The Latin Grammar, Part 1 · Subpart 9 – Subpart 38
Of Synecdoche.
By Synecdoche either the Genus that is common and univerſall, doth give name unto the Species, being ſome particular comprehended under it, as Atrides, for Agamemnon, whereas Atreus had another Sonne, Cytha…aea, for Venus: Nequam for Diabolus. And thereto belongeth any other Nown, uſed by the figure Antonomaſia, Orator for Cicero, Poeta for Homerus, Urbs for Roma, quadrupes for Equus, mortalis for Homo, ventus for Auſter, ne crede colori, for pulchritudini, bello virtus dignoſcitur, for ſpectatur fortitudo, uteris authoritate intemperantius, for iracundius, ſemper ebrius, for ſaepe. And contrariwiſe the ſpecies doth give name unto the genus, as Anglus perit, for Angli, the ſingular for the plurall, Cato, Curii, for ſapiens, frugales, Boreas for ventus, pontus for Mare, nectar for Vinum, Charta, Papyri …audex, for membrana, fides Punica, for fallax, aut afflicta, omnium gemitu triumphas, for gaudes, vivit bacchanalia, for Intemperanter, parum abeſt, for nihil aut non. The finite for infinite, or elſe the totall, or integrall doth give name unto the parte or members, as Catone ſepulto, for Catonis corpore, bibit Ara…im, for aquam, proſternit ſilvam, for Arbores, Graeci, for Argivi, tertium portu pe…egit annum, for Hyemem, mendicant oſtiatim, for ad Oſtia divitum, vellet dimicare viritim, for ſingulatim. And contrariwiſe, the part doth denominate the whole, animaque litavit, for homine, arbiter eſt oculus, for oculatus, aes for nummus, ferrum aut mucro, for gladius, pi…us, prora, puppis, for Navis, imen, Janua, par…es, tectum, for-Domus, maenia, for Ʋrbs, te ſeptima portat omnibus errantem ter ris et fluctibus aeſtas, for annus, quieſcit, for dormit momentaria caecitate percuſſus, for ſubita, pedetentim venit, for tarde.
Thus whether the whole doth name the part, or a part the whole, either-way they advance each other; the whole naming a majori, doth aſcribe its entire worth and honour to the part thence named, the part naming ab inſigniori, doth nobilitate the whole by its eminency, without which none ſhould denominate. Wherefore we call a Foole ſtultum caput, not calcaneum, becauſe the heele is uncapable of diſcretion. And a devout perſon pium pectus, not cerebrum, the ſeate of affection, complying moſtly with devotion. Laſt, this trope hath precedence before the reſt, as grounded on the neereſt bond of union, to witt, the inward cauſes of matter and forme, and is ſeconded by Metonymia, grounded on the outward cauſes.
Of Metonymia.
By Metonymia, the externall cauſe being the 1. efficient, 2. inſtrument, or 3. end, is put for the effect. 1. Ae…neadae for Aeneae poſteritas, Lucanus legitur for poema. Aethiopes multum monſtrant in corpore ſolem, for nigredinem; praeceps ira inſolens victoria, and moſt epithets; jugulat for occidit, ſegnius inſlat for tardius. 2. Lingua for ſermo, manus for ſcriptura, arma for bellum. 3. Juſtitia for patibulum, aris imponit honorem, for victimam. And contrariwiſe the Effect is put for the Cauſe. 1. Garminibus metus omnis abeſt, for poetis, Libycae clades, for Scipiadae, expalluit for timui…, ſudavit for laboravit. 2. Direxit vulnera for tela. 3. ſerta legunt for flores. Onom… topoeia doth belong to a Metonymie of the effect, as bomhus apum for id ſoni. The ſubject alſo doth give name unto the adiuncts taken largly, whether inherent therein, or adhering thereto, which way are uſed, 1. The ſeat for quality non tibi plus cordis ſed minus oris ineſt, for prudentiae, verecundiae. 2. The continent for the thing contained, focus for ignis, poculum ebibit for vinum, ſpecially places for inhabitants or things done therein. Africa belligerat, for Africani, carcer for captivi, ſunt pleni ruris for ruſticitatis, forum for lites, id roſtra docent, for concionatores, tibi militat aether, for fulgura cum tonitribus. 3. The chiefe Authors and Owners for things pertaining to them. Junoni templum ſtruxit Sidonia Dido for ſtructurae author erat praecipua. Acheloia cornua fregit Hector, for Dux cum exercitu, ſo Advocatus for cliens, proximus ardet V calegon, for domus. 4. Things for time proper thereto, tertia meſſis erat for annus. 