The Latin Grammar, Part 2
THE TRUE REASON OF A RIGHT SYNTAX.
THe Syntax is a congruous and orderly diſpoſall of all the parts of Speech, requiring with congruity of words a meet placeing of the ſame in Proſe or Poems. And it is two fold, Analogicall in the ſimple and common cuſtom of Conſtruction, or Anomalous, when ſwarving thence, it hath for Authority the conſtant practiſe of approved claſſick writers▪ And this laſt doth figurat either the Conſtruction of ſimple ſentences, or the elocution of the whole ſpeech.
Of Analogicall Conſtruction.
The Analogicall Conſtruction is two fold, by Concordance, or by Conſequence.
Of Concordance.
By Concordance a Subſtantive or any part of Speech put Subſtantively having a regent power will require any Noune or Verb depending thereon to agree therewith in its proper affections. Tum capitale nefas operoſa diluit arte vir nequam.
Of Conſequence.
It was a common error generally received, that every oblique did belong to a certaine regence of ſome particular part of Speech, which miſtake hath multiplyed Rules, and thereby ſtunned al young Students without cauſe; for the ſtructure of oblique Subſtantives (which are no Appoſitions▪) do not depend upon the regence of any part of Speech, but upon a conſequence, or in purſuance of a certrine ſenſe and meaning of the precedent leading word, what part of Speech ſoever it be, as in that reſpect indifferent to the ſtructure of any oblique. Wherefore either Verb, or Noune, or Adverb, ſtanding for a guide, as it, ſhareth in the ſame ſignification, ſo it will be joyned to the ſame oblique, in conſtruction, as Hoſtibus occurrite, or obvii, or obviam ite.
Sometimes ſeverall oblique Subſtantives referring to the ſame leader for limitations of ſeverall circumſtances make with it one predicat anſwering to a rect Subſtantive precedent, as to the Subject. Sponte domi trepidante manu ſibi detrahit oſtrum.
Of Anomalous Conſtruction.
The Anomalous conſtruction is made by ſix figures altering the ordinary Syntax of words, to wit, by Enallage, Hypallage, Ellipſis, Pleonaſmus, Zeugma, and Syllepſis, whereof the two laſt belong only unto Concordance, the fourth only to a Conſequence, and the three firſt may concerne either of both.
Enallage is a figure that changeth parts of Speech and their affections each with another, whereof before in the Etymologie. Hypallage doth tranſferre Subſtantives or Adjectives, being the ſame, or different Caſes, and ſometimes different Genders having ſome mutuall dependance amongſt themſelves each to the others place, as Pectus quoque robor a fiunt, where Robora the laſt of both rects doth ſtand for regent, and pectus put in Appoſition thereto is taken collectively for all parts of the breaſt. So Amantium irae amoris eſt redintegratio, where id may be Elliptically underſtood with irae a Genitive Singular, elſe, as a rect of a Noune plurall only it may be appoſed to the regent Singular. Likewiſe praeclarae virtutis homo, for precla…us virtute. Auri ſacra fames, for ſacri. Solſtitium pecori defende, for Solſtitio defende pecus, date-claſſibus auſtros, for claſſes auſtris. In nova fert animus mulat…s dicere formas, for corpora in novas formas mutata.
…llipſis doth figurate the conſtruction, when ſome word that is very obvious, but wanting, muſt be ſupplyed, having common inſtances in moſt Rules.
Eleonaſmus is a redundance of words, where ſome may be ſpared, were it not of purpoſe to make the ſentence more remarkable, as abſtinet a Vino, pridie eius diei, or calendarum, ubi gentium quo terrarum abiit, nuſquam loci invenitur tua ſolius culpa eſt hiſce oculis egomet vidi meis auribus audivi, ſic ore locutus, vitam voxit improbam, morte obii… repentina, rebus gaudens ſecundis laetatu, berbae ſub ſibi ſucco victitant.
Zeugma doth figurate the concordance, when a Verb or Adiective agreeing with the neareſt regent Subſtantive, is to be ſupplyed in a congruous number, perſon, caſe, and gender, with all other regents having reſpect thereto, whether ſet before or after without any Copulatives or with them, as Ego de patre, Tu de liberis, omnes de Bello percontati ſunt. Socus & Claſse relicta.
After Adverbs of exception or compariſon, the Verb or A…iective will beſt agree with the remoteſt regent. Cui nemo niſi mulieroulae indignatus eſſet. Ego ſicut faenum lotus lareſco.
If a Verb or Adiective be placed with a regent Noune of multitude, having parts that follow wherewith it may be ſupplyed, or if the ſame be placed with any part being underſtood with the reſt then it is called Prolepſis, as Populus vivit, al…i in penuria, in deliciis alii. Impliciti laqueis nudus uterque iacet, where the Diſtributive uterque muſt be reſolved to the parts, Mars nudus, Venus nuda, being an implicite Prolepſis.
Syllepſis doth affect the concordance, when many regents copulated whereof ſome or all be ſingular do govern a Verb or Adiective plurall agreeing with the worthier regent in Perſon or Gender, the firſt of both being worthieſt, and the ſecond next in dignity, as Tu & Uxor eſtis valetudinarii. Ego, filia tum ſervitiis omnibus moribundae ſebricitamus. So the Prepoſition cum with the Ablativall caſe doth often take the place of a rect and copulative, Juradabant Rhemus cum fratre Quirino, for et Frater: But in proſe the Verbs or Adiectives would beſt agree with rects, being ſeldome altered by the oblique, except it be with Poets, and that harſhly if the oblique be a Pronoune, as Divellimur inde Iphitus & Pelias mecum: In things without life the neuter commonly paſſeth for the worthieſt Gender Divitiae Decus honor omnia in oculis ſita ſunt. And ſometimes in living things, Judaei ſuem leporem aut cygnum guſtare nolunt, quae tamen alunt lueri gratia: ſometimes when the Copulated regents concurre in the ſame Gender, the Adjective doth agree with them. Grammatica olim & Muſica iunctae ſunt. Sometimes the copulated being adiuncts of men, whatſover their own Gender be, will admit of adjectives Maſculine. Inventus praecipueque mancipiae morigeri ſunto, which is a Metonymie.
Many Adiectives Singular copulated may agree with a Subſtantive plurall: Magna minorque ferae, Colores albus, ater & viridis in Iride ſpectantur, which are an implicite Prolepſis.
Laſtly, if divers regents are included in a Collective or Diſtributive, which may be reſolved to hic & ille, alter & alter, being equivalent with a Copulate, and the Verb or Adiective doth agree with them only in ſignification, not in their proper affections of Number and Gender, then it is called of late Writers Syntheſis, Tota Gens in ſeipſos armati, uterque deluduntur, Terrae Titania proles fulmine deiecti, for Titanes, hoc pecus omne meum multae quoque montibus errant, where Oves or Caprae, a ſpecificall kind muſt be ſupplyed from the generall word pecus. Servitia repudiavit qui catervatim concurrebant, by a Metonomy of the adiunct. Latium & Capua multati ſunt agro, for Latini & Capuenſes, by a Metonomia of the Continent. Vos o Calliope placidas praebete Canenti, for Muſae quarum ipſa dux erat, by a Synecdoche of the ſpecies, Capita coniurationis crucibus affixi, by a Metaphor. Other examples paſſe under the name of Syntheſis where ſome known Appellatives are underſtood Elliptically, as plus quam duo millia caeſi, where hominuns ſhould be ſupplyed, Rex tibi praecipimus, for Ego cum P…oceribus, nobis praeſente, for Praeſide cum Aſſeſſor…bus. Other inſtances having no equivalence with a Copulate, cannot be a ſtructure by Syntheſis, but by plaine Ellipſis, as in Eunucho ſua, where muſt be ſupplyed Comaedia, Praeneſte ſub ipſa, ſuply Urbe, Centauro, in m…gna, ſupply Navi.
The Concordance of continued Subſtantives.
A regent Subſtantive will require any other Subſtantives in a continued ſignification commonly called Appoſition, be they few or many to agree with it ſelfe alwayes in perſon, and regularly in Caſe and Number, as Authorem perdis ſcelerum origo & fome…, otium, fatis authoribus iſtaec tot mala contingunt: where the latter continued Subſtantives declare the nature of the former; ſometimes by adding property, as in the former inſtances, ſometimes by clearing an ambiguity, as Leo ſydus caeleſte, ſometimes by reſtraining generality, as Ludi Conſualia.
The appoſed figuratively may be a Genitive with a regent of any other caſe by Antiptoſis, as Urbs Antiochiae, for Antiochia, tranſit flumen Rheni, for Rhenum; And it muſt be a Genitive, with a regent poſſeſſive ſtanding for the ſame Caſe of the Primitive by Enallage, as Tuum oculat teſtis indicium elevari nequit, for Tui indicium.
