydia; and that it was he who raised the Lacedemonians to the recovery of their former fortunes. And Diodorus saith expressely, that Darius sent his sonne Cyrus to this very end, that in pursuing the war against the Athenians, he should relieve and set up the Lacedemonians, [1 year of the 93 Olymp.] and he also very well saith that Cyrus was made, foreign: (i. e.) Commander over all the Governours by the sea side, [2 year of the 94 Olympiad.] and [in the 2 year of the same Olympiade] that he was made, foreign: (i. e.) He was made Commander in chief, over all the Provinces lying upon the sea coast: For it is manifest, that both Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, though both Satrapes and Governours of their several provinces, yet were both under him and his command.

We read in Euseb. his Chron, that after Amyrtaus of Sois, Nepherites the King of a new Dynastie or Principality, succeeded in the kingdom of Egypt: whereas we find, [in Diodorus. 1 year Olympiade 95] that next before Nepher…us or Nepherites, Psammitichus (descended of the race of that old Psammitichus; whom Manetho placeth in the 26 Dynastie or Principality, which was also of the Saites) reigned in Egypt. So that a man may well doubt, whether this were not Pausiris the son of Amyrtaeus, which by the favour and help of the Persians recovered his fathers kingdom, as [Herod. lib. 3. c. 5. reporteth] but of the number of this and other Egyptian Kings reigns, we have already spoken in our Egyptian Chronology.

In the year when Pantacles was Ephorus in Sparta, Year of the World c. and Antigenes Praetor or L. Chancelor in Athens, in the beginning of the Spring, next going before their coming into their offices: the Athenians with all the power they could make, sailed into Proeconnesus: and removing from thence, encamped before Chalcedon, [Xenoph. Hellen. 1.] Diodor, saith that they went to Theramenes, who at that time lay before Chalcedon, with 70 sail of ships, and 5000. men, [year 4. Olympiade 92.]

The Inhabitants of Chalcedon, hearing of the approach of the Athenian army, sent away all their goods to the Thracians of Bythinia, their next neighbours. But Alcibiades hearing thereof, went with all his Horse, and a part of his Foot, and demanded all those goods of them; threatning force, if they refused to deliver them: and so having gotten them, made peace with the Bithynians, and returned to his Camp before Chalcedon: and drew a wall of timber-work before the City athwart the neck of land from sea to sea: which when Hippocrates the Lacedemonian Commander saw, he drew out all his forces, and fought with Thrasyllus, upon equal terms for a great while, p. 157till at length, Alcibiades coming in with his forces, both of horse and foot, Hippocrates was laid dead upon the place, and then his men were fain to fly back into the city. But while the fight continued, Pharnabazus, with all his army, coming another way without the timber wall, sought by all means to have broken in, and to have come to the rescue of Hippocrates, but failing thereof, wheeled about, and retired to Heracleum, or the Temple of Hercules, which was in the territory of Chalcedon, where his own camp lay well entrenched, [Xenophon lib. 1. and Plutarch in the Life of Alcibiadis.]

After this Alcibiades went into Hellespont, Year of the World d. and Chersonesus, to gather moneys: and the rest of the Commanders, (though Diodorus saith, onelyonly Theramenes) came to a composition with Pharnabazus, concerning Chalcedon, that he should give them 20 talents, and should convoy the Athenian Ambassadors safely to the kings presence; and by solemn oath they covenanted each with other, that the men of Chalcedon should pay the Athenians the same tribute they did before, with all arrears: and that in the mean time, the Athenians should not offer to molest them of Chalcedon, till the returne of their Ambassadors from the king, and Alcibiades at his return, sending two Commissioners from Chalcedon, and Pharnabazus two more from Crysopolis, did not onelyonly enterchangeably swear performance of Covenants on the publick behalf, but they themselves plighted their faith each to other solemnly, upon the same tearms, [Xenoph.]

These things thus done, Pharnabazus presently returned; willing the Ambassadors, which were to go to the King to meet him at Cyzicum: now the Ambassadors sent from the Athenians to the king were these, Dorotheus, Philodices, Theogenes, Euryptolemus, and Mautitheus, unto whom were added of the Argivans, Cleostratus, and Pyrrolochus: and some Ambassadors also from the Lacedemonians, as Passipedas, and others: all these took their journey to the King; to whom Hermocrates also, who stood now a banished man from Syracusa, joyned himself, and Proxenus his brother, [Id.]

