The Annals of the World, History 1 · Age of the world 6 (6 of 18)

The Annals of the World · History 1 · Age of the world 6 (6 of 18)

p. 177Tithraustes sent messengers to Agesilaus, to let him know that the Author of this late war, Tissaphernes, had suffered his due punishment for it; and that the King now thought it great reason, that he should withdraw himself with his army, out of Asia: and to leave the cities there, to the use of their own laws, paying the King their former tribute: And when Agesilaus answered him that he could not so do, without the consent and order of his country, which had imployed him; at length they came to this agreement, that he with his army, should withdraw into Pharnabazus his Government; receiving for the entertainment of them, 30 talents, until he could receive an answer from Sparta, what he was to do: so saith Xenophon [lib. 3. Hellen.] Diodorus only writes, that Tithraustes, having drawn Agesilaus to a parly, made a truce with him onelyonly for 6 months: and Xenophon in his book, written of the praises of Agesilaus, addeth further, that when Tithraustes offered him a great summe of mony, if he would withdraw out of the kings territories, Agesilaus answered him in this wise, Tithraustes, said he, we hold it with us, more honour for a General, to enrich his army, rather than himself, and to take spoiles from his enemies, rather than rewards.

Whiles Agesilaus was upon his march towards Phrygia, which was of Pharnabazus his command; he received a Scytala, or a letter, from the Magistrates of Sparta, that he should take charge of the Navy, as well as of the land army, and to make Ammiral thereof, whom he thought fit, whereupon, he in a short time, what by the publique contribution of the cities, what by the beneficence of private men, who were desirous to gratifie him in his own person, made up a Navy of 120 saile: and gave the command of them to Pisander, his wives brother, a man desirous indeed of praise and honour, and of courage enough, but not much skilled that way, [Xen. l. 3. Hellen. Plut. in his Agesilaus. Pausan. in his Laconica.]

Pisander being dispatched away to the Navy, and himself holding on his way into Phrygia. Tithraustes perceiving that Agesilaus had no meaning to leave Asia, but rather conceived great hopes of vanquishing the King there right, sent Timocrates of Rhodes (for so Plutarch also calls him in his Laconical Apophthegmes, however the name of Hermocrates be crept in, in his life of Artaxerxes) into Greece; with gold, amounting to the quantity of 50 talents of silver: whereby it came to passe, that the chief Cities, being bribed, conspired together, and raised a common war on the behalf of the Athenians, against the Lacedemonian party, [Xenoph. ibid. Plut. in his Artax. Pausanias in his Laconica and Messenica.]

Agesilaus therefore entering into Phrygia, Year of the World 3610 which was of Pharnabazus his Government, about the beginning of Autumne, burnt and spoiled all that country; taking in all the cities thereof, either by force or voluntary surrender, and then by the perswasion of Spithridates, marched into Paphlagonia, to move them to a revolt from the Persian: And Cotys the King thereof, who was formerly sent for by Artaxerxes, but would not go, now confederated with Agesilaus, and he by Spithridates his perswasion, lest there a thousand horse, and two thousand foot to assist him; and he, to recompence Spithridates in some sort, for his service, before he went thence, procured Cotys to take his daughter to wife, [Xenoph. lib. 4. Hellen. and in his Agesilaus: and Plutarch likewise in his.] For Agesilaus was ever very desirous to requite his friends, as appears by that Epistle Laconically written and attributed to him: foreign. (i. e.) If Nicias hath not done you wrong, forgive him: if he hath, forgive him for my sake; however forgive him. [Plutarch in his Agesilaus, and in his Laconical Apophthegmes.]

Leaving Paphlagonia, he marched to Dascylium: where Pharnabazus his Palace was; and round about him many townes, large and full of all provisions, and there wintered; and partly from thence, partly from other parts adjoyning, maintained his army, [Xen. ib.]

Where, Year of the World b. when his soldiers went a forrageing, The Julian Period. 4320 and sometimes not so warily as they should have done, Year before Christ 394 contemning their enemy, because hitherto they had never been distressed by them, Pharnabazus by chance fell upon them with two hooked chariots, and some four hundred men, as they were out of order, following their pillage. But the Grecians espying him, rallied themselves in a body, to the number of 700. Pharnabazus presently putting his hooked chariots in the front, followed them with his horse, and bad them drive in upon the middest of them; and when the chariots had broken in upon, and disordered them, his horse fell on, and slew to the number of one hundred of them: the rest fled back to Agesilaus, who was not far off, with his Corselets, [Id. ib.]

p. 178Three or four dayes after, Spithridates found that Pharnabazus lay with his arm in a spacious bourgade called Caije, about 160 furlongs from thence, and advertised Heripidas, chief of the Councel of war, thereof. He presently prayed Agesilaus to give him two thousand Corselets, and as many Targateers; and so many horse as would voluntarily go with him, though there went not with him indeed a moitie of any kind. But he, setting out, with those which he had, so soon as it grew dark, came upon Pharnabazus in the very dawning of the day, and slew the Mysians, who happened that time to be upon the guard: then the whole army took a fright, and fled, and he entred their camp, and there got a rich booty, together with Pharnabazus his own pavilion, and all his rich furniture and wealth therein; for he for fear of the Grecians, like the Scythian Nomades, removed his camp hither and thither, never staying long in any one place: his chief care being, that the enemy might not know where to find him And here Heripedas, making too too rigorous an enquiry and search after the spoile which was taken, set commanders with their souldiers on work, and stript Spithradates and his Paphlagonians of all that ever they had gotten in the pillage of the camp: upon which abuse, they all the next night, took what was left, and got them away to Sardes, unto Araeus, who had himself formerly revolted from the King, and served against him; nor was there any thing in all this journey into Asia, that more toubled Agesilaus than this departure of Spithridates, and Megabates his son, whom Agesilaus exceedingly loved, and of these Paphlagonian forces, [Diod, Id. ibid. and Plutarch in his Agesilaus.]

Afterward Agesilaus and Pharnabazus, coming to a parly, by the means of one Apollophanes of Cyzicum, who was a common friend to both, they fell to treat of an agreement. Pharnabazus (as Xenophon hath it in his oration concerning Agesilaus) openly professed, that unlesse the king would make him absolute and sole Commander of the army, he would revolt from him: but if he might command all, then he would maintain the war against Agesilaus, as long as he could: and Agesilaus told him, that he would depart out of his territory, with all the speed that might be, and so long as he could find a work elsewhere, would not trouble him: and so soon as Pharnabazus was gone, his son begotten upon Pharapyta came running to Agesilaus, and entered into a league of friendship with him, and in assurance thereof, they gave gifts each to other, as pledges of love between them, [Id. ib.]

And now the spring came on, and Agesilaus came into the plaines of Thebes, and pitched near the Temple of Diana Astyrina, and there gathered exceeding store of wealth on all hands; and provided himself to march into the upper countries; nothing doubting but that all the regions which he left behind him, would fall of from the Persian. [Xenophon. lib. 4. Hellen.] and now the fame of him grew mervelous great in Persia; having spent two full years in that war, [Plutarch, in his Agesilaus.]

The Lacedemonians having now gotten certain knowledge, Year of the World c. that the Persian moneys flew about in Greece, and that the principal cities there, confederated for a common war against them, dispatch't away Epiciads to Agesilaus, to call him home to defence of his own country. Hereupon Agesilau, though much troubled that he was thus taken off from so great a design, as he had then in hand, yet thought fit to obey their command, [Ib.] and wrote back to the Ephori this Epistle, which Plutarch inserted among his Apophthegmes.

Agesilaus to the Ephori, greeting: we have subdued a great part of Asia, and routed the Barbarians, and provided great store of armes in Ionia. But because you have set me a certain day, within which to return unto you, I will obey your command, and peradventure be back, before that day: for I am King not for my self, but for you, and our confederates: for a k…ng is then a true King, when he is commanded by the laws, and Ephori, and the other magistrates of the city.

It is said also that he told his friends merrily, that the king had driven him out of Asia thirty thousand Archers; meaning, that Timocrates his Agent, had bestowed so many thousand golden Datics, which were stamped with Archers upon them, among the leaders of the people in every city, to raise a common war against the Spartans, [Plutarch in his Laconical Apophthegmes, and in his Artaxerxes.]

Agesilaus returning, left Euxemus behind him to command in chief; and with him 4000 souldiers to assist the Ionians if need should be. And to the end he might carry back with him a sure and sufficient army; he made promise of great rewards and honours to those cities and commanders, who should send him in the best horse and foot, and best furnished; and thereby put them into an emulation each with other, who should do best in that kind, [Xenoph. Hellen 4.]

p. 179Xenophon, when he was to return with Agesilaus into Boeotia to make war against the Thebans, left half the gold which he had gotten in his voyage with Cyrus at Ephesus, in the hands of one Megabyzus, treasurer of the Temple of Diana there; for he foresaw that going now with Agesilaus he should undoubtedly hazard himself in a battel: which accordingly fell out afterward at Coronaea. Wherefore he left order with him, that in case he escaped alive out of that battel, then he should restore him the money deposited in that Temple; but if he miscarried, then he charged him to consecrate it all to the goddesse Diana: and of the other half, he sent offerings to Apollo at Delphos, [Expedit. Cr. lib. 5. and Diog. Laertius in Xenophonte.] But Agesilaus himself consecrated a tenth of all that he had gotten in his two years wars in Asia, to Apollo at Delphos; which came to upward of 100 talents, [Xenoph. and Plutarch, in their several lives of Agesilaus.]

Agesilaus having passed the sea at Hellespont, received news of the victory which the Lacedemonians had gotten near Corinth: and thereupon sent back Dercylidas into Asia to inform the Ionians of it; thereby to hearten them the more, in continuing firm to the Lacedemonian party, [Xenoph. Hellen. 4. and Plut. in his Agesilaus.]

About this time it was that that famous sea-fight was made at Cnidus, Year of the World d. (and under the hill called Dorius, as Pausan as, [in the 2 book of his Eliaca] reporteth, when Eubulus, or Eubulis was L. Chancelor at Athens, who began his office there, in the very entrance of 3 year of 96 Olympiade, as Lysias, a very good Author in his Oration concerning the acts of Aristophanes affirmeth.