Likewiſe the appoſed may be of a different number, which being plurall only, will agree with a regent ſingular, as, Egot uae deliciae. And contrariwiſe Pariſii Metropolis, or being a regular Noune plurall may agree with a regent collective ſingular, as, Senatu patriae praedonibus And contrariwiſe, ſunt pecus igaavum fuci. Or with many regents ſingular copulated, Philippus & Maria Reges Angliae. And contrarywiſe, Servitia famulu… cum famula vili acquiſivit.
Laſtly, the appoſed being moveable Subſtantives muſt accord in Gender with the regent, Enſis victor, hafla vel ferrum victrix, the Neuter agreeing beſt with feminines of nouns unmovable to the neuter. A Nominative after an Indicative or the Accuſative ſtanding inſtead thereof after an Infinitive of Verbs Subſtantive, having the nature of definitions, are appoſed to their defined regents in a continued ſignification; for no word can be governed of any more then one regent in the ſame reſpect, as, Honor eſt virtutis calcar, nuptiae dignoſcuntur hon… ſtior conditio quam iucundtor, Muſae habentur, literatiſſima Cohors. Ego ſalutor matris deliciae. Ars vocatur inopum divitiae la…d bus arguitur vini Bacchator Homerus. Vos mallem amicos eſſe quam haberi. Circenſes curule certamen vocari conſtat, where the verbs Subſtantive do conſtantly accord with regents, but Participles ſignifying to be eſteemed, or called, or a Relative, ioyned with other Moods reduced thence, may indifferently accord either with the regent or with the appoſed Subſtantive. Paſſim clareſcit Lutetia vocata, or voca…i Pariſii quae vocatur, or qui vocantur Pariſiii, quam, or quos vocant Pariſios. And if both be Appellatives that betoken things inanimate, then ſuch Participles do commonly accord with the appoſed, Paupertas viſum eſt onus, omnis error non eſt habenda ſtultitia. And they conſtantly agree with the appoſed, when both referre to Men. Opibus congerendis ſtudent Gens univerſadicti Veneli, or, quos vocant venetos, Proles Aeneia condidit Albam, qui fertur Julus, or by variation, Cui nomen Julus, or Juli, or Julium. Likewiſe ſuch being appoſed, require a concordance of any Adiective following, Fulmina belli Scipiadae caeſi. Laſtly, an Apellative appoſed to a proper name will requi…e the regence. Apiolae Latino um opid…m captum eſt, Bihlia ſacer co…ex e… aſſiaue revolvendus.
Moreover Datives conſtrued with, dabis, dato, datur, libet l…cet, expedit aequum neceſſe opu eſt, and ſuch other as they take the place of Accuſatives before the Infinitives of Verbs Subſtantive or paſſive of eſteem or calling, ſo they admit the Appoſitions following the ſaid Infinitives to be either Datives or Accuſatives anſwerable to the Accuſatives to be ſupplyed from thence. Do tibi dum bonus es, juſto ſanctoque videri, a quum eſt piis cenſeri innoxiis, non datur vobis haberi civibus, or cives, mihi neo libet nec licet eſſe negligenti, or negligentem, where vos from vobis, and me from mihi, ſhould be ſupplyed with Cives and negligentem.
The Concordance of Adjectives.
Adiectives whether Nouns, Pronouns or Participles agree with their Subſtantives, being of the ſame ſentence with them, in Perſon, Caſe, Gender, and Number: vos omnes habiti, eſtis infidi, but a Pronoune Relative being of another ſentence, may be of another Caſe, then the Antecedent Subſtantive, which is to be ſupplyed therewith. …aeta…ies quam nulla poteſt involvere Nubes for quam diem, and any Participle wherein a Relative is included muſt have the antecedent ſubſtantive ſupplied Coguntur Superi, renuit mora nulla vocatos, Supply, Superos, and ſometimes to avoid ambiguity, the Subſtantive is repeated with a Relative to cleare the ſenſe. Laus eſt virtutis merces quam mercedem ventoſi tan… …mmodo a…petunt, and the Subſtantive is oft repeated without neceſſity, diem ſcito eſſe nullam quo die pro …s non agam. Sometimes the regent Subſtantive is transferred from the principall ſentence and made the ſame Caſe with the Relative, changed to a Demonſtrative by Antiptoſis. Quam ſtruo domum veſtra erit And a Relative plurall conſtrued with a partitive Singular, may be changed from the Genitive, and made the ſame Caſe with it. Nubium flatus varii quibus al…o ſinduntur alio perrum unlur, or qui alius cas findit alius perrumpit, being Prolepſis. Sometimes the Relative is put in the Antecedents Caſe Greekwiſe, Aliquid corum ſcribe quo…um for quae conſueviſti. Sometimes the precedent Verb is to be ſupplyed therewith. L… g…m edicito quam tibi videtur, ſupply edic…adam eſſe.
Sometimes qui is uſed for qualis, and being plurall, referring to an Antecedent Singular, the antecedent muſt be underſtood ſpecifically, not individually. Eunuchum deperit quibus Reginae tantum utuntur. Qualis & quantus: being Relatives agree alwayes with the latter Subſtantive. Tales viros eſſe putas, qualis famina. Tanta tibi ſides, quanta opes. And ſuch Relatives may be changed unto Adiectives with Comparative Adverbs, tam and quam, as tam optimum oleum quam acerbiſſi…a erit olea, for tale obeum qualis olea, Sol tantus, quanta on…rus rota, or Sol tam magnus quam …ota.
Adiectives uſed Adverbially are engliſhed after Verbs Active or Neuter, betokening quality, time, or poſture. And anſwering to a precedent regent Subſtantive Oxoniam petit …ibens & frequens, for libenter & frequenter. Oportet nos matu…inos agere, for mane, ſaltat ſubrius, …bit cubitum inc…natus, incedit rectus, do…mit ſupinus.
Diſtributives being plurall only are properly ioyned with regents that want the Singular: Singuli proceres, binae literae, t…rna caſtrae. Pronounes partitive have much affinity with Subſtantives, for as regents they require a concordance of finit Verbs in perſon and number, and of Adiectives in Caſe, Gender, Perſon and Number. Nullus ſuperum ſpernetur inultus, ſupply with Superum numero, or conſortio, where the principall regent being the Genitive plurall doth allwayes leave an impreſſe of its owne perſon and Gender in the partitive.
The partitive being a Superlative placed between two Subſtantives of a continued ſignification may agree with either of them, but more properly with the regent. Inedia frangitur Leo animallum fortiſſimus, or fortiſſimum, or Animal fortiſſimum, being then indefinite.
The Genitive of the principall regent after Superlatives may be changed to the Accuſative with ante. Roſa ante alios ſtores ſuaviſſimus, or to the Accuſative with inter, or to the Ablative with e. de. ex. after any partitive, Natu maximus veſtrum inter vos e. or de vobis, Manuum, or e manibus, or inter manus dextra eſt fortior, Zonarum, de Zonis, or inter Zonas media. Hoc operum mihi crede tu…rum, or ex operibus, or inter opera. Ego fratrum, or e fratribus ſuperſtes, nigra Lanarum coloribus inepta, Craeſus divitum, u…us, ſolus, or ſuch like being Ellipticall. Other inſtances are Graeciſmes. Degeneres canum, improbi hominum, Sociorum opportuni, acer equorum, uſed for Superlatives.
The Partitive Superlatives may refer to diverſe or contrary kindes. Sic ego ſum rerum non ultima Sexte tuarum, rerum omnium mors eſt extremum, bona exiſtimatio eſt omnium prima, hominum eſt malorum optimus bonorum peſſimus. And ſometimes the regent is repeated with the Partitive, as the Antecedent with the Relative, Oculorum dexter oculus caecu…t. Laſtly, the principall regent may be a Genitive ſingular being a Collective. Pompeii ſanguinis unus, …uventutis peſſimus.
The ſame Pronouns deſiſting to be Partitives agree with their Subſtantives, in all four affections like other Adiectives, Ʋnus hoſtis, alter amious eſt, utrunque ſpe…nis.
Subſtantives Greek-wiſe are uſed for Adiectives being no Appoſitions. Dat marem ſtrepitum, for maſculum, habet heroas ſenſus, amat iuvenes …ocos, Romula tellus. Qu…m populum late regem cognevimus.