Whiles Pharnabazus was taking care for the convoying of these Ambassadors, there came unto him from the other side of the water, Clearchus, a Lacedemonian Commander, partly to receive moneys for the pay of their army; and partly that he might gather into a body the ships, which lay scattered, some at Antandrus, some in Hellespont, and some in other places; hoping thereby to work some mischief, upon the consederate places of the Athenians: and in special thereby to draw off their forces from before Byzantium. But in his absence from thence, Byzantium was betrayed and given up to the Athenians, [Id.]

As these Athenian Ambassadors were upon their way to the King, there met them the Lacedemonian Ambassadors, Boeotius and the rest returning from the King, and Cyrus himself then going to his charge, as Governour over all the sea coasts of those parts: whom when they saw their chief suit unto him, was, that they might proceed in their journey to the king; if not, that they might return safe home again: but Cyrus commanded Pharnabazus, either to deliver up those Ambassadors into his hands, or at least to send them home again; as being no wayes willing, that the Athenians should come to the knowledge of what was then in hand against them, whereupon Pharnabazus held the Ambassadors still in suspence, sometimes telling them, that he would carry them on their way to the king, sometimes that he would send them home again; and so held them on by the space of three years (or rather, indeed of three moneths) and in the end, by Cyrus his leave, dismissed them to return to their own home, [Ibid.]

Alcibiades taking with him 20 ships from Samos, sailed into the Bay of Ceramus in Caria, and having there gathered 100 talents in money, and withal, taking the pillage of no lesse than 200 vessels, which he had either rifled or sunk, came to Athens; where being declared General of all their armies, with full and absolute power to command, and having received 200 talents, (as Lysias, in his oration, against his son Alcibiades sheweth) out of the treasury of the city, he presently raised an army, of 1500 corselets, and 150 horse, with 100 saile of ships, [Xenophon, Hellen. 1. Diodorus lib. 13. Justin lib. 5. cap. 4, 5. Plutarch and Emil. Probus, in the Life of Alcibiades.]

Satyrus the Son of Spartacus, held the kingdom of Bosphorus Cimmerius, by the space of 14 years, [Diod. year 4. Olympiade 96.]

The Lacedemonians, when Cratesipidas their Ammirals time was out, sent Lysander to succed him in that charge; He, when he came to Rhodes, having there gathered the fleet together, sailed therewith into the Isle of Coos, and to Miletus, and from thence to Ephesus, with 70 saile of ships, and there stayed, till Cyrus came to Sardes, [Xenoph. Hellen 1.] And when he found Ephesus pliant to him, and wholly addicted to the Lacedemonian party, and much grieved with the Persians carriage, and fallen to p. 158decay, by reason that the Persian Governours lay commonly at Miletus thereby, and drew away all the trade and trafick from them, to that city; he therefore took up his standing quarter there, commandedall marchants to unloade there; made sundry Docks, and caused all ships for the Navy to be there built. By which means he procured in short time, their port to be filled with ships; their exchange with Merchants, and their shops and ware-houses, with all kind of wealth, [Plutarch, in the Life of Lysander.]

Lysander being certified, that Cyrus was come to Sardes, went thither to him, in company with the rest of the Commissioners from Sparta, where he charged Tissaphernes very heavily; for that, when he had command from the king to support and help the Lacedemonians what he could: to beat the Athenians out of the sea, he on the contrary by Alcibiades his procurement, grew remisse, and cold that way, and by keeping back their pay from the marriners, utterly destroyed the Lacedemonian Navy, and Cyrus of himself was willing enough to receive any information against Tissaphernes, who had otherwise no goodness in him; and was ever a back friend to Cyrus himself: and the more Lysander put on the young man to be doing, the forwarder was he to promise, that all should be done; adding still, that it was his fathers command it should be so; and assured him, that there should be no want, neither of paines nor monies on his part, for that service he raised the pay of the Mariner and sea Soldier, from 3 Soles by the day to 4. he payed the whole army, what ever was in arreare: advanced a whole moneths pay before hand; paying down to Lysander 10000 Darics for that purpose, and by this means, put heart and courage, more than ever, into his own seamen, and left the Athenian fleet empty almost of Marriners, for the most part of them, for greedinesse of better pay, left the Athenians, and went unto Lysander, and those which staied, grew idle and carelesse in the service, and mutinous and troublesome dayly to their Commanders, [Xenoph. Hellen. 1. Diodor. lib. 13. and Plut. in the life Lysander.]

