The Latin Grammar, Part 1 · Subpart 39 – Subpart 59
Annotations.
The Pronounes conſidered ſtrictly in their diſtinct formes of quantity are either, 1. Finite and ſingular, as Ego tu ſui ille ipſei hic is and iſte, or 2. Indefinite, being either. 1. particular, as non-nullus quidam aliquis, or 2. univerſall, as omnis nullus. All which are called Redditives when they anſwer to qui or quis, the Interrogatives. And quis or ſuch other deſiſting to be Interrogatives become Redditives, admitting diverſe formes ſuitable to their ſtructure.
Theſe Poſſeſſives meus tuus ſuus noſter veſter Homericus Ciceronianus, and ſuch like anſwering to the Interrogative Cuius may be ſorted with finite Pronounes.
Other Poſſeſſives referring not to peculiar perſons, but unto Countries, as Athenienſis Romanus Cres Libs Arpinas noſtras veſtras with ſuch other, anſwering to the Interrogative Cuias, may ſuit with the Indefinite; In which ranck may be placed likewiſe all the reſt that follow.
The Cardinall Pronounes, as unus duo tres quatuor, and the reſt anſwering unto Quot.
The diſtributives, as bini, trini or binarij, ternarii, and the reſt anſwering to Quoteni.
The multiplicatives, as duplex triplex, &c. anſwering unto Quotuplex.
The Ordinals, as primus ſecundus tertius, &c. anſwering unto Quotus.
The Proportinals, as duplus triplus, &c. anſwering unto Quotuplus.
The Temporals as biduanus bimeſtris biennis, anſwering to Quotennis.
The Frequentatives and Diminutives, as multus nimius paululus, anſwering unto Quantus.
The Comparatives and Superlatives, as doctior and doctiſſimus, anſwering unto Qualis.
Ego tu ſui, being alwaies Subſtantives, have a property to be conſtant to their dictinct perſons, but any other will admit of any perſon agreeable to their Subſtantives; as ſui Caeſarem defendamus, or defendite ſervi Sui and ſuus, are called reciprocals, becauſe they have immediate recourſe to a precedent Subſtantive, either in the ſame Sentence, as trahit ſua quemqu… voluptas, or quiſ que ſua voluptate trahitur, or in a former ſentence reducible to the ſame, as vule nulier u… ipſa & omnia laudentur ſua: or vult ſeſe ac ſua laudari. Hic, iſte, and ille when they referre to three, hic doth point at the laſt and neereſt; iſte at the ſecond neereſt, ille at the firſt and furtheſt. And commonly hic and ille are limited in like manner, when they referre to two. But ille and iſte compared together, Ille r…ferreth to the beſt, and Iſte to the baſeſt.
Of the variation of Pronounes.
Pronounes have much affinity with Adverbes, and are commonly interchanged therewith, whether Interrogatives, as ubi, for quo die aut loco; or Redditives, as hactenus, for uſque ad hunc diem au… locum; or Collectives, as perimus una, for omnes; or Diſtributives, as deferimus ſingulatim for ſinguli; or Numerals, as Nummi dividuntur hipartito, for in duas partes, and by way of equivalence, Caſtra ſimul expugnantur ter quina, for quindecim. Diſtributives paſſing for Cardinals, with Subſtantives that have no ſingular. Adverbes likewiſe ſupplie Diminutives and Frequentatives, either by appoſition, as parum argutus, non ſatis facundus: or by compoſition, as ſubargutus, non perfacundus, for argutulus, haud facundioſus. More inſtances of remiſſion, or intention, follow in the compounds of prepoſitionall Adverbes. And it may be noted, that all Pronounes, as implying, a quantity may be uſed partitively, yet ſuch as have not that ſenſe properly, but adventitiouſly, will not admit the ſtructure of the partitives regularly; for it may be ſaid, facundioſus oratorum, but ſatis facundus, or perfacundus oratorum, will be a barbariſme.
A Relative may be put to ſubſtantives of continued ſignification; as fucos arcent ignavum pecus, or qui ſunt pecus ignavum, or qui ſunt ignavi. And it muſt neceſſarily be ſupplyed with Vocatives after Obliques of the ſecond perſon, or their Poſſeſſives: as Do tibi Maeri meum vinum, bibo Maeri tuumque, for qui es Maeri.