Any Adiective Neutrall in either of both numbers, may be put Subſtantively, quiddam, negotium verbum, or Chrema being underſtood, varium & mutabile ſemper faemina, and ſuch may be Subſtantives to any other Adiectives, as mala ſunt ferenda, but more commonly the Pronouns. Omne rarum charum pau…a his ſimilia, and ſuch may be underſtood with Participles that forme the Preter tenſe of the Infinitive, nocet eſſe locutum, ſupply id. Laſtly Pronouns of quantity being Neuters Singular, are uſually conſtrued with a Genitive of any Subſtantive, wherewith otherwiſe they ſhould accord in all proper affections thereof like other Adiectives. Minus triſtitiae, extremum luctus, dimidium, or d…plum pecuniae, plus doloris id noctis, &c. for minor triſtitia, &c. And ſuch a Genitive is ſometimes Plurall, not only of Nounes that want the Singular, as iſtud divitiarum, but alſo of the regular, after Partitives, as tantum nummorum. Other examples imitating the ſame ſtructure be Graeciſmes, Opaca locorum, amara curarum, cuncta terrarum, abdita rerum, ardua montium. Lubrica vallium. And ſuch are theſe Genitives ſingular ſtanding for Collectives. Telluris operta, belli acuta, famae inania, fortunae ineerta. But omnia ſunt hominum tenu… pendentia filo, for humana omnia, is Enallago.
Any word taken Technically will be an Aptote, and may be either put in Appoſition with another Subſtantive, as Lactea nomen habet, or ſtand for a Subſtantive to an Adiective. Iſtud Anticomarita. So may Verbs ſtand for Aptote Subſtantives in the Indicative, non habemus ſalem quod in te eſt, In the Subjunctive aequum eſt ut ſuum cuique reddas, In the Infinitive: Suadere moleſtum eſt. Likewiſe Adverbs are uſed for Aptote Subſtantives. Nuper praeteritum mox futurum, nunc tantummodo noſtrum eſt. But Adverbs of quantitie ſtanding for Partitives with a Genitive plurall, leave the concordance of Adiectives in Gender and Number to the Genitive being the principall regent, as due thereto from themſelves if they were variable, partim ſignorum erepta ſunt, bombardarum diſploſae, pluſquam quinquaginta militum occiſi, for quedam ſigna nonnullae bombardae quinquaginta milites, by Enallage. Laſtly, two Aptotes ſingular, as a Copulative require an Adiective plurall, frigere & calere ſunt contraria.
Some Adiectives are ſet alone, the common Subſtantive being underſtood. Veſcimur bubula, ſupply carne, Laborat tertiana, ſupply febri, perfunditu… calida, ſupply, aqua, aeris centeni, ſupply, Nummi ſcribitur in duo decim, ſupply Tabulis, venit ex Tuſcu…ano, ſupply, agro, docet togatam, ſupply comaedi…. Pronominall and Participiall Adiectives do uſually accord with a Genitive of the Primitive underſtood in the poſſeſſive, by Eunallage of the forme and Figure. And likewiſe the Relatives have often the ſame concordance with the former: Accomodatiſſimum ſtomacho eſt lac caprium quae fronde veſcuntur, mea nil refert qui ſum innoxius, ſua ipſius laude quantus erat, or ſua ipſorum laude quanti, tua eſt unius, or ſolius culpa, noſtra duorum, or paucorum ſententia quot quot adſumus, damnatur, veſtra cuiuſque plurium, or omnium ſpes quota ſuit, tota cecidit, tunc tua defuncti molliter oſſa cubent, noſtros vidiſti flentis ocell…s, by Enallage of Figure and Number. And if a Participle doth precede, the poſſeſſive ſhould not follow but the Primitive, as maternae lugentis lachrymae, or lugentis matris lachrymae id ſuaſerunt.
The Concordance of Verbs Perſonall with Rects.
A Verb Perſonall doth agree with a regent Nominative, in Number and Perſon, as, Nemo ſemper ſapit. And whereas ſome Tenſe in the Paſſive and Deponent voices, be formed by the Participle, The ſame muſt likewiſe accord with the Rect, in Caſe, Gender, Number and Perſon, as other Adiectives. Litterae alihi honorandae nobi (cum illiberaliter aſpernatae ſunt. In ſuch greciſmes, as, Haec errata condonabitur. Nounes that ſeem to be the Rects are plaine Accuſatives thus to be made entire, Quantum ad haec errat a condonahitur. Any part of ſpeech by Enallage may be made an Aptote, and as the Subſtantive to an Adjective, ſo likewiſe the Nominative to a Verb Perſonall, being commonly ſingular, as afore ſaid. But Adverbs collective or partitive conſtrued with Genitives plurall will govern Verbs plurall, as, Abunde fabularum hiſtoriis admixtae ſunt, for fabulae quam pluririmae Teſtium partim ſunt oculati, partim auriti, for quidam teſtes. And the Verbs are alwayes plural when the principall regents betoken living things. Elſe if they ſignifie things inanimate, ioyned with Adverbs or Pronouns partitive, they will admit a Verb ſingular, as plurimum, or ſatis leporum & facetiarum omni ſermone fuſum eſt. Of two Rects ſingular copulated, or one Collective ſingular comeing before a Verb or Adiective plurall in Syllepſis and Syntheſis. And of Verbs or Adiectives agreeing with the neereſt Rects or Subſtantives, whether of divers, or of the ſame kindes, as parts of the whole in Zeugma and Prolepſis. The Rect being the firſt or ſecond perſon ſingula or plurall is never expreſſed, but to notifie ſome diſtinct property, either in a common Act or paſſion reſolvible to Pronouns of diverſity, or to Coniunctions exceptive, both with Negatives. Quod ego in laude pono tu vertis vitio, for alter nullus, nos ſeria quaerimus vos ludo indulgetis, for praetere a nulli, or nemo niſi vos, or praeter voſipſos. Or in a ſingular Act or paſſion reſolvible to a Pronoune demonſtrative or individuall, or to a Superlative Adverb abſolute or Prepoſitionall, Nos colimur Domini Servi ſordeſcitis ipſi, for nos ſoli, or vnici, ſo …os p…aecipue, or prae ali…s. Otherwiſe the firſt and ſecond perſon in both numbers are alwayes underſtood. Quid facis ignoro, nitimur in vetitum, diſcite iuſtitiam moniti.
Likewiſe a Rect of the third perſon being a Relative, except qui, is underſtood after Adverbs coniunctive or diſiunctive, or a Negative in place thereof. Ni…edula lucet, ac ſplendeſcit, friget vero, non calet. Sometimes the coniunctive Adverb is not expreſſed, but may be ſupplyed by a reſolution of the ſentence. Voce faucibus elapſa, reverti n…quit, or ſi vox faucibus elaberetur, nequit Reverti. Quas tibi do literas, raro diſplicent, is a figurative ſtructure by Antiptoſis.
The Relative Qui muſt neceſſarily be ſupplyed with any Vocative after obliques of the ſecond perſon, or any poſſeſſives derived thence to make the Syntax intire and perfect. Veſtra Judices ſententia ſtabit, for qui eſtis Judices; and by variation, veſtra Judicum ſententia ſtabit, or veſtra Judiciaria ſententia. Te pater obſecro, for qui es pater, or by variation, te patrem oro, reſolvible in the ſame manner to qui es pater, but not by neceſſity, as in the former, that being Ellipticall, this a perfect ſtructure. Rects that betoken men are commonly underſtood, ſpecially with eſt, fertur, ferunt, dicunt, aiunt, praedicaut, clamitant, tradunt, prohibent, and ſuch others.
The Rects are likewiſe underſtood with Verbs of exempt power inſtanced in their Etymologie, Saxa pluunt, ſignifying the Stones drop or ſweat, is a Regular ſentence, but ſaxa pluit, the Cloud doth ſhower Haile, is Ellipticall, where Nubes ſhould be ſupplyed. The Verb Subſtantive is commonly underſtood, as, quot homines, tot ſententiae, rari quippe boni, mi…um, immane, quantus quantus, &c.
Sometime a Verb Adiective is underſtood. Ego continuo mecum, ſupply cogitabam, recte tu quidem & vere ſupply loqueris, which is familiar in Dialogues.
Such Verbs are likewiſe underſtood in Proverbs Sus Minervam, ſupply docet, Cantharus pillulam, ſupply ſapit.
By the Figure Apoſtopeſis, Verbs are omitted, having ſometimes a known ſenſe of indignation. Quos ego, ſupply puniam, or of deriſion, Tune illam cantando, ſupply antecellis. Sometimes a concealed ſenſe either of obſceneſſe. Tu autem ſed Hircum oles or of ſome other odiouſneſſe, Novimus & qui te, ſupply viderunt. And of other imperfect ſentences accompanying Interiectionall Adverbs, it hath been ſpoken already in their Etymology.