5. The thing ſignified for the ſigne. Orphea conſtituit medio ſylvaſ que ſequaces, for imagines caelatas pallida luna pluit for pluviam prae monſtrat, populi cor impingua for impinguatum renuncia. Hereto belong ſacramentall phraſes, but Sacraments are of a higher nature, morally exhibiting, like Seales and earneſts, a preſent right with aſſurance of a future full enioyment. 6. The Antecedent for the Conſequent, tegit pedes for alvum exonerat; fuit Ilion ingens gloria Dardannium for deſiit eſſe, tunc meſſis in herba for ver, ſo meſſis in umbra for hyems, muner a non ſperno for accipio, preces exaudiuntur for Conceduntur. Some call theſe inſtances Litotes, ſome call them Metalepſis, and both ſuch and other Examples denominating all the Company by the chiefe Actor, have neer affinitie with Synecdoche of the part, as contrary-wiſe Curii for frugales have affinity with a Metonymie of the ſubiect for the adiunct quality. Likewiſe the adiunct doth give name unto the ſubiect. 1. Vertues, Vices, and other properties, are ſet for things endued therewith, patientia vincit for patiens, ſcelus for ſceleſtus, iuſſit poteſtas for magiſtratus, artem terra quaevis alit for artificem, A Cyathis for Promus. 2. V…na coronant for pocula, comburunt…r lites for fora, Mene putas veſtris includere …udis for …i…cis, frigus opacum quod umbraculis adiacet. 3. Luget Parnaſsus for Muſae, hic paſſim inſanitur for ab omnibus vicinis. 4. Capiunt oculis & pectore noctem, for ſomnum, fundit ab antris Aeolus armatas hyemes for procellas, ſolſtitio defende pecus for aſtu. Autumno gravidae vites for vuis, nulla infaelicior aetas for nullius aetatis homines. 5. Ʋrina ſana for ſanitatem indicans, ſceptrum, faſces, pupura for princeps, claves for Eccleſiaſticall, gladius for civill government, pubes, lanugo for iuvenlus, toga for pax ſubſcripſit for aſſenſit. 6. Multa deſiderantur for deſunt. Lavinaque venit littora for ita poſtmodum vocata, ſcenam calefecimus for implevimus, ſpeluncis abdidit atris for profundis, which laſt Metonymies are as more remote ſo far more elegant: but the former between cauſes and effects are more familiar, becauſe more naturall.
Of Metaphora.
By Metophora words change their ſenſe according to the likeneſſe of the thing ſpoken of, to the things which properly they do betoken, and that ample ground doth make this trope more capacious then any other; as Corvus for nocens, Columba for innoxius, legis habena for poteſtas. Fulmen fortunae for impetus, ferreus eſt precibus for inexorabilis, lae ta ſeges for uber, aurea Phaebe for ruhicunda, vites gemmant for germinant, laterem lavat for nugatur, ramos compeſce fluentes for excreſcentes, fluxae vires for minutae, Hebraei ab Hebero flu…n…, for oriuntur, mens fluctuat for dubitat, Lente venit for cunctanter, id lente fert for patienter, lente agit for remiſſe, lente rem probat for diu, which is derived from lentus, properly ſignifying viſcous or clammy.
This trope as it is more copious then any other, ſo it is more uſeful to unmaske the nature of things, to excite accordingly either love or hatred thereunto, and to accompliſh both with grace, or without offence; therefore it is familiar in Adages or Parables of the wiſe, but it will require theſe cautions following.
1. That it doth not admit more diſproportion then proportion, as Caeli fornices, being neither large enough, nor circular.
2. That it be not too far fetcht, Syrtis patrimonii.
3. That it be not too obſcene, as ſtercus curiae.
4. That it doth not imply a contradiction, ferreus in ſtudiis puereſt.
5. That it be not devious from it ſelfe, exundat & ardet amore.
6. That it be not too familiar a condition, requiſite to all tropes, becauſe they muſt be rarities.
Laſtly, thoſe Metaphors be moſt emphaticall, which add life or reaſon to inanimate or ſenſeleſſe things, as Pontem indignatus Araxes, and having a double analogy they be reciprocall, as auriga navis, or gubernator …urrus, but terminating in a ſimple relation they cannot be converted, as vulpes may be ſet for callidus, but not contrariwiſe callidus for vulpes, except it be by another trope, called Synecdoche generis.
