The Latin Grammar, Part 3
The FIGƲRES of ELOCUTION
FIgures ſwarving from the common courſe, but having Authority from the moſt learned in the Latine tongue, do belong
1. Some to Elementary parts of words, being Letters and Syllables.
2. Some to intire words conſiſting either in their ſenſe being Tropologicall, or in their Etymology changing the parts of ſpeech, and their affections.
3. Some to ſentences having Anomalous Syntax, all which are handled in their proper places.
4. Some to the whole ſpeech beeing dreſſed up with artifice of Oratory called Elocution. Wherefore as Trops advance and quicken the ſenſe of words, ſo the figures of Elocution heighten ſentences for a ſubtile and ſecret operation upon mens Judgements and affections, either 1. To perſwade them to aſſent, or 2. To introduce a prejudice of their diſſent, or 3. To amuſe them, and ſo to ſuſpend their reſolutions.
The Schems or figures of Elocution, being very numerous, may be reduced to five kinds, proper to ſo many offices complying with the principal ſeats of Oratory to wit.
1. Some being uſed exegetically to cleere the ſenſe meet for the Narrative part.
2. Some uſed Apodictically fitting the ſeat of Arguments in Confirmations.
3. Some uſed Cataſce…aſtically muſtring a number of Conjectures, where the weight of a ſollid reaſon faileth peculiar to Amplifications.
4. Some uſed Analeptically, repeating words or ſounds with Gloſſes to make things ſpoken of more heeded as more concerned ſuitable with any place where the matter is weighty, and the hearers dull.
5. Some Pathetically agreeing with any place requiring indignatoin or compaſſion, wrought by a previous paſſion in the oratour. And in each kinde the moſt uſefull are ſelected, and the reſt declined.
Of Figures ſerving to Narrations.
In the narrative part the office of a figure is either, 1. To diſtribute the matter handled to its ſeverall branches; ſo making way to remove what is unconcerned. And there to will conduce Meriſmus, &c. or 2. To determine the queſtion poſitively, whereto ſerve Brachyepia, &c.
Of diſtinguiſhing.
Meriſmus doth orderly diſpoſe the whole controverſie to ſundry parts, of purpoſe, to inſiſt upon the point concerned. Delatori lubentiſſime ignoſcatur, aut ob mandatum coacto, aut ob …geſtatem querulo, aut ob pietatem ſpontaneo, ſ…d malicioſo, qui data, opera male agit, nemo bonus indulgeat. Palindromia hath ſome affinity therewith, making diverſe words of ſeverall Relations anſwer orderly each unto the other.
Paſtor arator, eques, pavi, colui▪ ſuperavi, C…ras, rus, hoſtes, fronde ligone manu.
2. P…radiaſtole doth diſtinguiſh things that ſeemingly are like by cleere unlikelineſſe.
Virtutem fortuna premit, non obruit illam.
Iniquum eſt pro aſtuto ſapientem, pro audaci fortem pro illiberali fr…galem haberi, iniquiſſimum vero ſubdolos nuncupari prudentes, confidentes magnanimos, ſordidiſſimos quoſque bonae frugi viros, virtutes enim vitijs admixtae a potiori jure denominantur, vitia, vero ab virtutibus alieniſſima earum titulis non ſunt dignanda.
3. Amphidiorthoſis, uſed alſo to diſtinguiſh, doth preface to a future offence and therewith ſalve it.
—horrida narro,
Inculpanda tamen, quia pro re ſermo paratur▪
Homunciones autboritate exutos hominem vincere eſt facinus, Civem incarcerare ſcelus, necare nefas, in crucem toilere ecquid eſt inſolentius? Prob malum, quid dic…m? Principem …olli, jugulari, ſubſannari, Parricidio plus eſt, Theomachia eſt.
4. Aphoriſmus or Metanoia doth likewiſe recall a word and rectifie it.
Heu Cives, ſi forte licet vos dicere Cives.
Haec eſt ultio ſceleris, niſi forſan aequo durius loquor, nam ſceleris eſt prohibitio, non ultio.
5. Anaclaſis, Antimetabole Chiaſmus Diallelon Enagonion uſed to the ſame office determine things with a difference from the vulgar ſenſe.