Laſtly Genitives of ſome proper paſſion or affection ioyned with Accuſatives of the perſon, being conſtrued with the Verbs Imperſonall, pae…itet, taedet, miſeret, pudet, piget, ſeem to take the place of Nominatives by A…tiploſis, as, avaros impendii taedet, for impendium, elſe ſome Pronoune Demonſtrative is to be ſupplyed, with ſuch as id, or tantum impendit taedet. And the ſame will fitly anſwer to the Queſtion what, a Charactariſticall note of Rects to Verbs and Substantive to Adjectives. And moreover ſuch Genitives may be changed to Infinitives, the uſuall Rec…s of all Imperſonalls, as tanti laboris nos nil paenituit, or Nos nil paenituit tantum toleraſſe labo…em. In like manner is uſed Platonis mihi in mentem venit, ſupply, dictum, Civitatis refert, ſupply bonum.
Of Conſtruction by conſequence in Generall.
The Genitive is conſtrued alwayes with a former Subſtantive, and if it be not expreſſed, it muſt be ſupplyed by Elipſis: The Acquiſitive may be conſtrued with any part of ſpeech, having a ſenſe ſuitable thereunto. But the guid or leading word is Ellipticall being a Subſtantive with two Datives after a Verb Subſtantive, or an Adiective with a Gerundivall Dative, whereof in their proper places. Ablativals with many Accuſatives are uſually conſtrued with Prepoſitions, which if they be not expreſſed, are alwaies to bee ſupplyed with any Ablativals and with all Accuſatives, being no ſufferers.
All the Obliques being Ellipticall are likewi… called Synecdochicall Caſes, becauſe they … ctually note that part wherein ſome proper … or affection doth reſide, whereof particular … is given in the particular Syntax of every Ca…
Prepoſitions in the Compounds do often refer to their proper Caſes, Oppido abuns tranſiit Rhenum, which are ſometimes repeated with their Caſes; Ad conſilium accerſunlur Juriſperiti cum legibus collaturi. And ſometimes they are transferred from Compounds to their Caſes, by the figure Tmeſis, ſub amplexus ibit amica tuos, for ſubibit. Moreover ex and prae in Compounds, have the force of extra and praeter, egreditur urbem, excedit modum, praevertitur Hebrum.
Derivatives are conſtrued with the ſame Obliques, as their Primitives, when they continue the ſame ſenſe, not ſwerving thence. Epulum ſaluti ſatis commodule apparatur, or ſat commoda, or quae ſat commodet, optimus, or Optime ommum dixit, reliquis melior aut melius audit, propior, aut propius, aut proxime nobis aut a nobis, aut nos, aut ad nos ſedet; whereof before in Adverbes, ſo Juſtitia eſt legibus obtemperatio, nil tibi hanc rem curatio eſt, domum reditionis ſpe ſublata, Catonis de hoc vitio ſententia decretum aut opinio ſtabit, Tuum hominis probi pectus perſpexi.
Some Nounes in the ſame ſignification have ſundry conſtructions, as pater mihi, or mei, or meus, doctiſſimus ominum, or ante, or inter omnes, or ex omnibus poeta dignus avis, or avorum, vacuus irae, or it a, or ab ira, ſumus pares aut aequales nobis, or inter nos, ſtercus agro vel ad agrum utile, Murus triginta pedibus, pedes, or pedum longus. Some Nounes admit of various ſtructures, but in various ſenſes. Aer eſt omnium commune, where the Guide is put Subſtantively; or omnibus communis, where it is put Adjectively with relation; or communis inter omnes, or nobis cum omnibus aliis: by vertue of Con moſt familiary uſed in compoſition to this laſt ſtructure. In like ſort Regum ſecundus, the Guide being Partitive, ſecundus Regi, or a Rege, being an Adiective of Diverſity; So farti admiſſio idem eſt ac ipfum furtum, the Guide being conſtrued with a Copulative: or idem furto, as an Adjective of likeneſſe, or idem cum furto, in a Comparative ſenſe: So vir conſilii alienus, for expers, ambitioni alienus, for inhabilis, maieſtate alienus, for vacuus, vir gravis paci, for moleſtus, gravis authoritate, for pollens, ſimilis tui; referring to internall qualities, ſimilis tibi, referring to externall parts. Some Verbes alſo in the ſame ſenſe admit of divers ſtructures, as dono impertio aſpergo inſterno induo exuo prohibeo interdico, and ſuch others are conſtrued with Acuſatives of the Perſon, and Ablativals of the thing▪ or Accuſatives of the thing, and Acquiſitives of the Perſon: dono te munere, or tibi munus, &c. Others are conſtrued with an Acquiſitive or an Accuſative, praeſtolo antecedo anteeo anteſto attendo illudo inſulto tibi, or te, &c. So libido nobis, or nos inceſſit, morti, or mortem occubuit, tecto, or tectum ſubiit, eloquentiae, or ad eloquentiam hoc conducit. Others are conſtrued with Acquiſitives, or Ablativals, conſentio tibi, or tecum, diſſentio tibi, or a te, acquieſco ſententiae, or ſententia. Others with other Caſes, loquor tibi, or ad te, admoneris errati, or erratum, or de errato, comparamur aliis, or cum aliis, or ad alios, or inter alios, intereſt veſtrum Judicum, or veſtra Judices, ſuperſedeas exemplorum multitudini, or multitudine, or multitudinem. Others are conſtrued with Acquiſitives of the Perſon, or Accuſatives of the Thing, medicor tibi morbido, or tuam morbum, condono peccanti, or peccatum, or condono te peccatum. Tempero, moderor, with ſuch other, having Rectes of the Adiunct are conſtrued with the Acquiſitive, but having Rectes of the Subiect are conſtrued with the Accuſative. Officium moderatur noſtro conſilio, but nos moderamur conſilium officio non ex libidine, Pudor temperat noſtrae orattoni, or nos temperamus orationem pudore.
Moſt Verbes with change of ſignifications will vary in their Conſtructions: Accedo tibi, for aſſentior te accedo, for adeo, abhorruit ſce…us, for odit perpetratum, abhorruit a ſcelere, for devitavit perpetrandum, auſculto tibi, for obedio auſculto te, for audio aemulor te. for imitor aemulor vobiſcum, for certoae,-mulor malorum faelicitat…, for invideo, Caveo tibi, for provideo, caveo te, for fugio, coveo a…te, for metuo, Caveo pignore, for ſecurum facio, conſulo tibi, for proſpicio, conſulo te, for conſilium pet…, conſulo in Commune, for ſtatuo, de commodis conſulo, for moneo; and ſenatores conſulunt put abſolutely, contingit mihi, for accidit, contingo te, for …ango, doleo tuam vicem, or de tuis rebus adverſis, or ob res adverſas, but dolet mihi caput▪ the Verbe referring tranſitively, to others miſeries, but Intranſitively to our owne.
Do litteras tibi ut nuncio, do ad te ut amicum, ſocius deficit mihi, for deeſt, deficit me, for deſtituit, deficit a me, for deſciſcit, deficit ab adiutore, for diſſidet, deficit in hoſtem, for mutatur, alimento deficit herba, for caret, faeneror pecuniam tibi Sc. uſuram daturo, or abs te Sc. uſuram recepturo, irae indulget, for non obſtar, iram indulget, for fovet, formido metuo timeo vobis, or de vobis ut amicis, formido vos ut hoſtes, or a vobis ut hoſtibus, impono tibi praeſtigiis ut veterator, impono te humeris ut Baiulus, proſpicio ſaluti Sc. tuendae, proſpicio periculum Sc. futurum, in me recipio, for promitto, me domum recipio, for confero, me ſtupentem recipio, for ad me redeo, refero tibi ut noſcas, refero ad te ut decernas, refero tuos mores, for imitor, noſtra refert, for ad nos ſpectat, officio renunciat, for diſcedit, Praetorem renuncio, for promulgo, vacat ſtudijs, for operam dat, adineptias vacat, for otiatur, culpa vacat, for caret. And many others whereof beore in the redundant formes of Verbs.
The Conſtruction of Genitives Regular or Ellipticall.
The Genitive is alwayes conſtrued with another Subſtantive, which if it be expreſſed hath a Genitive in ſome ſorte a cauſe thereof. But if it be underſtood, being uſuall after Adiectivall Nouns or Verbs of paſſion, then the Genitive doth denote the cauſe of ſuch affection, Ratione, or Cauſa, being to be ſupplyed therewith, as the former Subſtantive. And ſome Genitives of Nounes that betoken a ſpecificall place or time, have a more Generall known Appellative underſtood therewith, whereof particular inſtances were given before in the properties of that Caſe.