Of Ironia.
By Ironia words are carryed from their owne to a cleane contrary ſenſe, which is underſtood by the expreſſion and contradiction of ſuch words, to the things which literally they betoken. Scilicet hac vitam ſervatam dote rependis, for ingratitudine Me duce Dardanius ſpartam expugnavit adulter, for minime gentium. Id facinus in laude ponas egregia, for ignominia; Credo quam innumerabiles hoſtium copias in Italia fudiſſet, for nullas: ſo Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, as admodum inculta. Sic, idem iungat vul…es & mulgeat hircos, for ineptias agat; which two laſt are called Aſtiſmus: En agros metire iacens, & Satia te Sanguine Cyre, both called Sarcaſmus. Theſe examples, Midas pauper, for Cui ſua deſunt bona: or Codrus dives, for qui nil cupit, are not Ironies, but Metonymies of the conſequent; dare claſſibus auſtros, for claſſes auſtris is Hypallage; de tuis nildicam periuriis, or ut praeteream tua latrocinia, are Apophaſis and Paralipſis, Lucus qui non lucet, Parcae quae non parcunt, Euxinus for Axenus are Antiphraſis; all which reſemble this trope, but are eſpecially different from it.
Laſtly, it is uſed moſt in merriments, and ſometimes in grave, but ſharpe reproofes of faults, no leſſe odious then notorious.
Affections belonging to the former tropes.
Metalepſis is a graduall progreſſe of ſundry tropes in the ſame word, Stratoque ſuper diſcumbitur oſtro. Hinc movet Euphrates, illinc Germania bellum: Poſt aliquot mea regna vid…ns mirabar ariſtas.
Allegoria is the continuation of the ſame trope in ſundry words, noſtros habemus Curios, Mamercos, Marios, rete accipitri non tenditur neque milvo ne charta nos prodat pertimeſco, ſine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus, Contrahe sam vento tua turgida vela ſecundo.
Filiolas Cadmi profert Nilotis Arundo,
Quas ſerit e Cnidio diſtillans ſepia nodo.
Which laſt is called Aenigma.
Catachreſis is an uſurpation of words enforced from the received to an improper ſenſe, facieſque ſimillima lauro, Ʋltores ſperate Deos, tibi laeta minatur, Vir gregis, aut acres tendunt arcus, minuto ſunt anime, Capitis nives.
Hyperbole doth amplifie or abate the ſenſe of words uſed unequally to their true meaning, not to deceive, but to levell the uneven opinion of the hearers, by ſuch means rectified, and the firſt ſort is called Auxeſis, the laſt Meioſis: Gigantes for proceri, Nani for puſilli, Mons for verruca, Parricidium for homicidium and contrariwiſe nuſquam tuta fides, for apud paucos, the indefinite for the finite, all Hyperbolicall Synecdoches, which ſome Authors think to be Catachreſis Venere formoſior, pice nigrior, ſublimi feriam ſydera vertice.
Every affection doth in ſome ſort belong to all the Tropes, but the Irony is leaſt affected with them. Metalepſis is moſt familiar to Synecdoche and the Metonymie, even as the Allegory to the Metaphor, Catachreſis with good Authors, doth only affect the ſpeech intended for the ruſticks. And otherwiſe doth reſemble the ſpeech of Ruſticks for the moſt part in Comoedies.
Tho common affections of Nouns and Verbs.
There be three affectious common to Nouns and Verbs, to wit Number, Gender, and Perſon, whereof the Number doth equally belong both to Nouns and Verbs, the other two unequally, for the Gender is more peculiar unto Nouns, and the Perſon unto Verbs.
Of the Number.
There be two Numbers,
1 The Singular belonging to one as Pater obijt.
2 The plurall pertaining to more then one, as liberi lugent.
Exceptions.