Qui ſapiunt regnant, pax eſt opulentia regni.
Cum ſenibus puer eſt, cum pueriſque Senex.
Aliorum ſapientiae fortuna, aliorum fortunae ſapientia non ſuppeditat. Edendum ut vivas, non vivendum ut edas.
6. Antitheſis, Enantioſis, Synrciſts, notifie different events of different cauſes.
Ille novo veterum vagus eſt errore locorum.
Amicos parit obſequium, hoſtes veriloquium, donorum antehac profuſos, poſtmodum egenos fore oportet. Alter dandobenignus, alter accipiendo aſtutus. Quam opportuna erat expugnantibus civitas, tam inexpugnabiles erant civium animi. Ego plector, quod tu peccaſti, nos meruimus, quae praemia vos repor…atis.
Of Defining.
1. Brachyepia, Characteriſmus, Enargia, Hypotypoſis, will exactly deſcribe as it were peece-meale perſons, facts, time or place.
Crine ruber, niger re, brev…s pede lumine luſcus,
Venit hyems, teritur Sicyonia bacca tra…etis,
Glande ſues redeunt laeti, dant arbuta ſilvae.
Amicitiae, conſuetud…nes, vicinitates, clientelae, ludi, feſtique dies, quid haberent voluptatis, carendo magis intellexi, quam perfruendo
2. Hypomone, or Paradoxon will decline the vulgar opinion, and introduce ſome unexpected deciſion of the thing in hand.
—Verus amicus
Nec prece, nec pretio, ſedenim virtute paratur.
Scientiam habet, non ut ſciatur quo quidnam levius▪ aut inanius; non ut ipſam, vendat, quo nihil eſt vilius, ſed quo in ſuam inſpiciat vitam.
3. Antiſtaſis, or Analepſis, will ſerve to the ſame office.
Una ſalus victis, nullam ſperare ſalutem.
Perijſſem, niſi perijſſem.
2. Of Figures proper to confirmation.
In Argumentative Topicks, Figures have recourſe to eſſentiall cauſes, ſpecificall properties and neceſſary conſequences, ranged for proof of what is propounded, whereto comply Aitiologia, &c. or for diſproving of the contrary ſuitable with Antiſtrophe, &c.
Of Prooving.
1. Aitiologia in ſome reſpect called alſo Apophaſis, doth confirme what was propounded by ſome concludent reaſons.
An mihi cantando victus non redderet illum,
Quem mea carminibus meruiſſet fiſtula, caprum?
Graſſatori jure licet eripere vitam, qui eriperet alienam. Apophoniſma doth imply a reaſon for anſwer to a ſuppoſed doubt, fac velis perfici…s. Litterarum ſunt radices amarae ſed fructus dulces.
2. Synathroiſmus is a Series of cauſes concurring to the ſame effect. Multa ſimul ab ultione laeſum revocant, officium, conſuetudo, tempus, exiſtimatio periculum, religio, which with ſeverall conjunctions ſet between them is called Polyſyntheton, or without any ſuch as in the former inſtance is called Aſyntheton or Dialyſis, being much more elegant as noting each cauſe apart ſufficient.
3. Synonymia differeth from the former, notifying not divers cauſes, but different circumſtances of the ſame cauſe. Otium, quies, tranquillitas, pax demum adeſt inopinata, pugnavit, vicit, triumphavit.
4. Synoicioſis or Syſceuaſis will elgantly expreſſe how contrary cauſes may produce the ſame effects.
Par meritum grateſve pares poenaſve repoſcit.
7. Illiberalis & profuſus ſunt aeque inopes, aeque infames, alter qui ſuisrebus uti nollet, alter qui ſuas res diſſiparet, ideoque pari poena ſunt afficiendi.
Of diſproving.
1. Antiſtrophe doth retort a reaſon uſed to diſprove what it ſhould have proved.
An quiſquam perimit vivum, conditque peremptum!
Feſtinuſve fugit lethalem vindicis iram.
Bella eſt haec accuſatio, qua me litigij poſtulas, eademque opera mihi litem intendis.