A Genitive of the perſon or thing conſtrued with a Rect or oblique, may be changed to a Dative, but more properly a Genitive of the perſon, as Patri domus, ecquid tibi cauſa doloris, exitio nautis eſt mare, mihi faſcinat Agnos. Sunt oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen abortae. Suo ſibiiure abluntur amnes. In this laſt example, ſihi is Pleonaſticall, which is familiar to it, and alſo to mihi and tibi. Two Datives of the thing with Sum, or one of the Thing, and another of the Perſon, with do, duco, habeo, relinquo, tribuo, verto, venio, and ſuch like are uſually conſtrued, both in Verſe and Proſe, otherwiſe the Dative of the perſon, with Subſtantives of other Caſes, are more familiar in Poetry, and the ſame is ordinarily a Pronoune as in t…e following inſtances. Rex pius eſt Reipublicae ornamento: where may be noted that Sum, the Copula like the Coniunctions doth never ſtand for guide, that office in ſuch ſtructure belonging to Author Inſtrumentum via, or cauſae underſtood Elliptically, and thus ſupplyed. Rex pius eſt Author▪ aut cauſa ornamento, aut ornamenti Reipublicae Artes ſunt Senectuti ſubſidio, aut Senectutis inſtrumenta ſubſidii, aut ſubſidiaria inſtrumenta. But in ſtructure with other Verbs, the Dative of the thing, doth referre unto the Verb, and the Dative of the perſon doth referre to the former Dative, as the latter of two Subſtantives, having the place of known Genitives. Virtutem bonis vitio vertunt improbi, for bonorum vitio ne ipſis probro vitium ducatur, for ipſorum probro, altisque ludibrio habeantur, for aliorum ludibrio.
Any Genitive being the latter of two Subſtantives, or a Dative in place thereof, having no Epithet conſtrued with it may be changed to an Adjective Poſſeſſive derived thence, ſignifying▪ Perſons, Places, Times, Matter, Art, Sect, or ſome property, as Tuo hoc futurum eſt commodo, for tibi commodo, herba eſt hortenſis, or horti, veſtis Hyemalis, or Hyemis, vas vitreum, or vitri, lex Grammatica, factio Romanenſis opus mire artificioſum, for mirabilis artificii, for Genitives will admitte of ſuch Epithites only as may be changed into Adverb… with a Poſſeſſive.
In property of ſpeech, the Pronouns poſſeſſive meus tuus ſuus noſter and veſter, ſhould be uſed with Nounes of affection, as, amor, odium, cura, neglectus, &c. when ſuch affections are Tranſitive paſſing from the perſon. Otherwiſe the Genitives of the Primitives, mei tui ſui noſtri and veſtri are more proper, when ſuch affections are Paſſive, reſting in the perſon, as, Tuo favet deſiderio, for qui deſideras, but tui favet deſiderio, for qui deſideraris: which Lawes are ſeldome obſerved in the Pronouns, and much leſſe in other Poſſeſſives, or Primitives, whereas it would much clear the ſenſe to be ſtrictly obſerved in both kindes.
The Gerundivall Genitive hath ſometimes conſtrued with it a Genitive plural of ſuch nouns as otherwiſe would be a Subſtantive thereunto being made a ſecond future, as, licentia diripiendi Pomorum, for diripiendorum pomorum.
A Dative of the perſon, is alwayes conſtrued with a Gerundivall Rect, as properly belonging to the ſecond Future, whence the Gerunds are derived. Vigilandum eſt cuſtodi, not Cuſtodis. And it is commonly underſtood▪ being Pronominall, as, diſcendum eſt aut vapulandum, ſupply, vobis.
A Genitive of a Subſtantive joyned with an Epithet of eminency, for praiſe or diſpraiſe, may be changed to an Ellipticall Ablative. Judex maximae integritatis, or maxima integritate, ſupply, affectus, imbutus, indutus, inſignis, praeditus, &c. And both Caſes may be changed by Hyppallage, Judex maximus integritatis, ſupply laude, or Dote, or maximus integritate, for pro integritate, ſo mulier multae impudentiae, or multa impudenttae, ſupply, infamia deliquio, &c.
Sometimes an Epithet is ſupplied by a Pronominall Rect of the Verb Subſtantive, referring to a remarkable antecedent, that hath full force thereof. Pater qua eſt indulgentia facile exoratur p…rduellis in gratiam reſtitui nequit, eiuſcemodi eſt malitiae, which may thus be made intire ſtructures, qua eſt indulgentia, ſupply, inſignis, or pro qua eſt indulgentia, ſo eiuſmodi eſt malitiae, ſupply, reatu, or pro eiuſcemodi malitiae reatu, or culpa.
The Genitives of proper names betokening perſons, are ſometimes conſtrued with former Subſtantives underſtood Elliptically being knowne Appellatives referring thereunto, as itur ad Veſtae, ſupply, templum, Deiphobe Glauci, ſupply, Uxor filia ſorer, ſerva, with ſuch others.
The Genitive is ſometimes conſtrued with a Primitive Elliptically underſtood in the Poſſeſſive Tua Magiſtri dogmata, for tui Magiſtri, whereof in the concordance of continued Subſtantives.
The Genitive of time is found Ellipticall, ſometime, but very ſeldome, abeſt bidui, ſupply, ſpatio, militiae natus, Belli …cciſus, ſupply, tempore. Proper names of Townes or Citties, and ſometimes of Ilands, being of the firſt or ſecond Declenſion, and ſingular number, are Genitives Ellipticall, when ought is ſignified to be done, or happen either in them or at them. Strabo natus Cretae, ſupply, inſula, Gnoſi, ſupply Urbe non Gortynae, ſupply, Oppido. And ſuch are, humi, and domi, being Appellatives, if the firſt be not an Adverb, for it never admitteth any Epithet in ſuch ſtructure, as, Co…pora fundit humi, not humi gelidae. But Domi will admitt meae, tuae, ſuae, noſtrae, veſteae, al enae, and none other, as, Non altenae veſcuntu…, quam meae & patris Domi, not Domi paternae, ſupply, menſa, or ſub tecto.
Genitives of the Perſon conſtrued after the Verb Subſtantive, and referring to a property whether externall of fortune, or internall of manners, are put ELLIPTICALLY,
Some Subſtantive of a continued ſignification being to be ſupplyed with them, ſo in the firſt kind, the Rect precedent ſhould be repeated, as Ovis nigra eſt Melthoei, ſupply, Ovis. And in the ſecond kind proprium may be ſupplyed. Or in ſtead thereof when it is ſpoken of ought that is good, officium, or if ſpoken of any thing that is evill, then, mos or conſuetudo may be ſupplied. Paſtoris eſt oves tondere, furis deglubere, ſupply, proprium, hominis eſt errare, ſupply Mos, Chriſtiani eſt reſipiſcere, ſupply, officium, where may be noted, that mei, tui ſui noſtri veſtri, The Genitives of Pronouns primitive, will not admit ſuch ſtructure, but muſt be changed to the poſſeſſives, meum, tuum, ſuum, noſtrum, as, docere meum eſt, diſcere veſtrum, ſupply, officium, And any of the former may be made a Poſſeſſive, as, Ovis Melibeta, tondere paſtorale, errare humanum, ſupply, quiddam, or ſuch like. Likewiſe refert intereſt, or in the ſame ſenſe eſt will not admit any Genitive of Pronouns Primitive, but inſtead thereof, an Ablative of the poſſeſſives is familiarly conſtrued with them, cauſa or vice being to be ſupplyed. Tua judicis refert, ſupply, vice. And other Genitives either of the Perſon or thing will ioyne thereto in ſtructure; Ut recte agant omnium eſt, ut boni regnent intereſt Reipublicae, where officium, with the former, and bonum with the latter kind of Genitives ſhould be ſupplied.
Genitives of the meaſure conſtrued with Nouns of quantity are Elliptical. Trabs ſex pedum longa du…rum lata vnius craſſa, ſupply, pro menſura, if the ſtructure is not otherwiſe regular. Verbs of eſteem value or concernment, as ſum or fio ſtanding for aeſtimor addico condico, ſto, conſto do diſtraho emo, redimo, mercor, veneo, vendo venundo, liceo licito, taxo, habeo, duco, pendo, puto, facio, conſulo, and refert intereſt, or in the ſame ſenſe with both, eſt, are conſtrued with theſe Genitives of Subſtantives, flocci, nauci, pili, teruncii, and aſſis nihili, or of Adiectives put Subſtantively, huius tanti, quanti, with their Compounds, aequi, boni, pluris, minoris, plurimi, maximi, and magni, parvi, with all which precio is underſtood Elliptically. Pluris eſt oculatus teſtis quam auritus, ſo tanti paſſim fit pecunia, ſupply, pretio, which may be an Hypallage, for tant o pretii, or with ſupply of res, or quidda, for a continued Subſtantive, it may be made, tanti pretii fit pecunia, ſupply res. Genitives of the crime or puniſhment are Ellipticall, being conſtrued, either with Nouns that ſignifie Guilt or Innocence, as, reus noxius conſcius affi…is immunis pu…us inſons, or Verbs of accuſing, condemning, or acquitting, as accuſo alligo arc…ſſo arguo aſtringo cito convinco defero deprehendo increpo inſimulo interrogo poſtulo damno condemno iudico teneor abſolvo libero purgo with which crimine or paena are Ellipticall, as reus furti, conſcius homicidii, purus ſceleris, inſons caedis, ſupply, crimine, ſo reus capitis, immunis verberum, ſupply, paena, accuſaris periurii, ſupply, crimine, damnaris dupli, abſolveris peculatus, ſupply paena, where may be noted that caſtigo condono corripio culpo excuſo mulcto plecto punio reprehendo vitupero, are conſtrued with Accuſatives of the crime or puniſhment, as culpo diſcipuli oſcitantiam, not Diſcipulum oſcitantiae.