Two Subſtantives ſingular with a Coniunctive Adverb called a Copulative, or one Noune Collective, or a Pronoune Diſtributive ſingular, referring to a ſociety is equivalent to the plurall, ſpeaking implicitly of many: And Verbs or Adiectives referring thereunto, will agree with the more worthy Perſon or Gender, the former in both being accounted worthieſt, ſaving that the Neuter ſtandeth for the worthier Gender after copulates that betoken things inanimat, as Virga & Baculus nos conſolata ſunt, gens armati perimus, veſtrum aliquis adeſte, utraque ſuo delectatae ſtudio, aliud de dignantur. Likewiſe Verbs ſingular called Imperſonalls, are equivalent to the plurall, by vertue of the oblique conſtrued with them, as nos docere oportet, vobis diſcere non luber…ab omnibus aut luditur aut ceſſatur.
Laſtly, Nouns proper or common, being only plurall, referring in Appoſition to other Subſtantives ſingular, are equivalent thereunto, and ſpeak but of one, as Vrbs Athenae, Bacchanalia, feſtum infame, Circenſes, curule certamen, Aeneides, Virgilij poema. Tu mihi deliciae, Ars inopis divitiae.
Where may be noted that any Subſtantive of a continued ſignification, ſpeaking of the ſame thing, muſt be put in the ſame caſe, Phoebe nutrix nos amat alumnos.
Of the Gender.
The Gender doth diſtinguiſh Nouns betokening Male or Female, phyſically by their ſexes, but otherwiſe doth Gramatically differ ſexies, Nouns having commonly like Declenſion, and conſtantly a like conſtruction unto thoſe which have proper ſexes.
The diſtinct Genders are only three,
1 Maſculine, as Spado, ſermo,
2 the Feminine, as Vulpes, Nubes.
3 The Neuter, as ſcortum ſlagitium.
Annotations.
A Noune cannot be of any more then one of the ſaid three Genders in the ſame Sentence or Conſtruction. But otherwiſe many Nounes by their termination and ſignification, may be ſome of the two firſt, and others of all three Genders; and of this laſt ſort are all Adiectives, which if they have three divers endings, as bonus bona bonum, the firſt as bonus is Maſculine, the ſecond as bona, is Foeminine, the third as bonum, is Neuter; or having two ſeverall endings, as dulcis dulce, the firſt as dulcis is Maſculine or Foeminine, the ſecond as dulce is Neuter; or having but one ending, as faelix, dulcibus, bonis, then ſuch are of all three Genders, called the Common of three.
Subſtantives phyſically betokening both Sexes, hee and ſhee, under the ſame ending, as ſuch by ſignification are both of the Maſculine and Foeminine Gender, called the Nounes of the Common of two, but notwithſtanding in the ſame Sentence, or in a continued Conſtruction they keep conſtantly to one Gender, as Parens de quo dubitatur Africanus eſt.
Other Subſtantives having no reference to diſtinct Sexes, are called Nounes of the doubtfull Gender, being either Maſculine or Foeminine, upon the authority of approved Authors who uſe the ſame promiſcuouſly only in a continued Conſtruction, but not in the ſame Sentence, as nullus eſt dies qua literas non ſcribo. Appellatives of Beaſts, Birds, & Fiſhes, as vulpes, hirundo, paſſer, aquila, Cetus, ſpecially thoſe leaſt converſant with man, though having diſtinct Sexes, yet keep conſtantly to one Gender, moſt agreeable to their termination, and are called Epicoenes.
Exceptions.
Some ſuch Nouns betokening domeſtike creatures, and having a Termination that is not conſtant to one Gender, be of the common of two, as Bos, Sus, Canis, and ſuch like: And others of like ſort, not having reference to any ſex, are doubtfull as Grus, Bubo, with ſuch others.
Of diſtinct Genders knowne by generall RƲLES.
The proper Gender of any Nouns may certainely be known by their ſignification or termination, and ſometimes by combination of both together.
Of Genders knowne by ſignification.
Nouns Phyſically betokening a certaine ſex, if Male, are Maſculines, as Galba, if Female are Feminines, as ſocrus, but filius is Maſculine, and filia feminine, both by ſignification and by termination.
All proper names, and many common Nouns referring to more knowne Appellatives will imitate the ſame, as in ſignification, ſo likewiſe in Gender, ſome few excepted, that follow the Termination conſtant to a certaine Gender.
Of Maſculines following the more knowne Appellative.