When the Athenians heard this, with heavy hearts, and by the setting on of Tissaphernes, they dispatched away Ambassadors to Cyrus; but Cyrus refused to admit of them to his presence, though Tissaphernes himself spake for them; and told him, that what he did, he did upon the advice of Alcibiades, whose counsel it ever had been, to hold the Grecians in a ballance, and let neither side over top the other, but suffer them to continue the war, and thereby to wast and consume one another to nothing, [Id. ibid] and although the Peloponesians were thus borne up with the Persian bags, yet the Athenians held it out 3 whole years against them, [Thucid lib. 2.] And who can wonder if at last the Athenian state was sunk, and came to nought, seeing that the power of all the East joyned to their destruction, [Justin. li. 5. cap. 1.]

Lysander, when he was returned to Ephesus, there rested him for a while; and in that time drew up 90 of his ships, which were sore bruised; and made them fit again and serviceable for the sea, [Xenoph. Hellen. 1.] He sent also for the chiefest, and most powerful men out of every adjoyning city; made a confederacy with them, and assured them, that if things sorted out in this war, as he hoped they would, he would make every one of them a Prince in his own city: whereupon they were so set a gog, that every man was ready to do more, than Lysander himself could with reason require of them; and so came to be abundantly provided of all things necessary for the war in a trice, and sooner than he could have imagined, [Diod. l. 13.]

When Alcibiades had heard, that Thrasybulus was gone out of Hellespont, to fortify Phocaea; he set saile and went unto him: leaving the fleet in the mean time, under the charge of Antiochus with a strict command, that he should in no wise, offer to stir out, nor fight with Lysander in his absence. But Antiochus, with his own vessel, and one other of Notium, as Xenophon and Plutarch say, (for Diodorus saith, that he drew out ten of the choicest ships he had) would needs go himself to Ephesus, and there skir along before the very noses of Lysanders ships. Then Lysander put out at first with a small company of ships, and pursued him; but when more and more came to the help of Antiochus, Lysander drew out his whole fleet, and the Athenians did the like on their side, from Notium and other places: but when they came on, here and there in a confused manner, they quickly lost 15 of their best ships, and the rest saved themselves by flight; and Antiochus himself was slain in the fight. Lysander erecting a Trophy at Notium, returned with the ships which he had taken to Ephesus, and the Athenians that were left, to Samos, where Alcibiades hearing what had passed, went with his whole fleet before the port of Ephesus, and there ranged it, in battle array. But Lysander not stirring (for indeed his number was far inferior to that of the enemies) Alcibiades returned to Samos, from whence he came, [Xenoph. Hellen. 1. Diodor. lib. 13. Plut. in the lives of Alcibiades and Lysander.]

Alcibiades putting to sea again from samos, sailed to Cuma: where laying many false calumnies to their charge; he took a multitude of them prisoners, and brought them a boord his own ships: but when the Cumeans ran all presently to armes, and p. 159stood upon their guard; and fell withal upon their enemies; Alcibiades for a while, bare the brunt of their assault; but when the country there about came in also to their help, Alcibiades returned the prisoners which he had taken, and was fain to flee to his ships for safeguard: yet this defeat sticking in his stomach, he presently sent for more help to Mitylene; and drew his men forth in battalion before the walls of Cuma, and dared them to come forth: But when no manstirred, he drew his men back to Mitylene having first ravaged and wasted the country round about.

The Cumeans sent presently to Athens, and there brought their action, and put in their bill against him in forme of Law: for that he had wasted and spoiled a confederate city, and country thereabout, which had no wayes offended them. And the way once opened, sundry other complaints came in against him, of foule misdemeanors in that kind: And some also of the Garison in Samos, which bore him a grudge, stole over to Athens, and informed against him: and openly charged him before the whole assembly of the people, that he plaid false, and did but collude with the Lacedemonians; & had private intelligence and correspondencie with Pharnabazus, upon a sure hope given him, that if they prevailed, he should be made Prince and Sovereign of Athens. [Diod. lib. 13.]

The Cumeans therefore on the one side, Year of the World 3598. a. and Thrasybulus in the behalf of the armies on the other, accusing him of many pranks, played by him in his government, there were presently sent away Conon, and nine other Commissioners assistants with him, to succeed Alcibiades in the charge of the Army; which he hearing of, got presently and privately away in a single ship; and went to his own lands and castles, which were in the Chersonesus of Thrace, [Diodor. ib. Xenoph. Hellen. 1. Plutarch in the life of Alcibi.]