Relatives will change the Participle of the preſent Tenſe, to the Indicative; as ſat luit deſipiens, or qui deſipit, and Participials in bilis, or Futures in aus, to the Subjunctive, as p…trem reperies exorabilem, or exorandum, or qui exoretur. And ſometimes they are changed to Conjunctive Adverbes cauſall; as Te felicom arbitror, qui, or quoniam probus audis Sometimes they ceaſe by repitition of the Antecedent, with ſi dum cum quia qu…mvis: as ſat proſeciſti, cu… (or cum tibi) Cicero placeat; Scelus admittis quod (or quamvis ſeelus) abhorres. And if both Sentences be Negatives, by changing the laſt to niſi, as null…s homo miſer, quem non (or niſi hominem) Deus odit.
Interrogatives may be changed to their Redditives, with Num or ſuch like Adverbes; (as quot, or an, utrum, nunquid lot) cahortes duxiſti, Quam paucas (or nonne paucas) reducis.
Theſe reſolutions young Scollers ſhould bee trained to make readily, as their certaine Guide to finde out the ſtructure of Interrogatives, at farre diſtance from the words, whetherto they do referre.
Likewiſe Relatives for the ſame end may be changed to Demonſtratives, as Stolidum reo…, quem tam dilucida nedum intelligere conſtat; or ſi conſta… eum nedum intelligere tam dilucida.
The figure of Nounes.
By the figure Nounes are either primitive, as the originals not exceeding ordinarily one or two ſyllables, as ſors triſtis, or Derivatives, as deſcending thence, which if they come but of one originall, are called ſimples, and if from two or more, they are called Compounds.
Of ſimple Nounes derivative.
Nounes ſimply derivative, are either Verbals, as ſuadela ſuaſorius, or adverbialls, as internus extraneus, or Denominatives coming either from proper names, being patronymicals: as Hectorides Phoronis, being Gentiles, as Macedo Libyſſa: or from Appellatives, being Poſſeſsives, Frequentatives, Diminutives, Comparatives, or Superlatives, as herbarius, herboſus, herbula herbaceus, herbidior and herbidiſſimus.
The ſeverall endings of Nounes verball.
Subſtantives end in a, antia arium arius Scriba iactantia auctarium emiſſarius, ber. bra. brum. bula, bulum, tuber ſcatebra ventilabrum fabula, ſtabulum, orum culum, fulcrum, vinculum, and by ſyncope v…nclum do. uredo ela, entia, es, eus, ſuadela, ſapientia, teges abigeus, …go, imago, for imitago, ta, il, ile, io, is ius, furia, pugil, cubile, legio, meſſis, genius, lum, jaculum; men, mentum, mes, monia, ſolamen, alimentum, fomes, alimonia, na. num, nus, urina regnum colonus. or, dolor, trina, tru. trum, trus, tum, doctrina tonitru, aratrum, tonitrus, viretum, ver, ul, ulis, ultus, ur, us, cadaver, conſul, curulis, tumultus, fulgur, mergus, ex. ux. vindex, dux. Supine Verbals end in ſio. ſor. ſo…ium, ſum, ſura, ſus: as cenſio, cenſor, cenſorium, p…nſum, cenſura, cenſus: tio. tor. torium, trix. trum, tum, tura, tus. lectio, lector, tentorium, motrix, lectrum, tectum, lectura, lectus. xamen. xio. xor. xorium. xum, xura, xus. flexamen, flexio, …ixor, frixorium, frixum, flexura, nexus.
Adjectives end in arius, actuarius, bilis, bris, bundus, flebilis, lugubris, palabundus, cer, cris, crus, culus, cundus, cus. volucer, volucris, ludicrus, ridiculus, iracundus caducus. dis, dus, viridis, pallidus, er. es. piger, deſes, ilis, itius, jus, vtilis, for vtibilis, fictitius, anxius, lus, nus, orius, rus, vlcus ivus, us, uus, ax. ox. pendulus, plenus, oratorius, avarus, biulcus, ſativus, probus, cae duus, tenax, praecox.