The Commanders of the Persian Fleet lay near to Doryma, in Chersonesus, with more than 90 sail of ships; Pharnabazus commanded the Phoenicians, and Conon the Athenian, the Grecian squadron of them. But Pisander, (for whom Periarchus is falsely put, by Diodorus) the Lacedemonian Ammiral, setting sail from Cnidus with 80 ships, came to a place called Physcus in Chersonesus: and going from thence, lighted upon a part of the Kings Fleet, and at the first encounter had the better of it: but when the rest of the Kings Fleet came in to their rescue, and the friends of the Lacedemonians shifted for themselves, and fled to land, Pisander with his ship fell in upon the thickest of the enemy; slew many of them, but died himself manfully in the fight. Then did Conon with his men pursue the Lacedemonians hotly to land, and took no lesse than fifty of their ships: the rest fled and returned safe to Cnidus, [Xeno. Hellen. 4. Diodorus year 2 of the 96 Olympiade. Justin lib. 6. cap. 3. Emil. Probus in the life of Conon.]

When Agesilaus was now ready to invade Boeotia, news was brought him of this great overthrow of the Lacedemonian Fleet, and therein of the death of Pisander his wives brother: and at the very instant, the Sun was eclipsed, and looke like a half-moon, [Xenoph. Hellen. 4. and Plut. in his Agesilaus] which fell upon the 14. of our August, as appeareth by the Astronomical accounts, in the year 394 before the birth of Christ.

After this great victory at Cnidus, Pharnabazus and Conon went about, and cast the Lacedemonian Governours and Garrisons out of all the Islands and sea Towns; making them believe, that they would never put any Citadels upon them: but that they should thence forth live according to their own laws, [Xenoph. lib. 4. Hellen.] and hereupon, first the Coi, then the Nisaeans, then the Teians, and those of Chiosfell off from the Lacedemonians. Then they of Mitylene, of Ephesus, and Erythrae, did the like: and in an instant, all the rest of the cities fell a madding against the Lacedemonian Government; whereof some casting out the Lacedemonian Garrisons, set up for themselves, and maintained their own State. Others gave themselves up into Conons hands: and from that time forward, the Lacedemonians lost the sovereignty of the seas, [Diodor. year 2. Olympiade 96.]

Dercylidas, an old enemy of Pharnabazus, being at this time at Abidus, would not out thence, as others did out of their commands; but having made a grave and pithy Oration to the inhabitants, held them firm and constant to the Lacedemonian party: and when other Commanders which were cast out of their several places, repaired thither, they entertained them lovingly there; and such as came not of themselves, they invited to come. And when a multitude of them were come together, Dercylidas put over to Sestus on the other side, and there entertained all such as were driven out of their commands on the Europaean side; and put the like courage into their hearts, as he had done to the rest in Asia side: telling them that in Asia it self, which from the beginning belonged to the King, sundry places, as Temneus, no great Town, and Egae in Eolia, and other places held still their own, and would not stoop to the Kings obedience, [Xen. Hellen. 4.]

Pharnabazus purposing to go for Ephesus, Year of the World 3611 delivered over to Conon 40 ships; and bad him meet him at Sestus. He himself sent Minatory letters to both places, telling them, that unlesse they rid their hands of the Lacedemonians, he would hold them for p. 180his enemies. And when they would not, he commanded Conon to block them up by sea; and he himself went and wasted all the country about Abydus. But finding that that would not bring them to his bent, he left them, and went his way home. But gave order to Conon to deal with the Cities bordering upon the Hellespont, and to provide the greatest Fleet that possibly they could make against the next Spring: and so this Winter was taken up, in these provisions making.

In the beginning of the Spring, Year of the World b. having gotten together a mighty Fleet of his own, The Julian Period. 4321 and hired what else he could besides, Year before Christ 393 Pharnabazus, taking Conon with him, went thorough the middest of the Islands of the Egaean sea, and came to Melus, one of the Sporades, that from thence, he might the more easily put over, and set foot in Laconia the country of the Spartans. And having there spoiled the country, he purposed to return into Asia: but before he went, Conon prevailed with him to leave the Navy with him; for that with it he would go to Athens, and would repair the long walls there, and fortifie the Port of Pyroeum; which, as he said, would trouble the Lacedemonians, nothing more. Glad was Pharnabazus of this offer, and furnished him with monies to do that work. So Conon came to Athens with 80 sail of ships, and presently fell in hand with the repairing of the walls both of the City and Port: and having received 50 talents of money from Pharnabazus, bestowed it all among his fellow-citizens, [Id. ibid. Diod. year 2. and 3. of the 96. Olympiade. Plut. in his Agesilaus, and Laconical Apophthegmes. Justin lib. 6. cap. 5. Emil. Prob. in the life of Conon.]

The Lacedemonians hearing this news, Year of the World d. dispatched away Antalcidas to Tiribazus, another chief Commander of the Kings, residing at Sardes, to make him, if it were possible, their friend, and to mediate a peace between him and them. Whereupon the Athenians also sent Conon, and sundry others unto him: so did also the Boeotians, and Corinthians, and those of Argos. Now when they were all come before Tiribazus, Antalcidas began, and told him, that he was come to sue for a peace between the King, and his country-men, such as the Kings own heart could wish; for that the Lacedemonians would not stand with him for the Grecian cities in Asia; but would be content if all the Islands and other countries out of Asia, might be free and live according to their own lawes: But when all the rest of the Legates, there met, disclaimed that motion, all brake off, and every man returned home again. But Tiribazus, though he saw it was not safe for him to make a league with the Lacedemonians, without the Kings pleasure first known; yet under-hand he furnished Antalcidas with monies to set up their Navy again; that so the Athenians and their confederates might the more easily be wrought to condescend to a peace with the King: and more than that, threw Conon himself into prison at Sardes; charging him as guilty of all that ever the Lacedemonians said of him, and as if he had made use of the Kings souldiers and monies, onelyonly to get towns and cities for his country-men the Athenians; and to restore Ionia and Eolia unto them. And that done, made a journey to the King, to inform him of what propositions the Lacedemonians had made unto him; and of what he had done to Conon, and upon what grounds, and to know his pleasure upon all, [Xen. Hellen. 4. with Plut. in his Laconical Apophthegmes: and in his Agesilaus. Diodor. 3 year of the 96 Olymiade: Emil. Prob. in the life of Conon.]

After the decease of Satyrus, King of Bosphorus, succeeded Leuco his son, and reigned 40 years, [Diod. 4 year of 96 Olympiade.]

Parysatis the kings mother, had caused by her trusty servant, certain slips of palme trees to be privily hid in the heap of sand and dust, under which Clearchus his body lay casually buried, as I shewed before; out of this heap, now after 8 years, there sprang up a wonderfull grove of palme trees, which overshadowed all the place, as Ctesias reporteth in his Persica.] Adding further, that thereupon the King much repented him of his doing him to death, as a man whom the Gods themselves respected, [Ctesias, in the Excerptions of Photius, and Plut. in the life of Artaxerxes.]

Some write that Conon was carried away prisoner to the King, and by him put to death: and among them, Isocrates in his Panegyric. But Dinon, an Historian, and of great authority in Persian matters, says that he escaped out of prison; demurring only upon this, whether with or without Tiribazus his privity and consent, [Emil. Prob. in his Conon.]

Whiles Tiribazus was with the King, Year of the World 3612 the King dispatched away Struthas into the lower Asia, to take charge of the sea: whom when the Lacedemonians perceived to bear a rancour and hatred to them, for the many mischiefs which Alcibiades had done the Persians in those parts; and to be much enclined to the Athenian party, and their confederates, they presently sent away Thimbron to make war upon him, Thimbron passing the sea, came to Ephesus, and from thence, and other places, lying upon the Meander, and out of Priene, Leucophrye, and Achillium, plundered the Kings Countreys adjoyning, [Xenoph. Hellen. 4.] for, possessing himself of Ioadae, and of Coressus, a mountain distant from Ephesus some 40 furlongs: and having with him p. 1818000 men, which he brought with him, besides those which he raised in Asia, he made often incursions from thence, and spoiled all provinces and places adjoyning, of the Kings subjection, [Diod. year 3. Olymp. 97.]

After a while, The Julian Period. 4322 Struthas, Year before Christ 392 with a great company of horse, five thousand Corselets, and upward of twelve thousand targateers; encamped not far from the Lacedemonian army; and perceiving that Thimbron kept no good order in drawing out his men upon any service, he sent out some horse into the plain countrey, willing them to make spoile of what ever came to their hand: and when he saw Thimbron to send out forces by handfulls, and in no military order, to relieve them that were distressed, then he himself, with the main body of his horse, all in good array, drew out and fell upon them, Thimbron himself, and his dear friend Thersander, fell in the very first encounter: which Thersander was a singular minstrel, and a very good souldier withal: Hereupon, the rest of the Grecians fled, and the Persians following the chase, slew some of them, and others they took alive, few escaped; they which did, came safe to Cnidus, and other cities of the Grecians, [Id. ibid.]

Ecdicus, Year of the World 3613 who was sent by the Lacedemonians, The Julian Period. 4323 with 8 ships, Year before Christ 391 to help the Banditoes of Rhodes, came to Cnidus; where finding that the Rhodians were grown very strong, by sea and land, and had a fleet twice as bigg as his, he kept himself quiet at Cnidus, [Xenoph. Hellen. 4. Diod. year 2. Olympiade 97.]

In the same fleet also, they sent Diphridas, with charge to land in Asia, and to man all those cities which had adhered to Thimbron: and that, gathering together the remainder that was left of his great overthrow, and such other as he could get, he should begin the war a fresh upon Struthas, which he did; and among other his good haps, it was his fortune to light upon Tigranes, Strathus his son in law, upon the way as he was going with his wife to Sardes: but let him goe, having wrung a great summe of money from him, which came very oportunely to pay his army, [Xenoph. ibid.]

Euagoras the K. of Salamis in Cyprus, by the endeavours of his son Protagoras, got almost the whole Island into his subjection, [Isocrates in his Euagoras.] and the rest he got into his hand, partly by force, partly by perswasive words: But they of Amathusa, and of Solos, and the men of Citium; sent to pray in aide from Artaxerxes; laying further to his charge that he was the cause of the killing of Argyris, who was, whiles he lived, a confederate of the Persians: and undertook to assist the king in getting the whole Island into his hands. Artaxerxes therefore partly to clip Euagoras his wings, partly out of a desire he had to make Cyprus his own, for the shipping that there was, to defend Asia with, gave order to send aide against Euagoras; and sending away the Embassadors, commanded all his sea townes in Asia to fall a building what ships possibly they could, with tackle and furniture thereunto belonging; and he himself, going through the cities of upper Asia, raised great store of men, [Diod. year 2. Olympiade 97.] of all which army, he made Antophradates, the Governor of Lydia, General by land; and Hercatonnus the Commander of Caria, Ammiral at sea, [Theopomp. in Biblioth. Phot…i, nu. 176.] The later of which yet, instead of making war against Euagoras, under-hand supplyed him with monies, to hire him auxiliaries from other parts, [Diodor. ut sup. and an. 3. Olympiade 98.]