The more knowne Appellatives being Maſculines, do for the moſt part communicate the ſame Gender to all proper names, or leſſe known Appellatives ſubordinate ther…unto as Deus, Pan Angelus, Gabriel, Diabolus, Sathanas, fluvius Orontes, but Averna, Gadir, be Neuters by the Terminations, conſtant to that Gender, Mons, Oſſa, but Aetna, is feminine, referring unto Rupes, Ventus, Lybs, but Ornithiae, is feminine, Lapis, Adamas, but Marmor is Neuter, and Chryſtallus feminine, referring unto Gemma, Piſcis, Labrax, but Auxumae is feminine.
Of Feminines following their Appellatives.
The more known Appellatives being feminines, do in like ſort tranſmit their Gender to their reſpective leſſe known Appel…atives, or to proper names belonging thereunto, as Dea, Juno, furia Alecto, mufa Clio, regio Perſis, inſula Cyprus, Urbs Pergamus, but Gabij, Hippo, Acragas, are Maſculines Bactra, Lugdunum, Hiſpal, Proeneſte, Argos, Tibur, Zeugma, be neuters: Herba Baccharis, but Helleborus is Maſculine, Arbor Pinus, but Pinaſter is Maſculine, navis Argo comaedia Eunuchus, fabula Thyeſte…, but in theſe laſt Examples Syntheſis doth ſway the Gender.
Of Neuters knowne by ſignification.
Any part of Speech taken materially for the elementary parts of the word, are of the Neuter Gender, as Amicitia, for Amicitiae vocabulum, Etymologice ſumptum, dictum eſt ab amo. Or taken figuratively, as the Verb or Adverb inſtead of a Subſtantive by Enallage, as ſcire tuum …ihileſt, for ſcientia tua, Cras aliud veniet, for Craſtinus alter; And ſuch are all Aptote Subſtantives, as Tempe, fas, Halec, virus, ſinapi, eornu, nihil, hir, frir, pondo, Chaos, Hippomanes, paſcha, with other exotick, or peregrine words, referring to no Phyſicall ſex, either male or female.
Of Genders knowne by termination.
Nouns Regular, that do not referre either to a Phyſicall ſex, or to a more known Appellative, are beſt diſcerned in their proper Gender, by their Declenſions, where accordingly their proper Gender ſhall be ſpecified.
Of Perſons.
There be three Perſons in both Numbers, both of Nouns and Verbs diſtinguiſhed each from other: The firſt Perſon, as the ſpeaker ſingularly, ego doceo: plurally, nos Docemus, …he ſecond Perſon is ſpoken to, ſingularly, tu diſces, plurally, vos diſcetis. The third Perſon is ſpoken of ſingularly, ille advertat, plurally, illi advertant. And all Nouns whatſoever be of the third perſon, whether Subſtantives (not appoſed to ego, nos, tu, or vos) or Adiectives that have not the ſame for their Subſtantives. Moreover, ego, nos, tu, and vos, are commonly underſtood with Verbs, being never expreſſed but by way of reſtriction or amplification notified by Coniunctions exceptive or Demonſtrative, as in the Syntax will be inſtanced.
Of Enallage.
By Enallage any part of Speech or their affections may be changed one for another; populum late regem, for regnantem; Criminibus terrere novis, for terrebat, Which with other variations, by Tropes and Synonymes, are very uſefull for copiouſneſſe and elegancy of expreſſion, and are moſt neceſſary to gaine or advance good skill in Poetry, as the meeteſt helps to prepare Phraſes for metricall formes. Moreover Enallage hath obtained ſundry names in ſundry reſpects, being called Antimeria, when it changeth parts of Speech, or Antiptoſis, when it changeth Caſes, or Heteroſis changing Genders or Declenſions, or Alloioſis changing other affections.
Of literall and genuine formes of NOƲNES.
The Genuine forms commonly called the kinde of Nouns are two, the Subſtantives and the Adi…ctives, diſtinguiſhed each from other three wayes.
1 The Subſtantive hath a, or the before it, becauſe underſtood of it ſelfe, and it anſwereth to the Queſtion who or what, for clearing the ſenſe of all other parts of ſpeech ioyned therewith in ſtructure. But Adiectives have no ſuch ſigne, becauſe of themſelves, they have no perfect ſenſe, but in reference to their Subſtantives. And therefore Adiectives agree with their Subſtantives, in Caſe, Gender, Numb…, and Perſon.