The ſeverall endings of Nounes adverbiall.
Adverbiall Adiectives end in aneus, arius extraneus, contrarius, cus, anticus. er. ernus, erus, exter, externus, or exterus, gnus, benignus, in quus, propinquus, ius nimius, dinus, tinus, perendinus, diutinus, and ſuch like of time, and mediaſtinus of place, except ſuch Nounes are compounded with tenus.
Sundry endings of Denominatives from proper Names.
Patronymicks Maſculine, end in ades, ides, ion; and Plurall in adae, or idae, Anchiſiades, Iliades, Maenetiades Atlaentiades, Aeacides, Pelides, Japetion, Oedipodion, Aeneadae, Romulidae, Aegidae. Foeminines end in as, ine, is, one. Theſtias, Ilias, Pelias, Phaetontias, Nerine, Adraſtine, Acrifione, Nereis, Inachis, Latois; whereto may be added Maſculines in ta, as Donatiſta, Jacobita, and ſuch other, denominating Sectaries from their firſt Authors.
Gentile Suſtantives have for endings an, ar, as, ax. Acarnan Car Arcas, Noſtras, Thrax. ens. er. es, eſſa, Laurens, Ser, Cres, Creſſa. ibs. idae. ins. ir. is. iſſa. ix. Libs, Numidae, Tyrins, Trevir, Samnis, Aethiopiſſa, Cilix. o. on. ops. os. ox. Brito, Lacon, Aethiops, Tros, Capadox. ta. tes. tis. Iſraelita. Spartiates, Spartiatis. ur. urs. us. Ligur, Tiburs, Anglus, ys, yſſa, yx. Libys, Libyſsa, Japyx.
Gentile Adiectives Poſſeſſive have terminations, anus, arius, aticus, Romanus, Dardanarius, Apolloniaticus. enſis, enus, eius, eus. Athenienſis, Abydenus, Aetneius, Maroneus. iacus. icus, ius inus. Aegyptiac…s, Aegypticus, Aegyptius, Agrigentinus.
Adjectives ending in alis, anus, aris, filialis, montanus, familiaris, ber. bris. cer. cris. cus. ſaluber, muliebri…, alacer, alacris, magicus, enſis ernus. eus. caſtrenſis, paternus, meus, aureus, inus, itimus. ius, ivus. vicinus, legitimus, regius, feſtivus, ſter, ſtis, ſtris. ſtus. uus. noſter, caeleſtis, campeſtris, honeſtus, tuus, annuus. All which reſpectively may be poſſeſſive.
Frequentatives end uſually in tus. idus. lentus. licus. lus. orus. oſus. fortunatus, herbidus, violentus, famelicus, nubilus, Ʋxorius, piſcoſus. Diminutives being both Subſtantives and Adjectives, notefying alwayes an abatement, and that often with indignity, and ſometimes with flattery, and ſeldomeſt with modeſty, do end in ella. ellum. ellus. opella, flagellum, cultellus, or illa. illum. illus. mammilla, ſigillum, pugillus, tantillus, ola. olium. olum. olus- filiola, epiſtolium, ingeniolum, filiolus, ula. uleus. ululus ulum. ulus. adoleſcentula, equuleus, homululus, fruſtulum, adoleſcentulus, ridiculus, ſenecio, homuncio floſculus, dicaculus, grandiuſculus, ramunculus, ſio. ſter. puſio, Grammaticaſter.
Materialls end in aceus. alis. arius. aticus. hordeaceus, aqualis, aquarius, aquaticus, etus. eus. cus. inus. ius. itius. querc…tus, querceus, quercicus, quercinus quercius, lateritius, gnus abieguus, if it be not compounded with genus, …a…us. quernulanus, or querqueculanus, neus. nus. querueus, quernus.
Comparatives end conſtantly in or, and Superlatives in mus, as prior, primus,.
Of forming Comparatives and Superlatives.
Adiectives whoſe ſignification may increaſe or be diminiſhed, being put abſolutely without exceſſe, as durus hard are called Poſitives, or ſomewhat exceding the poſitive in a proportion, between two having the Engliſh ending in er or the ſigne more ſet before it, as harder or more hard be called Comparatives, or ſurpaſſing all others of like kind, having the Engliſh ending in eſt, or the ſigne moſt before it as hardeſt, or moſt hard, be called Superlatives.