When the Lacedemonians saw that Ecdicus had not power enough to pleasure their friends, Year of the World 3614 they called home Telentias from the bay of Corinth, The Julian Period. 4324 and sent him to succeed Ecdicus in that charge, Year before Christ 390 with 12 ships: and to support, all he could, the Rhodians who favoured the Lacedemonian party, and to represse their enemies. Telentias therefore coming to Samos, got some more shipping there: and from thence sailed to Cnidus: and there dismissing Ecdicus, fitted himself with a Navy, consisting in all of 27 ships, well furnished, and with them sailed to Rhodes, [Xen. Hellen. 4. with Diodorus year 2. of the 97 Olympiade.]

As he was upon his way to Rhodes, he lighted upon Philocrates, who was sailing from Athens to Cyprus with ten ships, to the relief of King Euagoras: all these Telentias took, and carrying the spoile of them to Cnidus, there sold it. And so it fell out, that they who were enemies to the King of Persia, spoiled them who were going to make war against him, [Xen. ibid.]

The Athenians perceiving the Lacedemonians to grow strong again at sea, Year of the World d. sent out Thrasybulus with a Fleet of 40 sail against them; and he first sailing into Ionia, gathered monies there from their confederates: and because he found all the cities in Asia kind unto him, by reason of that correspondency which was between the King and them, therefore he set sail for Byzantium; and let out the custom of the tenths of every ship that passed that streight to farmers: and then having contracted a league and friendship with them of Chalcedon, he returned out of the Hellespont, [Id ibid. with Diodor. year 1. Olympiade 97.]

After which, returning into Asia with his fleet, among others he sent and required a supply of Money, from those of Aspendus, lying with his fleet at the p. 182mouth of the river Eurymedon, and they contributed, according to his command; but when, that notwithstanding, some of his company went up into the country, and there plundered their goods: the men of Aspendus, growing into choler thereupon, watched their oportunity, and falling upon them, slew many of them, and among the rest, Thrasybulus himself, as he lay sleeping in his tent, which strook the Athenian cap ains with such a fear, that they presently gat them aboard, and sailed to Rhodes: and the Athenians sent forthwith Argyrius to succeed in Thrasybulus his room, [Xenoph. Hel. 4. Diodor. year 3. Olympiade 97.]

The Lacedemonians, though they had little reason to find fault with Dercylidas his doings, yet they sent Anaxibius to succeed him in the gouernment of Abydus, a man, borne up by the favour of the Ephori, and one that promised to do wonders, if he might be furnished with men and money: wherefore they gave him 3 tall ships of war, and money to hire and pay a thousand sea souldiers more. He therefore coming to Abydus, raised land forces with the monies which he brought, and by that means drew off sundry cities of Eolia, from Pharnabazus his party, and wasted the enemies country, and then getting 3 ships more, he annoyed and troubled the Athenians, which used upon that coast, and if he happened to light upon any of their ships stragling, he took and brought them to Abydus, [Xenohp. Hellen. 4.]

The Athenians hearing thereof, sent Iphicrates (lately returned from Corinth) with 8 ships, and 12 hundred targateers, to maintain what Thrasybulus had gotten, and setled in those parts, against Anaxibius, and comming into Chersones…s; he for his part, and Anaxibius for his, set up a company of Pirates, and land robbers, to carry on the war for them, [Id. ib.]

Anaxibus with his hired bands, Year of the World 3616 and his own country-men, The Julian Period. 4327 and 200 men out of Abydus, Year before Christ 387 all corselets went to Antandrus, and was there very kindly received and entertained. Mean while Iphicrates disposed certain ambushments for him, in the passages of the mountains, against he should return from thence to Abydus. The vessels which had wasted him over, in the night season, he caused to row up the Hellespont, that men might conceive him to be abord them, and that he was then going, as at other times he used to do, recollect monies: wherefore, when the men of Abydus, who led the Van, came into the plaine which lieth near to a place called Cremastes, (where there are also gold mines) and the rest were coming down the steep of the Hill, and Anaxibus himself, with his Laconian companies following them. Iphicrates with all his men, rose out of their ambushment, and set upon them. Anaxibius finding himself thus entrapt, fought manfully and died, and with him 12 other Lacedemonians, governors of several cities, which were then come unto him; the rest fled, and Iphicrates pursued them to the very gates of Abydus, there perished of the rest some 200, of Abydus it self almost fifty, all Corselets, and then he returned into Chersonesus, [lib. 4. in. fi.]

Hierax being sent to succeed Teleutias, in the command of the fleet, he returned home; leaving an incredible desire of him in the hearts of the souldiers, [Xenophon Hellen. 5.]

Shortly after they sent Antalcidas to succeed Hierax in that charge, Year of the World 3617 supposing that therein they should exceedingly content and please Tiribazus: The Julian Period. 4327 and he coming to Ephesus, Year before Christ 387 left Nicholochus his Lieutenant there; and he with Tiribazus went together to the King, to conclude the peace which was then in agitation, [Xen. lib. 5. Hel. Diod. year 2. Olympiade 98.]

Nicolochus, to secure Abydus, set saile from Ephesus, and by the way landed at Tenedos, wasted their country, and wrung out of them a large proportion of money, and then went on his journey to Abydus as he intended: mean while the Athenian Captaines, which were at Samothrace, Thasus, and other places near adjoyning, haststed to come to the reliefe of Tenedos. But finding that Nicolochus was safely arrived at Abidus, they went out of Chersonesus, with 32 saile of ships, and besieged him as he lay at Abidus with 25 ships, [Xenoph. Hellen. 5.]

Chabrias was openly sent by the Athenians to the aide of Euagoras, with 800 Targateers, and ten tall men of war, and left not the place till he had subdued the whole Isle; whereby the Athenians got a great reputation in the world, [Id. ibid. and Emil. Prob. in the Life of Chabrias.] of the Embassie sent from the Cypriots to the Athenians for their aide, Lysias the Orator, in his oration upon Aristophanes, maketh mention.

Artaxerxes, who could never before abide a Lacedemonian, but would ever say, (as Dinon reporteth) that they were the most impudent of all men living, yet seeing Antalcidas dance, the Leonidas, and the Calicratidas, before him, fell infinitely in love with him: and as he sate at supper, sent him a garland wrought of roses and safron from his own head, dipt all in a most costly ointment, to wear for his sake: whereunto he answering; Sir, saith he, I take, and thank you for, this noble gift and favour: but the perfume p. 183of the oyntment in it, marrs the natural sent, and fragrancie of the flowers, [Plut. in his Artax. and in his Pelopidas, and in his Sympos. lib. 7. ques. 8. Athenaeus Deipnos. lib. 2. Elia. Varia, Histor. lib. 14. c. 39.]

Tiribazus returned from the king and Antalcidas with him; having made a firme league and association of armes, in case the Athenians and their confederates, would not partake in that peace, which he had propounded. Pharnabazus being sent for, went to the king, being then in the upper Asia, and there he married the kings daughter, [Xenoph. Hellen. 5.]

Antalcidas, presently upon his return, hearing that Iphicrates and Diotimus besieged Nicolochus in Abidus; with all his fleet, went thither by land, and putting to sea by night, gave it out, that he was sent for to Chalcedon, but falling into the port of Percope, he there lay close: four Captains there were of the Athenian party, who hearing that Antalcidas was gone to Chalcedon, purposed to follow him upon the trade-way to Proeconesus. But Antalcidas so soon as they were passed by, came back to Abydus; and by a stratagem, laying 12 principal swift ships, in an Ambushment, intercepted 8 ships, which Thrasybulus the Athenian brought out of Thrace, and thought to have joyned with the main body of the Attic fleet: [Id. ibid. Polyaenus, lib. 2. Stratag. in Antalcida.]

Antalcides having received 20 saile of ships from Syracusae and the parts of Italy, which were brought him by Polyxenus, and others, as well out of Ionia, from Pharnabazus, as out of those parts which belonged to Ariobarzanes, his old friend, had made up a fleet of 80 saile, and was absolute master of the sea: and thereby forced those ships which coming out of Pontus, were bound for Athens, to turne their course to some port or other, of the Lacedemonian party; and there to discharge, [Xenoph. ib.]

When Tiribazus had summoned all to come in, that would subscribe to the forme of a peace propounded by Artaxerxes, all the Grecian Cities, by their Embassadors, readily came in: unto whom he shewing the kings seals affixed to the instrument, he caused it to be read as followeth.

The King Artaxerxes thinks it reason, that the cities which are in Asia, as also the Islands of Clazomenae and Cyprus should be his, and under his command: And all other Cities of Grecians, as well small as great, should be free, and live every of them according to their own lawes, except Lemnus, and Imbrus, and Scirus, which as heretofore, so now also, the Athenians shall hold and possesse. And as for them which shall not receive this peace, them will I, together with those who shall embrace it, pursue with an open war, by land and by sea, with ships and with moneys. Which when the Embassadors at their returne had reported every of them to his own people, although it grieved them to see the Grecian cities of Asia, for which Agesilaus had so bravely fought, thus fowly betraied into the Kings hand, yet because needs they must, they submitted thereunto, and accepted of the peace, [Xen. Ib. Isocrates in Panathen, Diod. year 2. Olymp. 98. Plutarch in Agesil. and Artaxerx. and in his Laconical Apophtheg. Aristides in his Leutric. 1, and 2.] which peace was published, as [Polyb. lib. 1.] hath observed, 19 years after the sea fight at Egospotamos, and sixteen years before the battel at Leuctra in Boeotia.