2 The Subſtantive hath but one Gender, or two at the moſt, but Adiectives have all three Genders.
3 The Subſtantive regularly, hath but one ending in the ſame Caſe, but all Adiectives have two endings, in ſome Caſes, and ſome Adiectives in ſome Caſes have three divers endings.
Plus, and quid with its compounds, as quicquid, aliquid, and the like, are alwayes put Subſtantively. And ſuch are ſometimes other Adiectives of the neuter Gender, having quiddam, or negotium, or verbum, — in the Hebrew, or Chrema in the Greek Idiome, underſtood therewith, as triſte ſenex miles, turpe ſenilis Amor, horrida narrant. Likewiſe other Adiectives of the Maſculine or Feminine Gender, have known Subſtantives to be ſupplyed therewith, as omnis amicus, ſupply homo, Pinguis Ferina, ſupply caro, una triremis, ſupply, navis, meus natalis, ſupply, dies.
Of the variation of parts of Speech.
Subſtantives may be changed unto Adjectives, or contrariwiſe, and either of them to Verbs, or Adverbs, as Ingenium Herois, heroicum ingenium, or ingenioſus Heros, pro dotum copia, or co pioſe dotatus, aevo quolibet locoque, or ſemper et ubique, clareſcet, or audiet clariſſimus, or clariſſime.
The formes or kindes of Subſtantives.
There be two kinds of Subſtantives.
1 Proper names belonging definitly to one, as Homerus. Or 2 Nouns Appellative and common, belonging indefinitely unto any of the ſame rank or condition, as Poeta belonging equally to any of the Poets.
The variation of Nouns proper or common.
Proper names by Tropes put on the nature of Appellatives ſignifying in a borrowed ſenſe, not the perſons, but their conditions, as Hydra for Clades, Metaphorically, Nero, for Tyrannus, Synecdochically, but ſuch are uſed more commonly in the plurall as Ariſto…eles for Philoſophi, Alexandriae, for Ʋ …bes imperatoriae by Synecdoche of the ſpecies, Caii, Decii, Fabricii, for ipſo…um Liberi, by a Metonymie of the cauſe, the Authors giving names unto their families.
Appellatives are contrariwiſe uſed for proper names Antonomaſtically as Clades Lernenſis, for Hydra Lernaea, Tyrannus, for Nero, Philoſophus, for Ariſtoteles, Atrides, for Agamemnon.
Proper names, or Appellatives may be changed one to another by Synonyms.
Paraphraſtically.
Aegyptus for tellus que faecundiſſima Nilo, Pluviae inſcia regna, Arvum genitale Canopi, Deorum prodigioſa parens.
Adulator: Qui vendit fucum fumumque, Morbus amicitiae, Mancipium ventris.
Proverbially.
Qui captat ficum, Cauda blanditur, Sermonem ſeſamo condit, Roſas loquitur, Qui Vulpe b…nignior audit, Et pellax patulas oleum diſtillat in aures.
Emblematically.
Chamaeleon quemlibet …olorem imitans, Corvus cadaverum oculos effodiens, Cervus et fiſtula, Apis in ore mel, ſub cauda ſpiculum gerens, Lupus aſinum titillans.
Aenigmatically.
Placentinorum potius quam Veronenſium ſoboles.
Tropologically.
Aſſentator by Synecdoche of the part; Paraſitus, by a Metonymie of the adjunct, Palpo, Metaphorically fautor et fo or Ironically.
The formes or kindes of Adjectives.
Adiectives are of three ſorts or kinds.
1 Nounes betokening for the moſt partiſome quality.
2. Pronouns, Notifying alwayes the quantity.
3 Participles, ſignifying an Active or Paſive power, capable of intenſion, and thereby diſtinct from any act or paſſion▪ which hath allwayes ſome adſignificance of time, proper to the Verbs, and inconſiſtent with intenſion.
The ſeverall kindes or Formes of Pronounes.
Pronounes conſidered at large, are of two kinds, either Demonſtratives when joyned with their Subſtantives, they ſhew a thing not ſpoken of before: or Relatives, when referring to their Subſtantives, conſtrued in a former Sentence, and then called Antecedents, they reherſe a thing ſpoken of before.