Comparatives and Superlatives are both formed from their Poſitives ending in i whereto the Comparatives adde the termination or. and the Superlatives add ſſimus, ſo duri maketh durior and duriſſimus, likewiſe triſti maketh triſtior and triſtiſſimus.
Exceptions.
Poſitives that end in er and ur apocopated have rimus put thereto, in forming the Superlative, as niger nigerrimus, celer celerrimus, matur maturrimus, And ſome few that end in lis, change that to llimus, as humilis humillimus, ſo facilis and ſimilis with their Compounds and with ſome Authors, gracilis, agilis, docilis, but with others theſe three laſt keep the Generall Rule, and all Adiectives beſides, which end in lis, as nobilis nobilior nobiliſſimus.
Of irregular Comparatives and Superlatives.
Some Adiectives are uſed onelyonly to one of the three former degrees in ſignification, as for example. To the Superlative onelyonly maximus, minimus, optimus, peſſimus,. To the Comparative onelyonly maior, minor, melior, peior. To the Poſitive onelyonly, as all Nounes either incapable of intenſion and remiſſion, being extreames; as aeternus, mom…ntaneus, praecipuus, gregarius; or equall in their condition; whether firſt of nature, being Nounes materiall, as faginus; or fignifying the ſpecies of time or place, as bimulus, diurnus, meridionalis; or being derivatives from proper names, as Paſchalis, Eous: or of relation, as all Pronounes being pronominally taken for tuiſſimus, as patruiſſimus, and Neronior is uſed for tibi ſimillimus, depoſing the proper ſenſe, or of adſignificance, being Participles of the firſt Future, never admitting a compariſon, becauſe they never faile to ſignifie an expreſſe time. But Participles of the ſecond Future, are uſed onelyonly to the Superlative, and that with late Writers, not with Claſſick Authors. And Participles of the Preſent & the Preterrenſes, when they deſiſt to ſignifie time, do become Nounes, and admit Compariſons; as amans, amantior, amantiſſimus, doctus, doctior, doctiſſimus.
Other Adiectives are by uſe unmoveable, which end in ar. or ur. bundus crus. cus. eps. es. eus. ius. lus. mus. ſter. ſtus. uus. ſeldome admitting a Comparative, or Superlative degree, ſaving by a ſupplement of magis, and maxime, or ſuch like, anſwering to more and moſt, the ſignes thereof in engliſh, as the Poſitive diſpar, hath for Comparative magis diſpar, for the Superlative maxime diſpar, and ſo in the reſt.
Some Adiectives want the Poſitive onelyonly, as plus plurimum, deterior deterrimus, magnificentior magnificentiſſimus and ſuch like Compounds of dico, loquor, volo.
Some want Comparatives onelyonly, as conſultus, diverſus, falſus, fidus, inclytus, invictus, inviſus, invitus, meritus, novus, nuperus, pius, ſacer, ſtrenuus.
Some Adiectives, want onelyonly the Superlatives, as adoleſcens, ingens, iuvenis, ſalutaris, ſatur, ſenex, taciturnus, and proximus, imitating a Poſitive doth make proximior onelyonly.
The variation of Comparatives and Superlatives.
Comparatives or Superlatives leaving the nature of Partitives, are uſed abſolutely for Poſitives; as celerior celerrimus, or celerius celerrime, huc advolaſti, for celer, or celeriter.
Likewiſe Comparatives may take the place of Superlatives, as multo praeſtantior omnibus ille, for praeſtantiſſimus omnium. And contrariwiſe Superlatives may take the place of Comparatives, fidiſſimus ille duorum, for fidelior.
Superlatives may be changed and diverſly rendred, either by Adverbes of intenſion put unto the Poſitive, as apprime doctus, perdite nefarius, nequicquam infauſtus, undi que probus; or by Adverbes of remiſſion with a Negative, as haud parum, or mediocriter letus, or with Adverbes of likeneſſe, referring to ſingularity, as alous vt nix, or tropologically, when proper Names or ſome Appellatives ſtand for Adiectives; as Theſeus, for fidiſſimus, decus & tutela Pelaſgum, for incly…ſſimus, and ſuch others.