When this peace was thus made, Agesilaus, as Xenophon sayes, was an earnest man to see it observed, and the Lacedemonians made themselves very severe guardians, and defenders of it in Greece. And Artaxerxes wrate a particular letter to Alcibiades, which he sent by a Persian in company of one Callias a Lacedemonian, wherein he offered him both hospitality and friendship. But Alcibiades accepted neither, but bad the Kings messenger tell his master, that he needed not trouble himself to write letters to him; for if he continued a good friend to the Lacedemonians, he would not faile to continue the like to him; but if he endeavoured any ill to them, he should not think that any letters of his, should work him over to his friendship. [Plut. in his Laconical Apophthegmes.]

In those articles of Antalcidas his peace, formerly related out of Xenophon, who could not be ignorant of the particulars thereof, we find that not all the Islands bordering upon Asia, but two of them only, were given up to the King, (though Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes, seems to have been of another mind,) and those were Clazomenae (which as I shewed before, in the year of the World 3504, 3505. was then an Island) and Cyprus: the tenor of this peace, now drew Chabrias from thence; when he had indeed already subdued it wholy, and reduced it to the obedience of Euagoras, as I shewed before, in requital whereof, Euagoras armed almost every man in the Isle, and mustered a huge army against Artaxerxes: and now Artaxerxes having made a final peace with the Grecians, commanded all his forces to provide themselves for the conquest of Cyprus, [Diod. 2 year, Olympiade 98.]

Artaxerxes now drew forth three hundred thousand foote; Year of the World 3618 and furnished withal 300 saile of ships, The Julian Period. 4328 against Euagoras King of Cyprus: Year before Christ 386 General of his foot he made his son in law Orontes; Ammiral of his fleet, was Tiribazus, who taking each his charge at Phocea and Cuma, sailed first to Cilicia, and from thence, went and landed in Cyprus, p. 184where they very vigorously put on the war against Euagoras: and he for his part procured himself supplyes of all kindes from the Egyptians, Tyrians, Arabians, and others, enemies to the Persian State: so that he made up a Fleet of 90 sail; of which number, 20 were from Tyre, the rest were his own: and of his land souldiers 6 thousand of his own, and his auxiliaries from other parts, a far greater number. And so having money enough to pay them, his army grew exceeding great, [Diod. lib. 15. year 3. Olympiade 98.]

Euagoras set on work certain Pirates, of whom he had good store at his command, to fall upon the enemies vessels of loading: of these they took some, sunk others, and the rest durst not put to sea for fear of them. Whence it came that victuals presently failing in the Persian army, some of the hired souldiers killed their Commanders: and a mutiny grew over all the army; so that with much adoe could the Coronels at land, and Gaos the chief Officer at sea quiet them: wherefore the whole Navy in a body were fain to set sail for Cilicia, and from thence brought they store of provision for the Camp. But Acoris King of Egypt suffered not Euagoras to want either for corn or money, and all other provisions, as much as he wanted, [Id. ibid.]

Euagoras finding that his Navy was far too weak for the enemies, furnisht out 60 ships more of his own, and besides them had fifty more sent him from King Achoris: so that now his Fleet was 200 fighting ships. And at his first encounter by land, had the better of the enemy; and routed them again at sea, falling suddenly upon their Fleet, as they were sailing to Citium, sunk some of them, and took others; which he found scattered from the body of the Navy. But when the General of the Persian Navy, and the rest of the Commanders had recollected themselves, the fight then grew hot and fierce between them, wherein Euagoras at the first had again the better of it. But when Gaus fell on with all his might, and fought himself very manfully, Euagoras this men fled, with the losse of many of his ships. The Persians therefore having gotten this victory, assembled both their land and sea Forces together at Citium: where fitting themselves with necessaries, they went joyntly to besiege Salamis it self the chief city, both by land and sea, [Ibid.]

Teribazus immediately after the fight, put over into Cilicia, and went to carry Artaxerxes news of the victory: and Euagoras leaving Salamis to be defended by his son Pythagoras, (Protagoras perhaps, of whom I formerly made mention out of Isocrates, in the year of the World 3613.) and comitting the charge of the whole Isle to his charge, got out by night with 10 ships onelyonly in his company, and sailed into Egypt. Where he perswaded Acoris, with all the power he had to make a war upon the Persian, [Id. ibid.]

Euagoras returned into Cyprus, Year of the World 3619 but with far lesse store of monies than he expected: The Julian Period. 4329 and when he there found Salamis Strongly besieged, Year before Christ 385 and himself abandoned by his confederates, he was fain at last to send to Titibazus, and to treate with him about a peace. Tiribazus who commanded over all in chief, made answer, that he would admit of the motion, provided that he would surrender all Cyprus into the Kings hand, save onelyonly Salamis, and pay the King a tribute for that too; and be at his command as a liege vassal ought to be to his Lord and Sovereign. These conditions, as hard as they were, yet was Euagoras fain to submit unto; for he said, he should be subject to him, as one King to another; not as a slave to his master: and yet this would not content Tiribazus neither; [Diodor. year 4. Olympiade 98.]

But Orontes the other Commander in chief, envying the honour of Tiribazus, sending away privily letters to the King, his father in law, among other matters, laid to his charge, that he intended a rebellion; and that under-hand he had confederated with the Lacedemonians, and used all means, to oblige to himself, all the principal Captains and Commanders of the army. To all which the King giving hasty credit: gave Orontes a commission to seize on his person, and to send him to him, [Id. ibid.]

Orontes, fearing Tiribazus, seized on him by this wile. There was a house which had a great vault in it: over this vault he set a bed not corded, but covered over with tapistry, and many costly coverledes: then desired Tiribazus to come unto him, pretending a conference about some urgent matters; and Tiribazus coming in, sate him down upon the bed, and thorough that fell into the vault: and being there caught, was sent away fast bound in chains to the King, [Polyaen. stratag. lib. 7.]

Orontes now commanding all in Cyprus, when he saw that Euagoras had taken fresh courage, and endured the siege more stoutly than before; and his souldiers repining at Tiribazus his misfortune, received no commands, and left the siege: admitted Euagoras to a peace upon such terms as Tiribazus had propounded to him: to wit, that paying a yearly tribute to the king, he should continue king of Salamis, and as a king should be obedient in all things to the king. And so this war of Cyprus, which had lasted ten years, whereof yet the far greatest part was spent in preparation making, and two years onelyonly in the war it self, came to an end; and the king having consumed 50 p. 192thousand talents in it, when all was done, … Euagoras in the same state he was in, when the war began, [Isocrates in his Euagoras, Diod. year 4 Olympiade 98.]

Gaus, Vice-Amm…ral of the Navy, and son in law to Tiribazus, fearing least, as a man privy to Tiribazus his designes, he might perchance be made away for company, bethought himself of falling off, and revolting from the King. And having wealth and souldiers enough, and the chief Captains of the Navy wholly at his devotion, confederated forthwith with Acoris king of Egypt, and the Lacedemonians, to make a war upon Artaxerxes, [Diod. ib.]

Artaxerxes following herein the example of Cambyses, [Herod. lib. 5. cap. 25. Valer. Max. lib. 6. cap. 3.] caused certain of his Judges to be flead alive, and their skins to be hung up over the Judgement seats, that they which sate therein, knowing what hungover their heads, might be the more carefull to do justice unto his people, [Diodoru ibid.]

Artaxerxes leading with him an army of 300 thousand men against the Cadusii a people lying between the Euxine and the Caspian seas, Year of the World 3620 [Diodor. Olymp. 98. year 4. Plut. in Artaxerxes.] The Julian Period. 4330 In this war there fell many a Great man on either side, Year before Christ 384 but among others of that of the kings party, one Camissares, a Carian born, a stout and a valiant man, whom the King had made Commander of that part of Cilicia, which lies next to Cappadocia, inhabited by the Leucosyrians, and in honour of him, the king made his son Datames governour in his room, who also did the king singular service in this war, [Emil. Prob. in the Life of Datames.]

Artaxerxes with his army in this war, was brought to suck extremity, that hardly could a man buy an Asses head for 60 Drachmes: and was relieved by Teribazus, who lived then a poor neglected and contemptible gentleman in the army, in this manner. There were at that time two Kings of the Cadusians, and they held their camps apart, He therefore making the King first acquainted with it, went himself to one of them, and sent his son privily to the other; and each of them deceived his man: perswading him, that the other had underhand sent to Artaxerxes, to make a peace with him for himself, and to leave the other out. Hereupon, each sent his Ambassadors, the one with Teribazus, the other with his son to the King, and he made peace with both, and so the war was ended, [Plut. in Artaxerxes.]

Upon this, the King referred the cognisance of Teribazus his cause to three honorable persons, before whom he made his innocency so to appear, and withall his services to the King, to have been so great, that they all assoil'd him, and the King ever after held him in very high esteem, and heaped great honours on him: as for Orontes, he was condemned for a false accuser, thrust out of the kings favour, and held for an ignominious person ever after, [Diod, year. 4. Olympiade 98,]

Whiles Gaus was in Cyprus, the Grecians which there served under him, wrote letters against him into Ionia; and to find out who they were, and what they wrote, took this course: he provided a ship, and fitted her with Mariners, and the master gave it out, that he was going for Ionia; and lingred out the time, to get as many letters aboard, as possibly he could, and at last set out: but turning short, came back into a creek, not far from the place whence he went: thither Orontes went on foot; and causing all the letters aboard to be delivered into his hands, red them; and finding who they were that had written against him, he put them all to death with torments, [Polyaen. Stratag. lib. 7. in Gaus, insteed whereof, it is miswritten, Alos and Glos.]

Gaus, Year of the World 3621 when he had stirred up both the Egyptians and Lacedemonians to engage in a war against the Persian, The Julian Period. 4331 was kill'd, Year before Christ 383 I know not how, nor by whom, and so went not on, with what he had intended. But after his death, Tachos, going on upon his grounds, got an army, and built him a town upon a high hill, joyning upon the sea, called Leuca, where also he built a Chappel for Apollo: but he coming also to die shortly after, the Clazomenians, and they of Cuma, fell to strife about the possession of it, and the Clazom…nians made the more hast, and got it; and so all rebellions in Asia were laid asleep: the Lacedemonians also, Gaus and Tachos, both being now dead; cast off all care of Asia, and would have no more to do with it, [Diodorus year. 2. Olympiade 94.]

When Pharnostratus was Lord Chancelor of Athens, Year of the World 3622 in the monethmonth Possideon, in the 366 year of Nabonassars account, on the 26 day of the Egyptian monethmonth, Thoth, in the entring upon the 23 of our Decemb. five hours and an half after midnight, there was a small eclipse of the moon observed at Babylon, [Hipparch, in Ptol. in his great Syntax. lib. 4. cap. ult.]

