The Latin Grammar, Part 1 · Subpart 194 – Subpart 197
Annotations.
The Prepoſitionall like the Conjunctive Adverbs have nothing of regence, but are only ſervile, yet con as ſuch are very uſefull, becauſe without coniunctions, no ſentences can have either a Conſummation in themſelves, or a Continuation from each to other. And Prepoſitions afford much of compendious and various elegance as by appoſition inſtanced already, ſo by compoſition, as in the following inſtances.
A ab abs (which with the reſt next following, are ſeparable Prepoſitions) doe in compoſition ſignifie either privation, as amens abſimilis abſtemius, or ſeparation, avulſus, abactus, abſtractus, or intenſion, abnegatio, abſolutio. Where a is uſed in Latine words only before m. and v. …ut in exotick words before x and z. Ab is uſed before any vowell, and before b. d. f. h i. l. v. ſe;ldome before m and p. alwayes before r. and ſ. And for Euphoni… ab is changed into au in auferens and aufugiens.
Abs is uſed before c. q. t. And both theſe and all other ſeparable Prepoſitions have like places in Appoſition as they have in Compoſition Ad compounded doth ſignifie an increaſe, accumulatio approach acceſſus aſſimilatio. And it is intire in Compoſition with any vowel, or with b. d. h. i. m. v. except ahbrevians. But d is cut off thence before words that begin with c. f. g. l. n. p. r. ſ. t. leaving them doubled in recompenſe of the loſſe. Theſe are excepted, adſuturus, adlubeſcit, agnitus, adſunt. Likewiſe d. before q. is changed into c. ac…uieſco.
Ante compounded noteth a precedence in time, place, or ſome other condition, antolucanus, anteambulatio, antefere, and being alwayes intire, it goeth before a. c. e. f. g. l. p. ſ.
Circum referring only unto place being compounded, is intire before a. e. h. m. o. p. And commonly doth change m to n before c. d. f. g. i. l. q. m. ſ. t. v. But m. is cut of before i. as in Ci…uitus. Con… a compounded doth ſignifie oppoſition, as, contradico contraliceor, contradico, or over againſt contrapoſitus, contraſtans, contraveniens. And it is every where intire, and only before ſuch letters as are in the former inſtances. De compounded noteth detraction, deoorticor, deſcent, defluxus, deficience, dediſco locall motion deambulo, or is privative, delumbis, or active with intenſion deamo, with remiſſion; deferveſco or negative, demens dedecus, or Demonſtrative delatio. And is found entire before all the letters wherewith Latine words begin, but ſeldomeſt before q. and u. as dequeſtus deuſt…s.
…. or ex compounded fignifie privation, elinguis, or intenſion eluſus exoratus. And it is uſed for extra, excluſus, moreover E. is uſed before b. d. g. i. l. m. n. r. v. But Ex before all vowels and c. p. q. t. which before f. caſteth away x. recompenſed by doubling f. as effraenis. And ſ. after x. is cut off without recompence, as exanguis, in exſpes, it is preſerved for a difference from expes.
In compounded ſignifieth, non, inutilis, intra, ingreſſio, contra inſultatio, valde, incanus, ſupra, imminens, fi…e, iniuſſu, publice, indictum, local motion, importatio. And it is intire before vowells, and c. d. f g. h. i. n. g. ſ. t. v. Before b. m. p. the letter n. is changed into m. imberbis immortalis impar. Before l. and r. it is cut off, and the letter following is doubled, as, illaeſus, irriſio. Inter compounded ſignifyeth middlenes, interpoſitio, privation interitus, intenſion interdictum. And it doth remaine intire in compoſition before all letters wherewith Latine words begin, except intelligo, and ſuch others changing r. unto l.
Intro in compoſition doth keep conſtantly to the ſame ſenſe, and is intire before c. d. e g. i. m r. ſ. v.
Ob compounded doth ſtand for parum, as oblongus, for contra as obiectum, for circa, as obſeſſio, for coram, as obveniens. And it is found before all letters for the moſt part intire, except in opprobrium, and ocquiniſcens, where b. is changed to p. in the firſt, and c. in the laſt, and ſuch others: but in omiſſus and opertus it is caſt away.