2. Prolepſis, Antiphora, or Procataſceue, do prevent objections, ſtealing to a good eſteem by a ſeeming ingenuity, labouring withall to avoid or abate a prejudice.
— Scio me Danais e Gentibus unum.
Teſtem produci vult adverſarius, fateor nullum affore, praeter ſuam ipſius conſcientiam, commotus enim lachrymis, quod petebat dedi, ſolus, ſoli, ſin haec negabit, vobis ſatisfactum eſſe de utriuſque veritate oportet. And the reaſons given are called Proſapodoſis.
3. Epitrope, doth neglect what is objected, as impertinent were it granted.
J, ſequere Italiam, ventis pete regna per undas. Eſto Rex, Tyrannus, Sacrilegus, prae multis unum malumus. Profundat, perdat, pereat, noſtra non intereſt.
4. Exutheniſmus doth adde unto the former ſome ſcorne or ſharp reproofe then called Epiplexis, or Epitimeſis, or Scheſis.
Egregium facinus, miſcebat graeca latinis.
Indignum eſt Italos Trojam ſuccendere flammis,
Quid face Trojanos atra vim ferre Latinis?
Dux veſter bolliger at calamo, militat dolo, expugnat nummo. Egote armatis ejeci, non dejeci, una litera tantum latet facinus▪
5. Alloioſis diſtinguiſhing between perſons or their facts by different circumſtances doth accordingly excuſe or aggravate crimes.
Quod licuit …ueris, licet aetatique ſenili?
Aliud eſt vivere in aequa Civitate ubi lex v…let, aliud ſub unius imperium devenire, ubi ſingularis poteſtas regnat, i…lic lege fretos libertatis meminiſſe, hic unius poteſtati traditos quotidianam commentari ſubjectionem, opus eſt.
Homicidium aliud eſt a furioſo, aliud ab ebrioſo perpetratum illud condonatur, ut involuntarium, hoc capitale judicatur, ut voluntarium, eodem cenſu (cum ebrietate iſtius cauſa) numerandum, ebrius adhaec duplici tenetur crimine, ſcilicet ebrietatis & homicidij.
6. Anancaion hath the ſame office with the former, in preventing prejudices cauſed by neceſſity, nihil valuit pro fratre deprecatio, cum judicaret Tyrannus cujus crudelitas omnem naturae neceſſitudinem extinguebat, verum enimvero quamvis auxilium a fratris periculo violentia ſubmoviſset, quod potui, feci, nempe calamitatis particeps eram.
3. Of Figures meet for Amplifications.
To the ſeat of amplification do belong figures that comply with conjecturall proofs by circumſtances of time, place, perſons, but ſpecially of facts conſidered in the circumſpection of their poſſibility, lawfullneſſe, honour, profit, pleaſure. 2. In their eſtimate from authority of the wiſe, and practiſe of the beſt. 3. In their compariſon with, or contrariety to other facts, of which ſort are Auxeſis, &c.
1 Auxeſis doth extenuat, or elſe aggravate facts be they good or evill by their ſeverall adjuncts.
Templa Deum, feſlique dies, ſacra Concio furtum
Nil prohibent, nedum remo…atur Anathema dirum.
Dum reſtituuntur ad integrum damnati, ſolvuntur vincti, redùcuntur exules, promoventur perduelles, reſcinduntur leges, Ecquis Rempublicam ruere non intelligat? And the ſeverall progreſſe of vertue or vice, doth give this figure the name of Exallage.
2. Dinoſis doth ſpecially expoſe the heynouſnes and horror of vices. Haec una …jus eſt ſtultitiae, ut nullus hominem, ejuſmodi furoris, ut nullus faeminam, ejuſmodi crudelita…is, ut nullus matrem appellet, quoe fuit uxor G…neri, Noverca fili… filiae pellex
3. Icon or Homoioſis doth illuſtrate things by ſome ſimilitude whih if eall and of fact, is called Paradigma, if imaginary and feigned, is called Parabole.
Qualis populea moerens Philomela ſub umbra.
Amiſſos queritur …aetus.
Orpheus in ſylvis, inter Delphinas Arion.