Some Poſitives have the force of Superlatives affirmatively, as princeps omnium: or negatively, nulli ſecundus; or any Poſitive conſtrued with a Genirive plurall of its owne Subſtantive, as impiger fluminum, nigra lanarum. Superlatives may be expreſſed by Hebraiſmes, as putum putum argentum, flos florum, ſapiens conſiliariorum, vir ſanguinum, populus electionis, dulcis prae nectare, excelſus ſupra Gentes. Superlatives may be implyed in Paraphraſes, as vir, ſi quiſquam alius, bonae frugi, impertum obtinens, nulli cedens, parem nuſquam inventurus, palma dignus, nullum non ſupera…ns, and ſuch others.
Of Compounds.
Compounds come either from entire words, whether two rects and both Subſtantives, as jusjurandum; or two rects, the one a Subſtantive, and the other an Adiective, as reſpublica, or both rect Adiectives, as alteruter; or a rect and oblique both Subſtantives, as paterfamilias, or oblique and rect, both Adiectives, as levidenſis; or oblique Subſtantive, and rect Adiective, as juriſperitus, or two rects Adiectives, with an Advebe, as unuſquiſ que where all rects are onelyonly variable, and the reſt unmoveable. Or Compounds come from words impaired, commonly the former, as grandaevus, ſometimes both, as aprugnus: Sometimes words compounded be of divers tongues, as epitogium, pariſyllabicum ambactus: Sometimes the ſimples are ob…olet ſaving in compoſition, either both, as completus, or the former as difficilis veſanus, or the latter, as deſenſio, and ſuch are all encliticals, as egomet, tute, idem quidam, quiſpiam, quicun que hicce, ſuapte. Some for euphony take increaſe of letters, as reditus, and ſome change the firſt Vowell of the latter ſimple, as inimicus, pertinax. Moreover Compounds with Claſſick Authors, are much more in uſe then the ſimple words, both as more ſignificant, tending to briefe deſcriptions, and as affoording more variety in the reſolutions, whereof the firſt is found in compoſition of Nounes and Verbes, inſtanced in the variation of Subſtantives, and the other in Compoſition of Nounes or Verbes, with prepoſitionall Adverbes, which will be inſtanced in that place.
The peculiar affections of Nounes.
Affections proper unto Nounes, are three, Caſe, Declenſion, and Gender.
Of Caſes.
Caſes are divers endings of Nounes in either of both numbers, being regularly foure, the Nominative, Gentrive, Dative, and Accuſative.
Of the Nominative.
The Nominative called alſo the Rect, in oppoſition to al other Caſes, called Obliques, goeth before a Verb Perſonall, which doth agree therewith in perſon and number, or elſe cometh after a verb ſubſtantive in appoſition to the Nomnitive going before it, as neceſſitas eſt artium magiſtra.
Annotations.
Some Greek Nounes are found irregular, being redundnant in the Nominative ſingular of ſome Declenſions by caſting away s. as Thomas, Thoma, Crhyſes, Chryſe, in the firſt, Orpheus, Orpheu, in the ſecond, Oedipus, Oedipu, Aias, Aia, Pallas, Palla, Alexis, Alexi, Paris Pari, Simoeis Simoei in the third. All which are proper names, and ſome Latine Nouns Appellatives, caſt away us. as from meus, being with old Authors mius cometh mi, from genius, geni, from filius fili, and from all proper names, as Caius Cai, Georgius Georgi, Aemilius Aemili, and ſuch like. And all other both proper and common Nouns of the ſecond Declenſion ending in us (Deus only excepted) will change us to e. imitating therein Nouns of the third Declenſion in the Greek, as optime Feſte nequaquam, inſ…nio
Laſtly all Nounes in ſuch redundant Terminations being rectes, becauſe they are never derived from the Genitives, are only of the ſecond perſon, ſingular ſpoken to, and therefore called Vocatives to diſtinguiſh them from the regular Terminations, which are uſed indifferently for any of the three perſons.
Of the Genative.