Nouns or verbs betokening affections of the mind, as Remembrance, Care, Knowledge, Certainty, Boldneſſe deſire hop…, or what is contrary thereunto, are conſtrued with Genitives Ellipticall having ratione cauſa or gratia, underſtood with them, as praeſagus mali, immemor ſui, improvidus Belli, indoctus …ilae, dubius v…ri, fidens animi appetens vini cupidus auriſecurus armorum intrepidus procellae laetus bonorum certus vincendi, or victoriae, ſo diſcru…ior mentis erubeſco fortunae faſtidio veſtri veſtrarumque ineptiarum fallor mentis gaudeo voti miror iuſtitiae indoluit ſucceſſorum paternae veretur irae miſereſcit infaelicis re…um ſatagit ſuarum obliviſtitur meritorum meminit iniuriarum, demum recordaturus vindictae.
Likewiſe ſuch Adiectivall Nounes or Verbs, as ſignifie Plenty, Power, Worthyneſſe, or the contrary, are conſtrued with Genitives Ellipticall, as inanis vacuus, or expers irae, dives auri plenus amovis lactis abundans tutelae indiget operae paucus c… pax artium compos voti inops m…ntis, impos rationis potitur voluptatum urbis, or homo ind…gnus avorum, Cura tuae virtulis digna, Immunis B…lli fuit & liberrima Legum Roma, theſe laſt examples be graeciſmes & moſtly uſed by Poets. Moreover Nounes either of affections with Genitives being their fears, or of plenty, worth and power with Genitives, ſignifying the parts affected, may both be reduced to a Genitive or Ablative of the property belonging to praiſe or diſpraiſe by Hypallage, as vir anxius mentis, or anxiae mentis, or anxia mente, ſo multus cibi or multi cibi, nullus fidei, or nullius fidei bea…us oerebri, or beati cerebri, infelix fortunae, or infaelivis fortunae, amplus naſi or ampli naſi, integer vitae, or integrae with ſuch others.
Laſtly, Nouns of likeneſſe, property or community are conſtrued alſo with Ellipticall Genitives: inſtar habet meriti. Iambus Choraei par eſt, Domini ſimilis vitium non S…nectutis, proprium, ſed etiam Juventus commune. All which like conſors: ſocius affinis Compes, with many more, may paſſe for Subſtantives, and as ſuch admit of Datives inſtead of Genitives, ſo tui ſtudioſus m…i neceſſartus ſuorum liberalis alienorum profuſus vitiorum fugax, laborum patiens, alearum doctus, ſcelerum conſcius, are conſtrued with Genitives as the former, but ſuch will not be changed to the Datives. And it may be noted that Nouns or Verbs, of Deſire, hope, care, knowledge, may in place of Genitives be conſtrued with the Infinitive or other Moods reducible thence, as cupidus divitiarum …iteſcere diteſcendi, or u diteſcat. And thoſe of worthability or boldneſſe may in place thereof be conſtrued with Accuſatives, and the Prepoſition ad: Or with the Infinitive. Virgo tuae formae, or ad tuam formam digna, nubere, or quae nubat tibi digna, ſo impar tui congreſſus, or ad tuum congressum, or tecum cougredi, or ad congrediendum, audax facinoris, or ad facinus, or ut faciat.
Conſtruction of the Acquiſitive regular or Ellipticall.
Nouns or Verbs ſignifying honour, favour, profit, pleaſure, eaſe, yeeldance, obedience, truſt, promiſe, performance, command, diſcovery, neerneſſe, likeneſſe, or what is contrary thereunto, are conſtrued regularly with Acquiſitives of the thing or perſons notifying the ſcope of ſuch relation, Id prudentiae conſentaneum, tibi maxime decet: wherenote that the Accuſative after decet or oppor…t do either precede an Infinitive expreſſed or underſtood, or otherwiſe is Ellipticall, as hath been inſtanced in that caſe. Nemini amicus, faves voluptatibus ſaluti noxiis, res adverſae bonis proſunt iis non obſunt. In Which ſenſe, iuvare laedere, and offendere, are conſtrued with Accuſatives, ſo Superioribus ſupplicamus, authoritati alienae intercedentes, tali nunquam ſupplices. In which ſenſe, precor obteſtor oro imploro obſecro quaeſo, are conſtiued with Accuſatives. Ars alteri facilis & iucunda eſt, alteri diſplicet, quatenus ipſi difficilis, tibi fidus tuae probitati non diffido nobis moriger iuſſo parebis, decretum nobis nunciavit, nulli mandavit, ut vectigalia Caeſari ſolverentur, pertinacia eſt conſtantiae vicina ſimilis propinqua finitima, vel ſaltem non contraria, hoc alieniſſimum eſt, or diſſidet tuae arti & perſonae.
Regular acquiſiives are alſo conſtrued with all compounds of Sum, except Poſſum: Or with other Verbs compounded with ſatis bene or male, or with any Verb compounded with prae, ad con ſub ſuper ante poſt ob in and inter, when ſuch Praepoſitions do not referre to their proper caſes, as if they were not compounded. Eſt and ſuppetit, for adeſt, and videor, for appareo, be conſtrued alſo with ſuch Acquiſitives velle ſuum cuique eſt, mihi rerum ſuppetit uſus, tibi videris optimus.
Acquiſitives of the perſon, are commonly conſtrued with Verbs Active of taking away nummos abſtulit eripuit exemit ſubtraxit furatus eſt mihi. Or of the thing with Verbs Neuter of forbearance, parcit vacat abſtinet ſuperſedet ceſſat cedit, or diſcedit certamini.
Participialls in bilis, and Participles in dus, are conſtrued with Acquiſitives only: nullo penetrabilis aſtro lucus erat. Viſa mihi ſoror eſt viſendaque denuo nulli. Other Moods of Verbs paſſive are conſtrued with Acquiſitives of the perſon, but very ſeldome: Ego non intelligor …lli.
Theſe Adjectives, par aptus utilis idoneus facilis with their Compounds, and natus promptus paratus expeditns alacer ferox ardens vehemens, may by variation chang the Acquiſitive to an Accuſative with ad, or to an Infinitive, or any other Mod reducible thence, vir idoneus Bello, or ad Bellum, Belligerare ut Belligeret, or ad Belligerandum.
Ellipticall Acquiſitives were noted in their proper places. Conſtructions of Ablativalls regular and Ellipticall.
Ablativalls are regularly conſtrued with ſome Prepoſitions ſerving thereunto. And ſuch are all Appellatives and proper Names of Countries, and commonly of Ilands ſignifying the place whence motions riſe, or wherein or whereat they reſt as, veniens ex ur…e diſceſſit ab Italia, uxorem in Lemno ducturus.
But proper Nouns of Townes and Cities being of the third Declenſion, or being pluralls only of the firſt or ſecond Declenſion in the ſame ſignification as the former are Ellipticall Ablativalls, and ſo are ruri or domo ſignifying from a place, not at or in it, domi hodie manſurus domo eras diſcedam eſt mihi far modicum, rure or ruri: ſuch Ablativals ending anciently in i. as tempori and veſperi, r…gnavit Amyclis Lacedaemone natus.
Ablativalls of time are regular, whether it be articulate time anſwering to the Queſtion when, de luce vigillat, ſub nocte dormit, or be a continuat time, anſwering to the Queſtion how long, pacem pollicetur pro triginta diebus ab annis triginia natus, but more commonly both are Ellipticall without Prepoſitions, and the articulate is more familiarly the Ablativall, but the continuate an Accuſative.
Ablativalls of the perſon conſtrued with Verbs Paſſive in any Moods beſides the Participle, are commonly regular, qui vult ab improbis laudari a probis culpabitnr, and they are conſtantly ſuch with the Neuter Paſſives, Vapulo, vento exulo ſio, and the Compounds of it, benefit a Deo, or any imperſonall paſſive, Regnatur a multis, and moſtly with, Verbs of asking receiving, or takeing away, as vemam oremus ab ipſo, ab ora…ulo audivi ab hoſtibus miſere acceptus, e vita, or de medio tollitur, and with Nounes or Verbs of neerneſſe or diſtance: Nobiſcum aequales, or collati, ab aliis diſcrepant, or ſnnt dive…ſi, which three laſt may be changed to Acquiſitives; id vitio aſſine diſſidet pietati exuit mihi veſtem.