Quod natura tranquillum eſt, ventorum procellis, mare conturbatur, Talis eſt exercitus, ubi ſeditio concitatur; Qualis in mundo Phoenix redivivus, Talis imperio Ariſtides reſtitutus.
4. Epiphonema is a quick ſhort inference from what was ſaid before, intended for applauſe to all the reſt.
Tantum relligio potuit ſuadere malorum.
Scilicet aliam nollent libertatem, quam per mortem, ſuch will handſomly cloſe an Epigrame.
4. Of Figures repeating words or ſounds.
1. Words are repeated ſometimes together, if in the ſame ſentence, called Epizeuxis, if in divers called Anadiploſis; and this laſt continued called Climax.
2. Sometimes aſunder, either in the beginning of diverſe ſentences, called Epanaphora, or in the end thereof called Epiſtrophe, or in both places called Symploce.
3. Sometimes in the beginning, and end of diverſe ſimple Theſes called Epanalepſis, or only in the end of Mixttheſes called Epanodus.
2. Sounds are repeated by Paronomaſia, Polyptoton, Homoioteleuton, Oxymeron.
Of Words repeated.
1. Epizeuxis, Diploſis, or Protrope doth repeat the ſame word together in the ſame ſentence, with ſome additionall explanation put unto the latter; wherewith inquam may be ſupplyed.
Ah Coridon Coridon quae te dementia ce…it?
Vos hortor ſocij, nunc nunc inſurgite remis.
Adeſte, adeſte ſceleris ultrices. Likewiſe Diacape, or Diaſtole inſerting a word betwen, is accounted a ſpecies of the former.
Duc (age) duc ad nos.
Excitate (ſi poteſtis) excitate ipſum ab inferis.
2. Anadiploſis, or Palinlogia doth repeat continuatly, the ſame word, but as of diverſe ſentences cloſing the firſt, and beginning the next, and having otherwiſe the ſame modifications as the former, it is moſtly uſed in Verſe, or being more continued, is called Gradatio.
Deiphobum vidi lacerum crudeliter ora,
Ora manuſque ambas.
Hic tamen vivit, vivitlimmo in ſenatum venit.
Imperator vivat, vivat & vincat, vincat ſalvuſque redeat.
3. Climax doth ſometimes differ from the former, that repeating alwaies together the ſame individuall word; but this repeating often, the ſame onelyonly in the Originall, or inſerting ſome other words between the ſame Numericals.
Quod libet, idque licet, ſibi, quod licet, id ſatis audent,
Quodque audent, ſaciunt, faciunt, quodcunque moleſtum.
Nos praeſtat in…pia, diligentes, diligentia opulentos, opulentia protervos, protervia deinde inopes, in gyrum circumquaque verſos. Epanaphora, or Epibole, doth repeat words aſunder in the beginning of divers Sentences.
Hic gelidi fontes, hic mollia prata Licori,
Hic nemus, hic toto tecum conſumerer aevo.
Ego quaeſtoribus int…rminabar, ne ſtipendio ſumptum facerent, Ego armentarijs patefaciendis obſtabam, Ego arma …ſfer…i prohibebam. And ſome uſe Synonymies inſtead of the ſame words repeated. Dolui clandeſtinum hoſtem intra mu…os impune vagari, aegre …uli veſtri omnium facilitatem unius fallacia tentari, me commovit in accipienda injuria plurimorum laetitiam oſtentari. Some range therewith Diaereſis, diſtributing as to the ſame, ſo to ſundry Subjects ſeverall properties
Nocte leves ſtipulae inclius, nocte arida prata
Tondentur, noctis lentus non deficit humor.
Spumat aper, fluit unda fremi leo, ſibilat anguis. Spirant venti, florent prata, frondeſ…unt nemora, miteſcunt fructus.
5. Epiſtrophe doth contrariwiſe repeat the ſame word at the end of diverſe ſentences.
—Gravis eſt Cantantibus umbra.
Juniperi gravis umbra, nocent & frugibus umbrae.
Primo ad Belligerandum nos impulit Philippus,
Denique calamitati noſtrae ſuccenſuit Philippus.
6. Symploce doth comprehend both the former, repeating the ſame words, in the beginning and end of diverſe ſentences.
Quam bene Caune tuo poteram nurus eſse parenti.