In the same mans time, in the monethmonth Scirrophorion, The Julian Period. 4332 and in the same year of Nabonassar, Year before Christ 382 on the 24 day of the monethmonth Phammenoth the 18 day of our June, ending 5 houres and one half before midnight, there was another Eclipse of the moon observed in the same place, [Id. ib.]

p. 186When Euander was Lord Chancelor of Athens, Year of the World 3623 in the former monethmonth of Possideon, in the 367 year of Nabonassars accoumpt, the 16 day of the monethmonth Thoth, in the end of the 12 day of our December, two hours and a half before mid-night, there was a third Eclips of the Moon, and that a total one, in the same place, [Id. ibid.]

Acoris King of Egypt, The Julian Period. 4627 bearing formerly a grudge to the King of Persia, The Julian Period. 4337 now set himself to gather a vast army of strangers, Year before Christ 377 especially out of Greece; of whom he made Chabrias the Athenian General: He, though without any order from, or consent of the state there, yet took this charge upon him in Egypt, and prepared himself, all that possibly he could, for this war against the Persian. But Pharnabazus, whom Artaxerxes had made General of his army for this war, when he made huge preparations for it, sent messengers to Athens, and there charged Chabrias, for offering his service to the Egyptians, thereby to alienate the good affection of Artaxerxes from their state; and withall, desired that they would send unto him Iphicrates, their Captain. The Athenians therefore, who were principally desirous to endear the king unto them, and to keep Pharnabazus their good friend, sent presently for Chabrias out of Egypt, and gave Iphicrates charge to go and help Pharnabazus, [Diodorus, an 4. Olympiade 100.]

Iphicrates having the charge of the hired souldiers of his army, amounting to 12 thousand, committed to him by Artaxerxes, made them by continual training and exercise, so expert in the art military, that as among the Romans, afterward, a skilfull souldier, was commonly called a Fabian Souldier, so then from Fabius, such a one went by the name of an Iphicratian souldier, from Iphicrates among the Grecians, [Emil. Prob. in his Iphicrates,] Now Pharnabazus spent many years in preparing for this war. And Iphicrates upon a time, finding him a man so voluble in his speech, and so slow in his actions, askt him the reason: the reason, quoth he, is, because I am master of my words, but the King of my actions, [Diodorus, year 3. Olympiade. 101.]

After Hecatonus Mausolus was made governour of Caria, and so continued for 24 years, [Diod. year 4 of Oymp. 106.] having married Artemisia the elder of his two sisters. [Strabo lib, 14.]

After Acoris in Egypt, Year of the World 3628 reigned Psammuthis, The Julian Period. 4338 1 year. Year before Christ 376

And after him, Year of the World 3629 came Nepherites, The Julian Period. 4339 the last of the Dynasty of the Mendesians, Year before Christ 375 and sate 4 moneths, and then arose the first of the Dynasts of the Sabennitae, called Nectanabis, and reigned 12 years,

Artaxerxes being now to make a war upon Egypt, to get the more more aide thereto out of Greece, sent his Ambassadors thither, to move them to make a general peace among themselves; upon these terms, that every city should from thence forth live according to their own laws, and should have no garrisons among them. This motion all the cities of Greece embraced, save onelyonly the Thebans, and they refused, [Diod. year. 2. Olymp. 101.]

When all Artaxerxes his army was come together at Acon in Syria, Year of the World 3630 upon a muster, The Julian Period. 4340 there were found of other nations 200 thousand under Pharnabazus, Year before Christ 374 and 20 thousand Grecians, under the conduct of Iphicrates, and the Navy, besides, ships of burden, and vessels for other uses, consisted of 300 ships, each of 3 stories high, of oares, and 200 of 30 oares a piece; the first sort called foreign in Greek, the other foreign. In the beginning of the Summer, (i. e.) in the first of the spring, the Persian Navy setting saile for Egypt, came to the frontier town, towards Syria, called Pelusium, which they found exceedingly well fortified by Nectanabis: wherefore they put of to sea again, and being out of kenning, they steered their course for Mendesium, a city standing upon another of the mouths of Nile, and where the shoare runs a great way out from the land; there they landed three thousand men, and Pharnabazus and Iphicrates, both went to surprise a fort, standing upon the very mouth of the river. But when there came 3 thousand horse and foot of the Egyptians, to the defence of the place; there grew a fierce skirmish between them: wherein at last, the Egyptians, overlaid with the multitude of Persians which came thronging out of the ships to help their fellows, and being wholly enclosed by them, suffered a great slaughter, many of them also were taken, and the rest fled to a little town thereby. But Iphicrates his men pursuing them, entred pell mell with them into the gate, and took it, and rased it to the ground, and carried away the inhabitants thereof prisoners, [Diodorus. year 3. Olympiade 101.]

Iphicrates then gave counsel to go presently by water to assault Memphis, the Metropolis of all Egypt, unprovided at that time of any garison, and before the Egyptian forces came in to defend it, Pharnabazus said no; but he would stay till his land forces came, and so they should set upon it, with lesse danger. By this means the Egyptians p. 187gat time enough to put in what supplyes they would into Memphis, and from thence made sundry sallies upon the small town which the Persians, as I said before, had seized on; and skirmished frequently with them, and made great slaughter of them. And when now the time of the year came that Nilus used to overflow, it covered all the country thereabouts, and served for a fortification to it. Wherefore the Persian Commanders, thinking it no boot to strive against nature, were of opinion to withdraw from thence for the present: and so all that huge preparation came to nothing, [Id. ibid.]

Now, so soon as they were returned into Asia, Pharnabazus fell out with Iphicrates: and he fearing least hereupon he might be thrown in prison as Conon was, got aboard presently in the dark, and came for Athens. And Pnarnabazus sent thither after him, and there laid to his charge, that he was the cause, why Egypt was not recovered. To whom the Athenians made this answer; that they themselves would see him punished, if they saw he deserved it; yet presently after they made him Ammiral of all their Fleet, [Id. ib.]

Nicocles an Eunuch in Cyprus, murdered Euagoras, and made himself King of Salamis in his room: as Diodorus in this years relation hath it. And indeed that he was murdered by an Eunuch, [Aristotle 5. of his Politicks, cap. 10.] tells us: but that his name that did it was Thrasydaeus, we learn out of Theopompus, in [Biblioth. Photii. nu. 176.] where he shews that Euagoras, by this Eunuchs means, got to lie with the daughter of Nicocreon (that tyrant of Cyprus, who, as Plutarch in his life reports, invited Isocrates to supper,) and that that was the cause of his death. For that Nicocles was Euagoras his own son, and succeeded him in his kingdom at Salamis, and had children of his own, appears out of Isocrates; who had of him 20 talents for an Oration of his written and sent unto him; as [Plutarch in the life of Isocrates reporteth] which Oration of his, entitled to Nicocles, of a kingdom, or kingly function, we have yet extant: and another entitled Nicocles: wherein, in the person of Nicocles, is set down the duty of the subject to his Prince; as also a third called his Euagoras; which is nothing but a funeral Oration made upon him; for whereas Nicocles in this very year solemnised his fathers Funeral, not onelyonly in a costly and magnificently pompous manner; but also with all manner of Games, of Musick, and Dancing, and Wrestling, and fights of Ships by Sea, and Horses by land: Isocrates therefore wrote this Oration to him, in praise and commendation of his father, conceiving that this would serve both Nicocles himself, and his sons and children after them, for an example and exhortation of well-doing in that kind. foreign, &c. supposing, saith he, that this will serve both you and your children, and other the descendants of Euagoras, for a most fair encouragement to your well-doing, [Isocrates in his Euagoras.] Whence we may amend that error in Diodor, and say; as the truth is, that Euagoras was murdered by Thrasidaeus an Eunuch, and that his own son Nicocles succeeded him in his kingdom of Salamis.

When Alcisthenes was Lord Chancelor at Athens, Year of the World 3633 Artaxerxes, The Julian Period. 4343 seeing Greece fallen into new broiles among themselves, Year before Christ 371 sent Abassadors again to exhort them to live in peace each with other, according to the late establishment: and thereupon the cities of Greece fell to accord again, and bound themselves by an oath to the observance of it, all save the Thebans. And now there being a full peace made and sworn between the Athenians, Lacedemonians, and the King, Iphicrates was called home again with his Fleet, [Diod. year 1. Olymp. 102. with Xenoph. Hellen. lib. 6. and Diony. Halicarnas. in the life of Lysias.]

Plutarch in the life of Agesilaus, sheweth that this peace was concluded and made among the Grecians at Lacedemon upon the 14 of the monethmonth Scirrophorion with the Athenians, and in the last monethmonth of Arcisthenes his Chancelorship there, upon the 16 day of our July.

The Lacedemonians having received that great overthrow given them at Leuctra by Epaminondas, Year of the World 3634 sent forthwith Agesilaus into Egypt, The Julian Period. 4344 and Antalcidas to Artaxerxes, Year before Christ 371 to get monies. But Antalcida his suit was by Artaxerxes rejected with so much scorn and indignation, that at his return, so very spight, he had been so used by the enemy, and fear of what might betide him from the Ephori, he forbare his meat, and starved himself to death, [Plut. in Artax.]

Philiscus of Abidus, Year of the World 3635 sent by Artabarzanes, The Julian Period. 4345 one of Artaxerxes his Lords into Greece, Year before Christ 369 to compose matters between the Thebans and their confederates, and the Lacedemonians; summoned them all to Delphos, where when the Thebans stood upon it, that Messene should not be for the Lacedemonian jurisdiction, he grew so offended at it, that leaving 2 thousand of his most choice men to assist the Lacedemonians against them, he returned into Asia, [Xenoph. Hellen. 7. Diod. year 4. Olymp. 102.]

The Thebans affecting now the Principality of Greece, Year of the World 3636 thought good to send their Ambassadors to the King of Persia; The Julian Period. 4349 and to that end, Year before Christ 368 called their confederates together, and pretending that Euthycles of Lacedemon was already with the King, they dispatched p. 188away to him Pelopidas of Thebes it self, Antiochus the Pancratiast of Arcadia, Archidamus of Eleus, a Town in Thrace, with one other out of Argos: which coming to the Athenians eares, they dispatched away also their Ambassadors to the King; Timagoras and Leontes. And among them all Pelopidas appeared most gracious in the kings eye, and next him Timagoras; and were of all others most honourably entreated by him, [Xen. Hellen. 7.]