Poſt compounded referring only to ſucceſſion of time place or ſome other circumſtance doth remaine intire, going before words that begin with a. e. f. g. h. i. l. m. p q. ſc. v.
Per compounded ſignifieth valde, permodeſtus, periniquus, or non perfidus, or trans perſpicuus, or nimium pertinax. And it doth remaine entire before any letter, wherewith Latine words begin, ſaving in pellectus and pellucidus.
Prae in compoſition doth ſignifie ante, praefatio, ſuper praefectus, maxime praeclarus praepotens, immature praecox. In ſome Compounds it doth not alter the ſenſe of the ſimple words, as in praecinctus praeut, and it is intire before all letters that begin Latine words.
Praeter compounded is conſtant to the ſame ſignification, and doth remaine intire before a. d. e. f. g. i. l. m. n. p. q. r. v which only it will precede, and no other; praeterbitans hath b. for Euphony.
Pro in compoſition is uſed for ante, providus, or procul, prophanus, prohibitio propuduum, or ſuper, prominens, or ultra, progreſſus, or palam, promulgo, or valde, procurvus, or longe, protentus. And it is alwayes intire, and goeth before all letters except b. e. o. q.
Sub in compoſition doth ſignifie parum, ſubiratus, or infra, ſubiectus, or repente, ſubitus, or viciſſim ſuffectus, or clam, ſurreptus, or ſuper ſublimis, or poſt ſubſequor. And it goeth before all letters, except q. and is commonly intire: only before c. f. g. m. p. r. the ſame are doubled in ſteed of b. cut off, as in ſuccedens ſuffugium, ſuggeſtio, ſummiſſus, ſuppoſitio, ſurreptus, but ſuſcipiens, ſuſpirans, ſuſtollens, may be compounded with ſus for ſurſum.
Subter in compoſition is uſed for clam, ſubterducens, for infra ſubterfluens, ſubtorlabens, and is never impaired or compounded with any other letters.
Super compounded hath the ſignification of a…plius, ſuperadditus, of diutius, ſuperſtes, of ſurſum ſuperveniens. And it is never impaired, being compounded with all letters except b. and q.
Supra in compoſition referreth only to a place, and goeth only before d. p. ſ. being ever intire. Trans compounded doth likewiſe refer to place only, and is alwayes entire going before a. c. e. f. g. i. l. m. p. q. t. v. But it caſteth away s. before another ſ. as in tranſumptus. Likewiſe both s. and n. before d. i. u. as in trado, traijcio, trano.
Prepoſitions inſeparable ſo called, becauſe they are never uſed a parte in appoſition are ſix: Am or oftner a… for amphi, Con, for cum, di for dis, Re for retro, ſe for ſeorſim or ſine, ve for vi or vae, alwayes & only uſed to compoſition, except in few Archaiſmes, as am terminum, for ad: Am compounded, referreth only to place, or ſomewhat equivalent thereunto, and goeth before p. as amputans. But an goeth before c. h. f. q. anciſus, anbelo, anfractus, anquiro, and amb… before a. e. i. u. ambages, ambeſus, ambigens, ambuſtus, or amb… afore d. as amb idexter ambidentes.
Con compounded doth ſtand for ſimul, commenſalis, for contra, contendo, for valde, conc…tio concrepitus. And it is intire before c. d. f. g. i. n. q. ſ. t. v. before b. p. and l. m. r. the letter n. is changed, as in theſe inſtances, combibo, compareo, colligo, commuto corrigo. And before h. or any vowel, n. is cut off without recompence, Comedo alone hath m. inſtead of n. for Euphony.
Di or dis compounded ſtand for non, difficili…, for ſeorſim, diſciſſus, for contra, diſſenſio, for valde diſpereo, for ordinate, diſpoſitio. Moreover Di is uſed in compoſition before words that begin with d. g. l. m. n. r. But dis before b. c. i. p. q. ſ. t. and before f. the ſame is doubled in recompenſe of ſ. cut-off as in diffid….