Ablati…alls are ſometimes, but ſeldome uſed regularly, with Verbs or Nouns of plenty, or emptineſſe, Liber a metu vacat a nego…iis: but they are commonly Ellipticall, as opibus abundat. And ſuch Ablatives by variation may be made Rects, and the Rects Acquiſitives, as opes illi abundant. Moreover ſuch Ablativalls may be changed into Genitives, whereof before in that conſtruction. But theſe Verbs emungo, fraudo, levo, orbo privo ſpolio viduo, are conſtant to Ellipticall Ablatives, without variation, and ſuch are pluit, ſanguine, carne, lacte, and captus, or caſſus oculis.
Ablativalls of Price are very ſeldome uſed regularly as litterae pro nihilo habentur, but are uſually found Ellipticall with Nounes or Verbs, as auro venalis, carus obolo vilis aſſe obſonatus drachma. Likewiſe magno parvo vili paululo minimo nimio dimidio duplo, with ſuch are put Subſtantively, danda magno accepta parvo ducuntur.
Ablativalls betokening particular crimes, or utroque alio altero nullo ambobus plurimis, referring to crimes, are uſed regularly with Nouns or Verbs, as Uxorem accuſavit de pudicitia & veneficio de ambobus, or de altero damnata eſt de rapina & homicidio reus ageris; but other Ablatives of crimes or puniſhment, are commonly Ellipticall, and may be made Genitives, whereof before in that conſtruction.
Ablatives with the Prepoſition de are conſtrued with mereor, and ago ambigo celo certo cogito dico loquor glorior iudico qnaero ſtatuo tracto, and ſuch other. Or with Subſtantives having the ſame ſenſe, as liber lis ſermo ſententia, &c. or with Nouns or Verbs of affection, and ſuch may be changed to a Genitive inſtanced in that conſtruction.
Ablatives with e.de. or ex, are conſtrued regularly with Nouns of the Comparative or Superlative degree being put partitively inſtanced already in their concordance. But when Ablatives betoken the meaſure of exceſſe, or the part exceeded with ſuch Nouns or Verbs, they are Ellipticall caeteris multo doctior, ab iis virtute ſuperatur.
And ſuch are Ablatives of the meaſure after Nouns that betoken quantity, Liber tribus digitis craſſus. And ſuch is the Ablative in this example, It clamor caelo where tenus may be ſupplyed. And contrariwiſe a Pronominall Ablative is ſometime to be ſupplyed with tenus. Eſt aliquod prodire tenus for eatenus, or hactenus. And otherwiſe Caelo may Greek wiſe be put for caelitus.
Ablativalls of the integrall part or matter, be alwayes regular, homo conſtat ex animo & corpore, vas integrum ex auro, and ſometimes of the efficient with Verbs Neuter, prae timore ſiluit, but alwayes with the Paſſives: a patre diligimur. And ſometimes of the manner, cum luctu loquitur. And ordinarily the Gerundivall Ablatives, ex defendendo quam ab accuſando uberior gloria comparatur. Other Ablatives of the cauſe or inſtrument, or part affected, or of the manner, or ſuch like adjunct, or circumſtance are Ellipticall, being conſtrued with Nouns or Verbs. Natura parens imperio tyrannus quiſque deterior eſt licentia miles enſe validus Conſilium ſpecie laerum officio durum eventu luctuoſum aeger corpore ſanus mente natione Britannus aetare provectus ingenio tardus moribus ſeverus nomine Gramaticus rebarbarus, vinces veritate digito compeſce labellum onuſti crapula relevandi ſunt abſtinentia, mente, ac artibus contremeſcunt, tuo ſolius ductu nobis haec mala creantur; where may be noted that Ablatives of the cauſe or part may be reſolved to the Rects, and of the manner to Adiectives or Adverbs, and of either kind, otherwiſe, as in the following inſtances; veriloquus qui, or quoniam verum loqueris vinces, or veritas vincet digitus labellum compeſcat abſtinentes crapulam relevabunt, rem peregit mira celeritate, or celerrimus or celerrime, mens & artus ſibi contremiſcunt te ſolo duce, or quum tu duceres, or a te duce mala haec creantur; where the Ablative called abſolute may admit a Prepoſition: Auro loquente pollebis, for ſiloquatur aurum, or pro auro loquente. Concurrunt aegri audito medicum veniſſe, for ab adventus rumore, or quando adventus fama crebreſcret, ſo ulceribus reſecandis or dum ſecarentur, or de futura ulcerum lectione contriſtantur. Te convalituro, or poſt quam convaleſces, or de tua valitudine gratulabimur ſenecta aetate, or quamquam ſeneſceret, or in ſenectute literas didicit. Thus all ſuch called ablatives abſolute are Elliptical, but may admit of Prepoſitions with them: Ablatives of the ſame, or of a cognate ſignification conſtrued with Verbs neuter, or with neutrall Deponents are alwayes Ellipticall. Vita vivit longiſſima recta ibat via ſua fidunt ſapientia morte moritur carne veſcitur officio fungitur viribus nititur, urbe, or urbis potitur ſeipſo fruetur bonis laetatur ſeſe dignatur honore, or ſe putat dignum cultu, or coli, pec unia tibi utendum eſt, or tibi uſus, or opus eſt id ſolum emas non quo eſt opus ſed quod neceſſe, where opus and neceſſe differ in ſenſe and ſtructure, but with acquiſitives they ioyn in both, id minus mihi neceſse, aut opus eſt.
Ablatiues are Ellipticall conſtrued with Verbs of forbidding, as arceo veto interdico prohibeo, or with Verbs of affecting, as proſequor afficio, praeditus imbutus, aqua interdico, amore proſequor; virtute praeditus literis imbutus. And ſuch are Ablatives, conſtrued with natus, prognatus, ſatus, cretus, creatus, ortus editus, as nate Dea. And ſuch are the Ablatives, mea, tua, ſua, noſtsa, veſtra, conſtrued with refert intereſt, and eſt whereof before in the ſtructure of the Genitives.
Conſtructions of Accuſatives regular and Ellipticall.
Nouns that imply ſome ſuffering, and bound a tranſient action are only regular Accuſatives conſtrued with Verbs Active or Deponent, or with Verbs neuter, having a cognate ſignification with ſuch Accuſatives, as voluptatem cepi, or voluptas me cepit, pacem ambiens litem ſortior. Theſe examples, dul…e canit horrendum ſonat multa garrit bacchanalia vivit, are neuters put adverbially Greekwiſe, and ſeldome uſed ſave in Poetry. But the reſt that follow are Nouns and Verbs of the ſame ſenſe. vi…am vivit, iter currit ſanguinem ſitit nefas peccat aves ea v…ſcuntur quae rapiunt pedibus mea bona uteris patria commoda potitur officium functus eſtfa… ut amorem fruar allium olet paternam vocem ſonat. All which ioyned with ſome Epithets, are more familiarly read in the Ablative, whereof before in that conſtruction. But Hircum olet, hominem ſonat, are Metonymies of the ſubject for the adiunct, and therefore cannot be made Abiatives till they are reduced to a cognat ſenſe, as Hi…ci faeto… olet, humana voce ſonat And ſuch are, pert… ſu… Ignaviam, for Ign…vi… ſordibus, ſo auri ſcrupulus argenti denos valet, for Denorum pr…cio.
Some Verbs Active with an Accuſative of the perſon admit another of the thing in a cognate ſignification to their owne, and ſuch are, Induo doceo moneo hortor ſuadeo conſulo celo taceo percontor poſtulo rogo flagito poſco peto oro obſecro, as ind…o, or exuo te veſtes, doceo te literas, id ipſum nos monuiſti quod cogitabamus, fames nos talia ſuafit multa vos hortabar amicos hanc rem conſulam, id parentes celo vos ſenſum taceo hoc illos percontor pacem te poſcimus, te veniam oramus, vitae rationem vos poſtulo ſententiam vos rogo alimenta vos poſco, whereof induo will change the Accuſative of the perſon, to an Acquiſitive, or of the thing, to an Ablative, docoo, moneo, conſulo, percontor, celo change the Accuſative of the thing to an Ablative with de, poſtulo, and the reſt change the Accuſative of the perſon, to an Ablative with ab. And all of them retaine the Accuſative of the thing being made paſſive, which doth make it probable, ſuch caſes are Ellipticall, having ad circum iuxta ſecundum, or ſuch like underſtood with them, becauſe they do not determine a tranſient action, requiſite to regular Accuſatives, as aforeſaid. Moreover the Accuſatives of the thing being moſtly Pronominalls, when they have not the ſame ſignification with the leading Verb muſt not be uſed otherwiſe then as they are warranted by good Authors in their practiſe or uſe thereof.