Quam bene Caune meo poteras Gener eſſe parenti.
Quis legem tulit? Rullus! Quis populum in tribus diſtribuit? Rullus. Quis decem viros creavit? Rullus. Some call the ſame Coinotes.
7. Epanalepſis doth repeat ſometimes one, but oftner many words that begin ſimple Theſes at the end thereof, placeing between ſome forcing reaſons that move thereto.
Victus amore tui, cognato ſanguine victus.
…hoſphoreredde diem, quid gaudia noſtra moraris,
Caeſare venturo, Phoſphore redde diem.
Huc pater O Lenaee, tuis hic omnia plena.
Muneribus tibi pampineo gravidus Autumno floret ager, ſpumat plenis vindemia labris.
Huc pater o Lenaee veni.
Libentiſſime profiterer, vos eſſe homicidas, ſi faret integrum, libentiſſime profiterer.
8. Epanodus doth repeat at the cloſe of periods (having mixt Theſes) ſometimes one, and ſometimes two words of the laſt ſentence returning to a particular account of ſuch as are repeated.
—Divellimur inde
Iphitus & Pelias mecum, quorum Iphitus aevo
Jam gravior.
Crudelis mater magis, an puer improbus ille?
Improbus ille puer, crude is tu quoque mater.
Demophoon ventis & verba, & vela dediſti.
Vela queror reditu, verba carere fide. Gratiam, qui refert, habet, et qui habet, in eo quo… habet, refert.
Of ſounds repeated.
9. Paronomaſia in Nouns, and Paromoion in Verbs, will deſcant upon reſemblance of words that ſometimes have like ſenſe, ſometimes quite unlike, this called Antiphraſis that Ploce.
Ille Chryſoſtomus potuit Ch…yſoſtomus eſſe.
Verba parant oneris tantum nil inſtar honoris.
Liber ab erroribus parum liber veritatumque illiberalis, ut oremus, non ut aremus, inſtruit Philoſophia. Tantum amari affert amari, rudibus ferri color videtur rubidus.
10. Oxymeron doth notifie concurrent juncture of two contraries predominant in the ſubject: And it differeth from the former conſiſting of words having diverſe both formes and figures but words here have alwayes the ſame ſenſe oppoſitly, and either one is derived from the other or both deſcend from one ſame Primitive.
— Diſcors concordia faelibus apta eſt
His ut quaeque pia eſt, hortatibus impia prima eſt.
Neve foret ſcelerata, ſcelus fa…it—
Cum ratione inſaniunt.
11. Polyptoton doth figurat the ſpeech when the ſame words in divers ſentenſes vary their affections either proper or common.
Hic pater, hujus opem poſcas, huic juſta refertor.
Gratia, fac redames hunc toto pectore dignum.
Cedere juſſit aquam, juſſaque ceſſit aqua.
Pulchra eſt virtus, pulchrum eſt virtutem colere, pulchri ſunt virtutis cultores, pulcherrime conſu;latur virtuti colendae.
12. Homoi…telenton accompanied with Ilocole… cloſing ſhort ſentences with like ſound are very plauſible if they be not too common.
Non eſt dives, qui abſque modo utendi, aut fine cupiendi, nummos auget, nullos poſſidet, mulium enim appetere egentis eſt indicium, ſicut nihil pa…cere egeſtatis eſt initium.
Aliud eſt benefacere, aliud injuriam non inferre▪ inde benevolentiam cuncilies, hinc odium vites.
5. Of Figures expreſſing or exciting paſſion`s.
Paſſions figurate the ſpeech either. 1. With ſome queſtion of much concernment called Erotema, or 2. With diverting the ſpeech another way called Apoſtrophe. or 3. With perſonating ſomewhat in a meere imagery called Proſopopia. or 4. With conſulting the preſent Auditors …lled Anacoinoſis. or 5. With the ſpeakers …eration with him ſelfe called Aporia. o… … with ſome wonder at an unexpected ſtrangeneſſe called Ecphoneſis. or 7. with ſeeming feare of prejudice called Apoſiopeſis. or 8. With indignation where no feare ſtoppeth, called Aganacteſis. or 9. With execratious when rage hath freedome called Aria. or 10. With imploration of pitty when all other means do faile called Decſis.