Re in compoſition is uſed for retroe receſſus, for …urſum, recognoſco, for reciproce, redamo, for adverſum reluctor, for valde, redundo, for procul, remotus, for non recluſus. And ſometimes it addeth nothing to the ſignification of the ſimple, recaleo. And it is put befor b c. d. f. i. l, m. n p. q. ſ. t. v. but before h. and a. e. i. o. u. it will take d. for Euphony redhibeo redactus, redemptus, rediens, redolens, reduncus, and reunctor, reunio, reedifico without d. In reddo for rem, do, d. is doubled for a recompence of m. cut off, ſo Re is never impaired.
Se compounded doth note a ſeparation, ſeiunctus privation, ſecurus, ſocors, deviation ſeductus. And it cometh in compoſition before c. d. g. i. l. m. p. v. being alwayes intire.
Ve in compoſition doth ſignifie intenſion, vehemens, diminution vegrandis vecors, privation veſanus, veiovis. And it goeth before c. d. g. h. i. p. ſ. being every where entire, vetus for vae atas is contracted.
Annotations.
Some Prepoſitions will not be compounded at all as, abſgue adverſum apud circiter citra coram erga, intra, iuxta penes, pone, ſecundum, ſine, ultra, being allwayes ſeparable.
Others have Compounds but very few, as, quoci…ca circum circa, ciſalpinus, ciſpadanus, perclam mecum, quibuſcum, extraordinarius, extrinſecus, infranares propalam, propemodum, propterea, praeter, propter, ſupradictus, hactenus, quadantenus qu… tenus quoquo verſum retrorſum, uſque, quoque.
Many are found ſeperable from their caſes, becoming abſolute Adverbs, ſome commonly, as ante citra circum circiter clam, coram, contra, infra intra, iuxta, palam, pone poſt procul, prope, ſecus, ſubter ſuper ſupra ultra, ſome very ſeldome, as prae propter and tenus thus: (having much affinity with Pronouns) Adverbialls will admit of diverſe formes in diverſe ſtructures.
Of the figure of Adverbs.
Adverbs by the figure are ſome Primitives being many Monoſyllables, as nunc, mox, iam, cras, ſed, vel praclam, ad per, &c. And others Derivatives, which may be Pronominall Monoſyllables, for they deſcend from any part of ſpeech, and from Nouns or Pronouns in any caſe, hic quod recens penitus, facile, potius, plurimum, acerba, horrida, in the Nominative or Accuſative, humi, domi, nauci, in the Genitive, tempori, luci, veſperi, in the Acquiſitive, hac forte repente ſubito recta, noctu, hodie, in the Ablativall. All which have the ſame both termination and ſignification with their Primitives. Others differing in Termination from their Primitives being of the firſt or of the ſecond Declenſion will end in atim itus iter itim im, or e. as ſummatim, medullitus, oſtiatim, humamtus, humaniter, viritim, enixim, caeſim, raptim, male. Being of the third, they end in atim enter tim ter no, as generatim, vehementer, partim, ſegniter, omnino.
Derivatives by compariſon follow the rules of other Adjectives, being the ſame with Adjectives neutrall, as minus, minimum, or Superlatives may endin e. or …. noviſſime, poſtremo, both Comparatives and Superlatives may be derived from Prepoſitions prae prius, primo, ſo extra exterius, extreme, infra, inferius, infime, &c.
Of Compound Adverbs.
Adverbs are compounded ſome like Pronouns with ſyllabical additions, as tandem, ubinam, uſpiam, pauliſper, hi…ce, hiccine. Some with precedent Subſtantives, dextrorſum, pedetentim. Some with ſubſequent Subſtantives, tantopore illico perendie, ſaepenumero.
Some with ſubſequent Adiectives, denuo praeterea. Some with ſubſequent Verbs, Ʋbivis quolibet. Some with two Verbs, ſcilicet videlicet, Some with two Adverbs, tantammodo velut protinus dein. Some with three originalls, deinde, aliquantiſper, quamobrem, nudiuſtertius.