Ismenias of Thebes joynt Commissioner with Pelopidas in this Embassie, when, being brought by Tithraustes the Chiliarch, to the presence of the king, he was bid to prostrate himself before him: let fall his ring before him; and presently falling all along, took it up again: and so being conceived to have done it to the king, obtained whatever he asked of him, [Plut. in Artax. Elia. Var. Hist. lib. 1. cap. 21.]

Timagoras the Athenian, sent a letter of intelligence at the same time by one Bubaris his Secretary, and had for his pains a thousand Darics; and had moreover a rich supper sent him to his lodging: whereupon the kings brother Ostanes, said unto him; Remember Timagoras this supper; for it is not sent you, for any small purpose: which sounded rather as an upbraiding of some treason to him, than any congratulation of the gift, so sent unto him, [Plut. ib.] It is said also that the king gave him 80 Cowes, which because he was sickly, should afford him milk upon his way homeward: and a costly bed and furniture, with some servants to make it, because the Grecians skilled not of such matters: and moreover, caused him to be carried all along to the sea side in a Lictier, because of his infirmity; giving those which carried him 4 talents for their pains, [Id. ib. and in his Pelopidas] But [Athenae. lib. 2.] having told us that this Timagoras, after his prostration to the king, was used with great honour by him, addes onelyonly, that the King sent him some dishes from his own table. As for that costly bed and furniture, and men to make it, as if the Grecians knew not how to make a bed; sent by Artaxerxes, he sayes it was to one Timagoras of Creet, or Eutimus of Gortyna in Creet, as Phanias the Peripatetic calls him.

Pelopidas, being so gracious with the king, gat letters from him, wherein the king commanded that Messene should be exempt from the Lacedemonian jurisdiction: and the Athenians required to draw up their ships: and if they obeyed not, proclaimed open war against them both; and if any city refused to follow him in this war; then that city was first of all others to be made an example. And when Leontes spake openly and said, that it was time for the Athenians to look them out and provide new friends instead of the king: Artaxerxes bad adde, that if the Athenians did not like it, they should come and shew cause, why not, [Xen. Hellen. 7.]

When the Ambassadors came home, the Athenians took Timagoras, and for his prostration to the King, struck off his head: taking it amisse that the glavering flattery of one citizen of theirs, should subject the whole honour of the Athenian Sate to the domineering power of the Persian: so sayes, [Valer. Max. lib. 5. cap. 3.] Where I know not by what mistake, Darius is crept into the text instead of Artaxerxes. Others say it was, for his base acceptance of the Kings gifts: of which a man may see more in, [Plutarch in his Artax. and Pelopidas.] But Xenophon sayes, that he was accused by Leontes his collegue: for that he would not so much as keep in one lodging with him, and communicated all his counsels with Pelopidas: which no doubt was the chief cause of his being put to death.

The Thebans summoning all the cities of Greece to hear the Kings letters read, and they being publickly read by the Persian that brought them, who first shewed them the Kings seal, put to them; they required all, who would be friends to the king and the Thebans, to take an oath for the observance of the contents of those letters. But when the Legats first, and afterwards the Cities themselves, refused that oath: all that Embassage to Artaxerxes, and the principality and sovereignity of Greece so much affected by Pelopidas and the Thebans came to naught, Year of the World 3638 [Xen. Hellen. The Julian Period. 4347 7.]

Jubilie 22. Year before Christ 367

Artaxerxes sending an other Embassage into Greece to require them to put an end to these wars, Year of the World a. Year of the World d. and to make a peace among themselves; The Julian Period. 4348 in the end, Year before Christ 366 prevailed with them, [Diodor. an. 3. Olymp. 103.]

Eudoxus the Cnidian, sirnamed foreign, Endoxos: (i. e.) the famous, was in his prime at this time. He going into Egypt with Chrysippus a Physitian, carried with him letters of commendation from Agesilaus to Nectunabis: and he commended him over to the Priests there: where being upon a time with Iconuphi of Heliopolis, (whom Clemens Alexan. in the first book of his stromat. calleth Conuphis) Apis came, and all to belicked his cloak: whereupon the Priests said presently, that he should grow very famous, but should not be long-lived: as Phavorinus in his Commentaries saith. He having stayed in Egypt one year and four moneths, shaving himself all over, to his very p. 189eye-brows, wrote the Octoeris, as some report, of which we in our discourse of the Macedonian and Asiatic year. [cap. ult.] have said somewhat. From thence he is said to have travailed to Cyzicum, and Propontis, and to have spread his philosophy in those parts, and so to have come to Mausolus, [Diog. Laertius in his Eudoxus,] others say, that this Eudoxus went in company with Plato in Egypt, and they both conversed 13 years space, with the Priests there, as we read in Strabo, [lib. 17.]

At Heraclea in Pontus, Year of the World 3639 when the common people there, The Julian Period. 4349 desired all bills and bonds to be cancelled, Year before Christ 365 (i. e.) all debts to be released, and all lands to be cast into a hotch potch and equally shared among them, the better sort, sent both to Timotheus, Prince of Athens, and also to Epaminondas, of the Thebans for help against them; but failing of their hope, they sent for Clearchus home, whom they had formerly cast…n to exile, and prayed his aide to represse them, [Justin lib.. 16. c. 4.]

Clearchus, Year of the World 3640 supposing the dissention of the people, The Julian Period. 4350 to be a fit occasion for him to attain to the sovereinty of the city, Year before Christ 364 dealt secretly with Mithridates King of Pontus, who was in hostility with his country, and agreed with him; that being called home into his country, he should deliver the city into his hands, and hold it afterward as governour under him. And having set a time, when to deliver the city into Mithridates his hand, took him, when he came about it, and all his friends that came with him prisoners, and wrung a great masse of money out of them, and so let them go: and then, as he made himself an unexpected enemy of a friend to him; so insteed of maintaining the rich mens cause against the people, he made himself a patron and leader on of the common sort against them; and did not onelyonly incense the people against them, but fell to exercising of acts of tyranny and cruelty upon them. For when the people had put the supremacy, and all power into his hands, he cast 60 of the chief of them (for the rest were fled) into prison, and having first taken away their goods, then put them all to death likewise, [id. ib.] and setting Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracusae before him for a pattern in all things to follow, he held the place 12 years, [Diodor. year 1. of the 104 Olymp. with the Collections of Photius in his Biblioth. out of Memmon the Historiographer of Heraclea, num. 224.]

Tachos,3…41. whom Polyaenus [lib. 7. Sratagem.] The Julian Period. 4351 calls Thamos, Year before Christ 363 Aristotle [lib. 2.] of his Oeconomics Taos, and Julius Africanus, Teos, reigned in Egypt, two years.

With this year Xenophon concludes his 7 books of his Grecian history, and Anaximes Lampsacenus the first part of his: where beginning from foreign, that is, the generation of the gods, and beginning of man kind, he endeth with the battle of Manthinea, wherein Epaminondas was slain, comprehending in 12 volums, almost whatever pas…ed among either the Greeks or Barbarians, [Diod. year 2. 104 Olympiade,] and in the second part he sets down all the gests of Philip of Macedon and his son, Alexander the great, [Pausa. 2. of his Eliaca.]

When Mithradates king of Pontus was dead, Ariobarzanes, the Governor of Phrygia under Artaxerxes, seized on the kingdom of Pontus, and held it by the space of 26 years, [Diodorus year 3. Olympiade 104. and year 4. of Olympiade 110.]

Clearchus the Tyrant of Heraclea, when he found that the chief men and Aldermen of Heraclea, which were fled from thence, stirred up all the neighbouring cities and states against him, he manumised and set at liberty all their servants, and gave them their masters wifes and daughters in marriage, threatning those that would not, with death; that hereby he might make those slaves the more sure and trusty to himself, and the more deadly enemies to their masters. But when the women reckoned these dolefull marriages to be worse than death it self, many of them before their marriage, many after, having first murdered their new husbands, slew themselves: at last they came to battle, where the Tyrant getting the victory took the chief men and Aldermen prisoners, and led them in triumph thorough the city, in sight of all the people, and then laid some of them in irons, others upon the rack, others he put to death, leaving no corner of the city free from sight and sense, of his cruelty, [Justin lib. 16. cap. 5.]

The Lacedemonians fell flat out with Artaxerxes, Year of the World 3642 for that professing himself to be their friend and confederate, The Julian Period. 4352 he had yet commanded them to part with Messene out of their hands, Year before Christ 362 and to make the Messenians a distinct member, in the leage and confederacy of Greece, [Xenoph. in his Agesilaus, and Diod. year 3. Olymp. 104.] and with them joyned Ariobarzanes, the Governour of Phrygia, who, as I said before, upon the decease of Mithridates, had seized on and possed himself of the kingdom of Pontus. [Diodor. ib.]

Autophrades the Governor of Lydia, besieging Ariobarzanes in Assos, a city of Troas, for fear of Agesilaus, who being now old, came into Asia, onelyonly to raise money for his country, brake up his siege, and fled; and Cotys, who lay before Sestus, p. 190which was at that time under Ariobarzanes his command, brake likewise up his siege, and gat him packing. Mausolus also, which besieged Assus, and Sestus, both with an hundred ships by sea; not thorough fear, but upon perswasion drew off, and returned home with his Fleet: and furnishing Agesilaus with monies for his countries use, sent him fairely away, [Xenoph. in his Agesilaus.] Of which Ariobarzanes, and of his being besieged by Autophradates in Adramytium, [Polyaenus also lib. 7.] maketh mention.

Mausolus, calling his friends together, bare them in hand, that Artaxerxes, unlesse he satisfied him forthwith with an excessive summe of money, would deprive him of his principality, which he held by inheritance from his father: which they believing, brought him, in an instant, an infinite summe of money, [Polyenus lib. 7. stratag.] compared with [Aristot. in his Oeconomics:] which having once fingered, he was so far from giving it to Artaxerxes, that therewith he confederated presently with those Governours and Captains which then were up in armes against him; for there rebelled at this time against him, of the Ionian nation, all Lycia, Pisidia, Pamphilia, and Cilicia; and besides these, the Syrians and Phoenicians, and almost all that border upon the Asiatick sea; Tachos also king of Egypt, proclaimed open war against him, and was busie every where in building of ships and raising of forces; especially out of all parts of Greece, and got the Lacedemonians themselves to confederate and joyn with him, [Diod. year 3. Olympiade 104.]