1. Erotema doth prejudge the matter or rather out dare a contrary judgement.
—Anulla putatis
Dona carere dolis Danaum; ſic notus Uliſſes?
Quis erat armorum ſenſus, quae tua mens oculi ma…us? quis ardor ille, quid cupiebas. quid optabas.
2. Apoſtrophe doth by way of confidence in the cauſe appeale from the Judges preſent to the practiſe of moſt grave eminent perſons, ſo ingaging the preſent judicature to aſſent for feare of diſhonour in diſſenting from ſuch gravity; Te nunc all…quor (Affricane) cujus nomen Civitati eſt ſplendori, noſtra ſi audiviſſes crimina quanti penderes? Some call this Figure Cleticon, or Cataphora. And Metabaſis, Metatheſis, or Metaſtaſis have ſome affinity therewith, being all uſed to digreſſion.
Proſopopia doth differ from the former, that ſpeaking to perſons abſent, this ſpeaking unto any thing, perſonated, as if they were rationall, and preſent, or otherwiſe making ſuch things to ſpeak.
— Quae non mortalia pectora cogis
Auri ſacra fames—
Hoſ…e mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem.
Officijque refers, quod adunci vulnus aratri,
Raſtrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno.
Pijſſima vitae dux Philoſophia, nobis Clientibus tuis hac anguſtia conſule triſtiſſima. And it is called of ſome Mimeſis, or Ethopo…ia.
4. Anacoinoſis doth ſeem to take adviſe, but intendeth to convince the Auditors that the cauſe is good, if it were their owne.
Sit tua res eadem, quidnam rationis inires?
Quem virum aut heroa putatis eximia Clius celebrare poſſe praeconia, quae nec poetarum carminibus, nec annalium monimentis, aut prudentum judicijs, pro meritis expendantur.
H…ccine mihimetillicita, vobis licere velletis? libere loquimini.
5. Aporia is uſed when we reaſon with our ſelves conſideratly about ſome doubtfull matter.
Quid faciam! nolo ſudare, rogare pudebit.
En quid agam, rurſuſne procos irriſa priores
Experiar —
Both this laſt and former be ſpecies of Dialogiſmus.
6. Ecphoneſis doth break out at the ſtrangeneſſe of ſome unwonted accident either good or evill.
O pietas! O priſca fides, miranda virorum!
Heus! etiam menſas conſumimus, inquit Ioles.
Ecquis non amentes Camillos, Curios, Fabios, pronunciaret.
7. Apoſiopeſis and Paralipſis do ſufficiently hint, what they profeſſe to paſſe in ſilence, for avoiding danger, envy, or other brand of immodeſty.
Inſidias taceo, velut ac tua ſurta, rapinas.
Quid memorem portus, Lucrinoque addita clauſtra?
Impari periculo ad judicium venimus, ſed mihi quidem; nolo tamen quicquam ominoſius proloqui.
Protome hath neer affinity therewith. Ne nimis urgeam, ad me revertor.
8. Aganacteſis lets looſe the reines to paſſion where no feare doth bridle it.
Cantando tu illum, aut unqua ni tibi fiſtula Cera.
Juncta ſuit —
Vos feram populi faeces: indeſinenter feram? aut ferendo inſolenliores efficiam. Quae mal…m dementia!
9. Ara, Catara, Diabole Adde Curſes to raging furie.
—pro talibus auſis
Dij quibus eſt pietas grates perſolvere dignas
Curent.—
Sed non ante datum cingetis maenibus urbem,
Quam vos dira fames, noſtraeque injuria caedis,
Ambeſas ſubigat malis abſumere menſas.
Flectere ſi nequeo ſuperos, Acheronta movebo.
1. Deeſis doth adjure ſome mercy by that which is accounted with men moſt ſacred.
Per ſuperos, atque hoc Caelum, te poſco favorem.
Obſecramus pro patria, deorum ſacris parentum monimentis, veſtrorum libertate, veſtro ipſorum honore, nos miſeros quam primum metu liberate.