Theſe examples, Reges vos turba creavit, Te virum pr…eſta Tyrannidem latrocinium vocamus, ar… Accuſatives of continued, not of divers ſignifications.
Accuſatives conſtrued with Verbs or Adjectives of profit, likeneſſe, neerneſſe, inclination, or the contrary are conſtrued regularly with ad the Prepoſition, and may be changed to the Infinitive, or to the Acquiſitive inſtanced in that conſtruction.
Accuſatives of Nouns Appellative, or proper names of Countries, and commonly of Iſlands, notifying the place, whereto a motion tendeth, are regularly conſtrued with ad the Prepoſition. Profectus ad Galliam mox ad ur bem exinde ad forum ſe contulit. Denique ad Samum conceſſit. But proper names of Townes and Cities in that ſignification are conſtantly Ellipticall. Athenas & Megara migravit. And ſometimes proper names of Ilands. Cyprum profectus eſt. And ſeldome of Countries, as, Italiam petijt, ſo proxime Hiſpaniam, and ſuch like have ad underſtood with them Elliptically.
The Accuſatives of Rus and Domus in both numbers are Ellipticall in the ſame ſenſe, Nuperrime domos & ru…a ſua redierunt. And ſuch are names of Nations uſed for the Countrey, and of ſpeciall actions uſed for the place, wherein they are done, both being Metonymies, the firſt of Inhabitants contained for the continent, in the laſt of adjunct acts for the place where they are acted. Mauros veniunt, for Mauritaniam, it inficias exequias ſuppetias, or Cubitum venatum, and ſuch like Supines. But Accuſatives may be regular, if the motion reach not to the Town, but neare it, or the proper names of Townes have Epithets with them. Ad Capuam venit, for ante juxta, or prope, Hoc iter ad doctas proficiſci cogor Athenas.
Nounes that anſwer the queſtion how far determining the ſpace or intervall of place indefinitly like thoſe that referre to particular places by the queſtion whether are Ellipticall Accuſatives after Verbs of motion, vix pedem aut unguem latum hinc diſceſſit: And ſometimes they are regular, per ſtadium Olympiae ingreditur Milo, ſurgit tres arbor in ulnas. And ſometimes they are Ablatives after Verbs that have no expreſſe mention of moving; abeſt hinc quingentis millibus paſſuum. And ſuch are meaſures of length, breadth, or thickneſſe, umbratres ulnas longa, which may be made Ablativalls, or Genitives Ellipticall inſtanced in thoſe conſtructions.
Nouns that betoken a continuall time, are commonly regular Accuſatives; per id tempus, intra ſex annos. And ſometimes are Ellipticall, puer id aetatis, majorem vitae partem infaelix. And ſometimes they are made Ablatives, docuit nos quatuor annis. And very ſeldome Genitives inſtanced in that ſtructure.
Nounes that betoken the part affected with a property or paſsion conſtrued with Adjectives or Verbs, either Neuter or Paſsive will be Ellipticall Accuſatives, being Graeciſmes. Os vocemque Deo ſimilis ſed caetera diſpar, dolet caput, redimitus tempora lauro. But latinewiſe, ſuch Nounes will properly be made Ellipticall Ablatives inſtanced in that ſtructure.
Of the due placing of Words in ſentences.
An orderly diſpoſition of words in ſentences doth require a foure fold circumſpection.
1. That ſome ſentences or parts of ſpeech accuſtomed to certain places be not removed thence without good warrant.
2. That warrantable elegancies may be preferred before vulgar poſtures.
3. That an Euphony be preſerved in both.
4. That the perſpicuity of ſenſe be not impaired by any.
1. Of ſentences and words deſigned to certaine places.
1, In proſe the continued ſentences, or Ablatives called the abſolute, do commonly begin the periods.
2. Pronouns Relative, or conjunctive Adverbs, do uſually begin ſuch ſentences as are continued.
3. Adverbs of exciting, forbidding, ſhewing, or wiſhing, and any Interrogatives pronominall or adverbiall, being no Encliticalls ſhould ordinarily begin the principall ſentences.
4. Moreover in every ſentence cuſtomarily Adjectives are placed before their Subſtantives, the Antecedents before reciprocalls, all kinds of Adverbs before the words whereto they ſhould referre, excepting ſome notified in their proper places; And finite Verbs are placed laſt, But in verſe, all the former Rules will admit variations, being then authoriſed, when they are uſed with approved Poets, whoſe practiſe is the beſt guide therein.
2. Of Elegance in ſome poſtures ſwarving from the Vulgar.
Verbs finite whether thoſe called Imperſonall, or the Neuters referring to ſundry cauſes, will beſt beſeem the firſt place, dedecet viros muliebriter rixari, vigilat Dominus & ſervi: defloreſcit formae dignitas, aut morbo, aut vetuſtate. Some Adverbs are placed elegantly after the words which they do limit, mitigati admodum ſunt eorum animi, poſtquam diu nimium diſputaſſent, impenſe cnpiunt, ſed conſulunt parum, non ſuccedit quod faciunt ſedulo, futura proſpicit longiſſime, ſo commonly the finall Poliſyllables will ſmooth the ſounds of ſentences and make the Adjectives at laſt gratefull, nihil iſthoc viſum eſt moleſtius, quod ipſe facit, non putat injuſtum, and ſpecially when ſuch have before them ſome Parentheſis, parentum dilectio eſt (me judice) maxima, ſuch are diſſyllabicall Adjectives, ſpecially Pronouns after Subſtantives of many ſyllables, inter oratores bonos raro convenit, facultas nulla tibi dabitur, and the Genitive is handſomely ſeated between the Adjective and its Subſtantive, or a Prepoſition, and the caſe whereto it ſerveth, ſagaciſſimus naturae in…agator Ariſtoteles, omnes omnium charitates patria complectitur, ad illius temporis incommoda hoc acceſſit. Proper na…es being Polyſyllables placed firſt grace the ſentence, elſe are diſgraced, except an Epithet of praiſe or diſpraiſe doth lead them. Neoptolemus cognominatur Achillis fillus, or Nobilliſſima Achillis proles Neoptolemus cognominatur, qui tyrocinium in Bello adoleſcentulus poſuit, where the principall, not the continued ſentence doth lead the reſt. And if continued ſentences be but ſhort, the ſubject of the principall whereto they refer ſhould lead them, Spiritus, qui denſatur hy…mali frigore, in nebulam quaſi concretus c…rnitur. Laſt Proſe placed verſewiſe, or verſe placed proſewiſe will loſe their elegance.
3. Of Euphony requiſite in placing words.
The good ſound of words joyned in compoſition, are the beſt patterns of Euphony in words joyned by Appoſition, with this caution, that letters ſounding well being doubled between words compounded, have ill ſounds between words app…ſed, wherefore the former may not uſually …nd in the ſame letter, or in another of a cognate ſound, with that which doth begin the next word after. Nor in any wiſe may the ſame ſyllable end the former, and begin the next word after, for that hath neere Alliance unto ſtammering.
2. The ſame word repeated, without a figure cannot ſound well, and therefore it ſhould be ſupplyed by a Relative or a Synonymy.
3. Homoteleutons, being figures ſhould be uſed accordingly as rarities.
4. Sandy or looſe words that will not concatenat like untunable feet, ending every where with the words in verſes, will make ſentences have flat and jarring ſounds. In fine, the adviſe of judicious eare in this Office wil be of ſingular ſteed.
4. Of cleering the ſenſe of words in every poſture.
As the former Rules conduce thereto, ſo likewiſe it will much availe for perſpicuity of ſenſe in words. 1 To preſerve in ſentences a naturall order by placing the whole before the parts, and cauſes before effects, and the worthieſt before leſſe worthy; Omnis familia, parentes, liberi, ſervitia, indefeſſis laboribus victumquae ritan…. 2. To ſhun the multiplying of Relatives, anſw…ring either to ſingle or to ſundry Antecedents, and in ſtead thereof, either to repeat ſuch Antecedents, or to uſe Diſtributives, ſpecially when the Antecedents are of the ſame Gender and number, as, Socordes ab ignavis diſcrep…nt, deficiunt enim ſocordes proſpiciendo, ignavi fortiter agendo, h… fortitudine, illi conſilio carent.
3. To uſe Laconiſme will conduce thereto, for prolixe ſentenees will tire the Auditors underſtanding and with all beget obſcurity.
4. Laſtly, to diſtinguiſh words by accents according to the Rules thereof ſpecified in their proper place, and to give all ſentences proper points regulated before in the Rules of Art for writing.