The Geniti…e ſo called, becauſe thence are …ormed all other Obliques and Derivatives, may be known in Engliſh by the ſigne of before …t, or by the encliticall s. added thereunto, and …n latine by being the latter of two Subſtan…ives, that have divers ſignifications, as Di…cipuli Magiſter, the Maſter of the Schollar, or …he Scholars Maſter. But the Genitive con…trued with adiectivall Nouns or Verbs have the …o…mer Subſtantives underſtood, being eaſily to …e ſupplyed, as the more known Appellatives, referring to their ſubordinate ſpecies of place, time, praiſe, price, cryme, puniſhment, order, meaſure, or ſome peculiar reſpect, as vivit Romae, ſupply Urbe, abeſt bidui, ſupply ſpacio vel itinere, ejuſmodi eſt probitatis, ſupply Virtute, venalis teruncii, ſupply precio, reus furti, ſupply, crimine damnatus exilii, ſupply poena, poetarum doctiſſimus, ſupply ordine, or numero, liber ſex digitorum craſſus, ſupply menſura, inops fide, promiſſorum dives, rerum ſuarum ſatagit, alienarum immemor, ſupply ratione. Moreover Genitives being the latter of two Subſtantives, are often changed to the Datives, as filius Heri, or Hero.
Of the Dative.
The Dative is conſtrued with any part of Speech, being either put acquiſitively with reference to the end or obiect, having in Engliſh the ſigns to, or for, as obviat, or venit obviam, or obvius mihi, or elſe Ablatively with reference to ſome cauſe, part, or ſpecifical circumſtance, having the ſigns from, through, in, with, by, & after the Comparative degree, the ſigne then, being the Engliſh of prepoſitionall Adverbs expreſly put thereto, o… otherwiſe underſtood therewith, as ab Italia diſceſſit, quia prae ebrietate bacchabatur, poſtmodum Athenis exceptus, herbis ſanatus eſt a Medico, ſociis omnibus ſobrior.
Annotations.
The Ablative in regard of a redundant termination found only in the ſingular not of all, but of ſome Declenſions, hath paſſed for a diſtinct latine caſe (which the Greek, a mother tongue unto the Latine hath never owned) And therefore it were more equall to account the ſame a redundant Dative by the ſame law, whereby the Vocative is concluded to be a redundant Nominative. For to make either of them a diſtinct caſe, would require the ſame to have a diſtinct ending in both numbers and all Declenſions, according to an equall Rule required alike in every Caſe, wherein both theſe redundants faile. Moreover (as the Nominative is frequently uſed to the ſecond Perſon (for a Vocative) ſo the regular Dative is often uſed promiſcuouſly for the redundant Ablative, as proximus Regi, or a rege, id mihi, or mecum commune, ali…nus ambitioni, or ambitione, oratori, or ab oratore diverſus eſt Poeta, tibi or a te fama petatur, Virgilius Homero comparatur, or cum Homero, formido tibi, or de te, robori, or robore fidens, tibi, or tecum certabo, vitia haec inſunt amori, or in amore, voſmet eripite ſlammae or ſlamma, with many more.
Of the Accuſative.
The Accuſative called in Greek the Cauſative, as pointing ordinarily at ſome cauſe, followeth a Verb tranſitive, bring the Active or Deponent, or a Verb neuter being o… the ſame ſignification with it, or elſe goeth before an infinitive mood, as veritatem tueri, haud eam labectare Judicis eſt, villicus provectam aetatem vivens, ſuam ſenectutem o…iari dedignatur.
Otherwiſe the Accuſative conſtrued with Verbs neuter of different ſignification from it is Ellipticall, having underſtood therewith either an infinitive of ſome Verb Tranſitive, or more commonl… ſome prepoſitionall …, as Id poſſumus, ſupply agere, quod probos …ece, for apud probos, but moſt uſually the Prepoſitions ſerving thereunto are expyeſied therewith, as per mare veniunt in Britannian.
Of Declenſions.
All variable Nounes are ranged according to their mutuall Analogy among themſelves, to five diſtinct forms, and thence are called Nouns of the firſt, or ſecond, or third, or fourth, or fifth Declenſion; for the Declenſion is a diſtinct form or way of varying Nounes, according to their ſeverall Caſes or Terminations.