All these rebelling at once against Artaxerxes, he lost one half of his revenues coming into his cofers. And the remainder sufficed not for the necessary use of the war, considering that he was to maintain a war all at once, against the king of Egypt, and all the Grecian cities and countries in Asia; against the Lacedemonians and their confederates; to wit, all the Lords and Captains which held the Maritime towns and regions in all Asia under their command, [Id. ib.]

The king of Egypt sent for Agesilaus to come unto him, promising to make him General of his army, [Xenoph. in his Agesilaus.] And he being sent thither by his country, laid out the monies which Tachos had sent him for himself, in levying souldiers for his service. And having stored his ships with men, and taking along with him 30 Spartan Commissioners for his Council of War, went with a thousand Corselets into Egypt, [Plut. in his Agesilaus: and Diodor. ut sup.] When the report of his landing came to the Courtiers eares in Egypt, happy was he that could first send in presents to him; but when they came, and saw no attendance about him, onelyonly a decrepit and wearisom old man, lying along upon the beach, sloven-like, and of a small stature, in a course thredbare cloak, they contemned and scorned him; and much more did they loath his fordid and insulse behaviour, when they saw, that of those rich presents and provisions of diet which were sent in to him of all sorts, he would take some meale, and a veale perhaps, or a goose for himself, and throw away the dainties and sweet meats, and precious oyntments to his souldiers, [Plut. and Emil. Prob. in his Agesilaus.] The King of Egypt himself also, performed not with him, nor made him General of his army, according to his promise, [Xen. in his Agesilaus.] Deriding him for the smalnesse of his stature: and said, that he weened the old Proverb was true, The hills were great with young, and were delivered of a mouse: which when Agesilaus heard, he said in a rage, I will one day seem a Lyon unto him, [Athenae. lib. 14. with Plutarch.]

Chabrias the Athenian, was not sent by publick authority, as Alcibiades was, but upon the perswasion of Tachos, served him as a private man, [Diod. and Plutarch.] Who when he saw the King in some distresse for want of money, advised him to take up what monies possible he could of the richer sort of the country, and promise them payment out of his yearly revenues: and by this means, he gathered an infinite sum of money without wrong to any, [Polyae. strat. lib. 3.] and Aristotle [2. of his Oeconomics.] reckons up a great many the like shifts that he made for the getting of monies, at this time.

They which rebelled in Asia, made Orontes the Governour of Mysia their Commander in chief: who having received monies enough to pay 20 thousand hired souldiers for one whole year; took first those who had contributed these monies and sent them prisoners to Artaxerxes, and then betrayed sundry other cities and castles, and companies of hired souldiers, to such Lieutenants as the King had sent into those parts, [Diodor. year 3. Olymp. 104.] of this war managed by Orontes and Autophradates and other Captains of the Kings, [Polyaenus lib. 7. stratag. maketh also mention.] But for as much as Diodorus assures us, that in the last year of Artaxerxes Mnemon, both Autophradates and Orontes, and other Commanders, fell all off from him; we must of necessity conclude, that Autophradates stood for his son Artaxerxes Ochus, and that it was Orontes which made the war against him.

Artabazus, who commanded Artaxerxes Mnemons army, falling upon Cappadocia, Datames the Governour of that Province, met him with a strong body of horse, p. 191and 20 thousand foot, of mercenaries; but then Mithrabarzanes his father in law, and General of his horse, stale away from him by night with all his horse, and fled to Artabazus, and truly he and they, had their wages well payed them for such their trechery, for it fell out, that they were set upon, and hewed in pieces, by both the armies, both that to which, and that from which they fled: and Diodorus addeth, that Artaxerxes being informed, that Datames had brought him this noose, by putting a trick upon him; made all the haste he could to rid his hands of him, and that shortly after, he caused him privily to be made away: but it appears out of Emil. Prob. that Datames lived long after this: Whose actions, as he acknowledges them to have been carried all along in an obscure way, so he saies, that himself was the more inquisitive and diligent in searching out and describing the concavities of them: which he doth in such wise, as a man may easily discerne, that what he did was all in Artaxerxes Ochus his time.

Rheomithres was sent by the united Lords into Egypt, where having gotten 500 talents, and 50 tall ships, he returned with them to Leucas in Asia: and having sent for many of the principal of them to come thither to him, he laid hold of them, and sent them all away prisoners to Artaxerxes; and by this act of his, reingraciated himself with the King, who was formerly displeased with him, [Diodorus year 3 Olympiade 104.]

Tachos, having now fitted himself with all things necessary for the war, gave the command of the 10 thousand men, which he had hired out of Greece to Agesilau…; but his fleet consisting of 200 saile, to Chabrias (which with what care and cunning he furnished with rowers, [Polyae. lib. 7. Stratag.] sheweth) and his foot army consisting of 80 thousand Egyptians, to Nectanabus, his, or rather, his brother or sisters son, for the word foreign in the Greek sign fieth either; but reserved to himself the oversight and general-ship of all. And although Agesilaus perswaded him, to carry on this war by his Lievtenants, and to stay himself in Egypt; yet he would not, [Diod. ib.] neverthelesse, Agesilaus, beneath himself, and contrary to his own humour, attended him by sea into Phaenicia, [Plutarch in his Agesilaus.]

Whiles the Egyptian fleet, lay in Phenicia, Nectanabus was sent to take in some principal cities of Syria; where having compacted with him whom Tachos had left for Governor of Egypt in his absence, he proclaimed himself King of Egypt; and drew the commanders of the army by large gifts, and the souldiers by no lesse large promises, to side it with him against his father, [Diod. ut su.]

Tachos being now utterly deserted, both by his own subjects, and also by Agesilaus, whom he had formerly offended by that base jest put upon him, fearing the worst, fled thence to Sidon in Phenicia, and from thence, to the King of Persia, as besides Xenophon and Plutarch. Theopompus and Lysias of Naucratis, in his affaires of Egypt, both cited by Athenaeus [in his 14 book, 4 chapter,] report. Diodorus and Elian say further, that he was very graciously entertained by Artaxerxes, though I cannot believe Diodorus in this, that Artaxerxexs presently made him general of all the forces which he had then raised to make a war upon Egypt, and that with them he returned into Egypt, and was there reinthroned by Agesilaus, neither yet, [Elian, lib. 5. Var. Histor. c. 1.] where he telleth us, that having formerly used to live frugally at home, he now died with overgorging himself with excesse of diet, after the Persian manner, seeing that Lynceus or Lyceas, whom I mentioned before, teacheth us that his Egyptian diet was far more sumptuous, than that of the Persian was, [cited by Athenaeus, lib. 4. cap. 10. Deip.]

After this, another set up himself against him in Mendes, with an army of 100 thousand men, [Plut. in his Agesilaus.] So when there were now 2 Kings in Egypt, Agesilaus followed him whom he saw most to favour his Countrey men the Lacedemonians, [Xen. in Agesilaus.] and that was Nectanebus; with whom he endured a strong siege in a Castle. But when Nectanebus grew impatient of being thus shut up; and would needs hazard himself upon a battle, Agesilaus lest him, and stayed behind in the castle, till the whole Castle was quite surrounded with works, and the enemy about them, all save a little space, where there was yet a passage left: then sallied he out at that narrow passage, and made his way through with a great slaughter of the enemy, having their works at his back, so that they could not enclose him round, [Plut. in Agesil. Polyae. stratag. lib. 2. with Diod. year 3. Olymp. 104.] where yet he hath by mistake Tachos, instead of the King of Mendes.

As for the other king, Year of the World b. which bare a hatred to the Greek nation, The Julian Period. 4353 Agesilaus overthrew him in a fight, Year before Christ 361 and took him prisoner: but restored the other to his kingdom: and made him a firme friend to the Lacedemonian State, [Xenophon in Agesilaus.] Though Emil. Prob. attribute this restitution of the king, to Chabrias: the reason whereof was, because it was indeed done by the joynt work of the Lacedemonians, and Athenians. Now from this time to the putting of Nectanebus from the kingdom, Diodorus reckons 12 year; which was indeed the true terme of his p. 185reign, not 18, as Affricanus and Eusebius have it.

Nectanebus entreated Agesilaus very earnestly, to spend that winter with him; but he hasted homeward; for that Sparta was then engaged in a war; and he knew they wanted money: and maintained a forreign army: wherefore he dismissed him very honourably; and gave him, besides all other gifts, 230. or, as Emil Probus hath it, 220 thousand talents. [Plut. in Ages.]

Agesilaus having fingered this money, hasted him homeward, though in the dead of winter; for fear least the Lacedemonians should spend the next summer idle, and do nothing against their enemies. [Xen. in Agesil.] But being cast by a tempest upon a desert shoare, called Menelai, Portus, (i.) Menelaus his Port, lying between Cyrene and Egypt, he there fell sick and died. There his friends for want of wax, made him up with hony and so carried him to Sparta, [Plutarch and Emilius Probus, in Agesilaus.] and Diodorus saith that his body so brought thither, was there enterred, in a most royal manner, [year 3. Olymp. 104.]

Ochus, Year of the World c. the lawful son of Artaxerxes, because his base brother Arsames, was very tenderly beloved of his father, caused him to be murdered by Harpates the son of Tiribazus, and Artaxerxes hearing what was betided to his so much beloved son, took it presently to heart, and died of grief, [Plut. in Artaxerxes.]

Ochus, knowing that his father while he lived, was by his people, and that himself after his death would be, nothing regarded, dealt so with the Chiliarch, the Eunuchs, and others about him, that his death was kept close ten moneths after, and in the mean time dispatcht away letters into all parts in the kings name, with his seal to them, requiring every man to receive Ochus for their king, [Polyae. lib. 7. Stratag.]

Clearchus the Tyrant of Pontus, had a son born him at Heraclea, whom he called Dionysius, who lived 55 years, witnesse Athenaeus, lib. 12, and Mnemon in the collections of Photius, cap. 5.]

Ochus, Year of the World 3644 when now all men had acknowledged him for king, The Julian Period. 4354 and done fealty to him, Year before Christ 360 made it known, that his father was dead, and commanded a publique mourning to be made for him according to the Persian manner, [Poliae. lib. 7.] and took upon him his fathers name, Artaxerxes, [Diodor. Valerius Max.] and then fill'd and foul'd his court with the bloud of his kindred and nobles, without respect having to kin, sex, or age, [Justin lib. 10. cap. 3.] among which he caused his own sister, whose daughter he had married, to be buried alive with her heels upward, and made an Uncle of his, with above 100 children and grand-children descended from him, to be brought into a court, and there shot to death with arrows, [Valer. Max. lib. 9. cap. 2.] which as it seemeth, was the father of Sisygambis, the mother of Darius the last king of the Persians, for of her it is that Q. Curtius, lib. 10. cap. 8.] reporteth, that her father, and 80 brothers were all put to death by Ochus in one day.

The several states of Chios, Year of the World 3645 Rhodes, The Julian Period. 4356 Byzantium and Chos, Year before Christ 358 all at once revolting from the Athenians, there grew that war which was called Bellum Sociale, (i. e.) the confederates war. When the Athenians began with the siege of Chios, besides their own confederates, Mausolus also the petty king of Caria sent aides unto them, [Demosthenes in his Oration of Peace, and of the Rhodians liberty, Diod. an. 3. Olympiade, 105,]

In the first year of the 106 Olympiade, Year of the World 3648 (as it is rightly read in Eusebius his chron. The Julian Period. 4358 out of Fuxius his copy, Year before Christ 356 corrected by Arnaldus Pontacus) was Alexander (who because he conquered all Asia, was afterward surnamed, The Great) born at Pella, in the country of Macedon: for seeing that he lived 32 years, eight moneths, as Arianus reporteth out of Aristobulus, and died in the end of year 1. Olympiade 114. in the last, save one of the monethmonth Thargelion, of the Attic account; as we shall see when we come to that year; it follows, that he must be born, in the year aforesaid, and that in the third year called Boedrom…on, in the Attic Calendar, so that as well they, who (as in Elian Variar Histor. lib. 2. cap 25.) have said, that he both was born and died, upon the sixth day of Thargelion, have erred in their account; as Plutarch also, who in the life of Alexander saies, that he was born in the beginning of the monethmonth Hecatombeon, called Lous by the Macedonians, to wit, on the sixth day thereof. And there was reason indeed why they, who living at that time, first reported it in writing, should say, that he was born upon the sixth day of the monethmonth Lous: because at that time the monethmonth Lous with the Macedons answered just to Metons Boedromian, as appears by King Philip, the father of this Alexander, his Epistle to the Peloponesians, as we have already shewed, in our discours: of the Macedonian and Asiatic years, in the first chapter thereof, which the Historians and other writers of later times not observing, and finding the Syro-Macedon monethmonth Lous in Calippus to hit right with the monethmonth Boedromion among the Athenians, thought that Alexander had been born upon the sixth day of that Boedromion.

And from hence grew that error of Plutarch, which he mended afterward by a far p. 193greater one, where he saith. The same day that Philip took Pitidaea, there came to him three several tidings, one from Pharmenion, that he had given the Illyrians a great overthrow, the second, that he had won the race with his horse at Olympus, and the third, that his son Alexander was born: for we learn out of Demosthenes, in his oration against Leptines, and Diodorus, year 3. Olympiade 105. That Polydaea was not taken this year, but two years before. And again, if it had been so, that Alexander had been born in the 106 Olymp. and upon the 6 day of Hecatombaeon, yet had it been a great wonder, that he should not have heard a great deal sooner of the birth of his son, than he could possibly have done of his winning the race of Olympus: for that that race was ever wont to be run on the day of the full moon, and judgement given thereupon, on the 16 day of the same month, we are taught by the old Scoliast of Pindarus, upon his 5 Ode or Hymne of his Olympics, yet Justin out of Trogus tells us more clearly, [lib. 12. cap. 16.] The same day, saith he, on which Alexander was born, news came to him of two several victories by him gotten, the one upon a battle in Illyrium, the other in a race at Olympus; whither he sent his coach with four horses to run: Out of which reports, not hanging all of the best together; though I grant that it may be not improbably gathered, that Alexanders birth was in the sommer season, of that year, wherein the Olympic games were kept at Olympus in Elis, yet the testimony of Aristobulus, to whom Alexander himself in person was so well known, is so firm and strong an argument to me of the day wheron he was born, that I conceive no doubt to be made, but that Philip the father, was certified of the race won by him at Olympus, before his son was born.

The same day that Alexander was born, was the temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt, whence came that poor jest, whether of Timaeus, as Cicero hath it, or of Hegesias the Magnesian, as Plutarch saith, That Diana being from home that night, at the travile of Olympias, could not tend to save her own Temple, [Cic. lib. 1. de Natura deorum, and lib. 1. de Divina, and Plut. in his Alexander.] He that put the fire to it, being taken and had to the rack, confessed that he did it of purpose, that having destroyed so famous and excellent a work, his name might for it be carried over all the world: whereupon by the common-council of all Asia, it was decreed that no man should ever after name him, [Valer. Max. lib. 8. cap. 14. Aul. Gell. lib. 2. cap. 6.] which yet Theopompus in his History did; whether it were Erostratus, as we read it [in Strabo… lib. 14. and Solinus cap. 4.] or Lygdamis, as Hesychius, in the word Lygdam.

The Priests, who were at that time in Ephesus, apprehending that the burning of this Temple was but the fore-runner of some greater mischief to ensue; Year of the World 3648 ran up and down as if they had been mad, The Julian Period. 4358 and cut their faces, Year before Christ 356 saying, that some great calamity was that day hatched against all Asia, [Plut. in Alexan.]

Artabazus, having entered into a rebellion against Ochus, joyning his forces with those of Chares the Athenian, overthrew an army of the Persians, consisting of 70 thousand men: and thereupon gave Chares such a masse of money, that it enabled him to pay all his army. The King expostulated this matter with the Athenians; and they, hearing a rumor, that the King was about to send 300 sail to the relief of their enemies, against whom Chares at that time was in armes; clapt up a peace out of hand, and came to an agreement with them, and so that war between them and their confederates, called Bellum sociale, ended, [Diod. year 1. and 4. of the 106. Olymp.]

Leuco, Year of the World 3650 the King of Bosphorus Cimmerius, The Julian Period. 4360 died; Year before Christ 355 unto whom succeeded his son Spartacus, and reigned 5 years, [Diod. year 3. Olymp. 106.]

Artabazus, Year of the World 3651 being thus left by Chares and the Athenians, The Julian Period. 4361 had recourse to the Thebans; Year before Christ 354 who sent him Pammenes, with 5 thousand men. Pammenes with this army putting over into Asia, and there joyning with Artabazus, overthrew the Kings forces in two several great battels, [Diod. year 4. Olymp. 106.]

Clearchus the tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, when he went to the celebration of the Feast of their god Bacchus, was murdered in the 12 year of his reign, [Id. ib.] Chief author of which murder was one Chion of Heraclea, the son of one Matris, a scholar of Platoes, and a kinsman of Clearchus; who associated to him Leonides and Antitheus, scholars also in Philosophy, as the other was, and one Euxenon, and some fifty others of their allies and kindred, whom they disposed privily in places fitting for that purpose. Having therefore spyed their time when the tyrant was busie and intentive upon the sacrifice with the rest of the people, Chion ran him thorough with his sword; whereof, when he had laien greivously tormented with pains, and haunted with the apparitions and ghosts of those whom he had most barbarously murdered: the next day he died. But most of the conspirators, if not all, were either presently cut in pieces by his Guard, though they stoutly defended themselves; or were shortly after taken, and put to horrible torments (which they endured with incredible constancy and patience) and so died, [Memnon in Excerpt. cap. 2. Justin. lib. 6. cap. ult. and Suidas in Clearchus.] See also the Epistles attributed to this Chion, as written by him to his mother Matis.

p. 194Satyrus, brother to Clearchus, succeeded him in that Principality; and held it 7. years: wherein he contented not himself with the death of the conspirators themselves: but sell upon all their children, though innocent of their fathers fact; and being left as Guardian and Protector of Timotheus, and Dionysius his brothers children, was so respective of them, that though he had a wife, whom he loved very dearly; yet would he not do with her, whereby to have children of her, least he might perhaps thereby leave an issue, which might in time prove dangerous to his brothers children, [Memnon in Excerpt. cap. 3.]

In the 4 year of 106 Olymp. not in the 2 year of the 100 Olympiade, Year of the World 3652 as is misreported by [Pliny lib. 36. c. 5. & 6.] Mausolus the Dynasta, The Julian Period. 4362 or petty king, Year before Christ 352 of Caria, died: after whom Artemisia, his sister and wife, succeeded and reigned 2 years, her husband leaving no issue, [Diod. and Strabol. 14.] and she, out of the servent love which she bare to the memory of him, took his bones after they were burnt, and beating them to a powder, mingled it with a most precious persume, and so put into water and drank it off: being ambitious, to be her self the living and breathing tombe of her deceased husband, [A. Gell. lib. 18. c. 18. Valer. Max. lib. 4. c. 6.]

In the 107 Olympiade (not in the 103, Year of the World 3652 as Suidas in Theodectes hath it) Artemisia proclaimed a Game, The Julian Period. 4362 for all to come, Year before Christ 352 and shew their wit and art, in praise and honour of her husband deceased. To this game, came in sundry men of excellent parts; Theopompus of Chios, the prime man of all the hearers and scholars of Isocrates, as [Diony. Halicarnasseus in his Epistle to Pompeius, witnesseth of him.] Theodectes of the City of Phaselis in Lycia, a Tragedian Poet; another Scholar likewise of Isocrates: and Naucrates Erythraeus, of Naucratis in Cyrenia; all mentioned by Photius in Biblioth. [c. 176 and 260.] some there are also, which say that Isocrates himself, put in for the prize in this Game: of which P…ut. is one, [in his life of Isocrates.] but that was not this Isocrates of Athens, but another of the same name, his scholar, and successor in his chaire▪ as Suidas, out of Callisthenes the Orator, teacheth us. In that contention of wits, Theopompus, as some say, and as others, Theodectes the Tragedian, who left a tragedy, entitled Mausolus, wa… the prize, [A. Gell. lib. 10. c. 18. Suidas, in Theodectes and Isocrates.] though it should seeme that all went not here with Theopompus to his mind because that writing afterward a history, he therein saies, that Mausolus never spared for any vilany, if he might get money by it: which in all likelihood, he would never have done, if things had sorted out there, according to his expectation. [Suidas in Mausolus.]