The Art of Logic, Book 1 · Part 18
Parts.
Part.A Part is that which is referred to the whole, and is either
By it self. a
By accident. bforeign.
By its self, which is referred to the whole by it self, and is
Subject.
Co-ordering.
Subject is that which is subjected to the universal whole,a as a straighter to a larger; so man and beast are the subjective parts of Animal.
Co-ordering is, by whose co-ordination the whole is made or compounded
Ordinary.
Extraordinary. †
The Canons hereof be five.
1 Parts as they make their whole, so also they determine and measure it.
2 Parts differ from their whole, though they be taken together: for, the whole is never the constituter, but the constituted, and the parts are alwayes constituters; and the same thing constitutes not it self; also the whole (as it is the whole) is one thing; parts, though taken together, are many.
3 That which is of a part, (as it is a part) the same also is of the whole, viz. according to that part. Note that some things are in the part as a part, that is, cannot be there, but in asmuch, and as long as it cleaves to the whole.
Again some things are in it, not as it is a part, but as it hath a substance diverse from the whole; and therefore those may remain, though separated from the whole: of this sort attributes and accidents are not rightly given to the whole, but onelyonly to the part; as it is rightly said, The eye is mixt of humours, is round, &c. for such is the eye, though it be pluckt out of the body; but it is not properly said, the eye seeth, the ear heareth, &c. for those agree to those parts as they are parts and instruments of the whole, which if it be extinct, the eye seeth not, nor the ear heareth. The like is in all other parts, in every essential and integral whole that is one by it self; for in Aggregate totals, as a heap, &c. it is otherwise; for they are not indeed totals; this hath great use in the Doctrine of Christs Person, which is the whole consisting of two Natures; for rightly and really do agree to the whole person the attributes of either Nature; fitly therefore it is said, Christ is omnipotent, as touching his Divinity; Christ died for us touching his Humanity; and this is more aptly spoken thus than in the Abstract.
4 Note, whatsoever is of the whole, is also of the part. Here distinguish between the whole Universal, and the whole Essential & Integral. For whatsoever is in an universal whole, as an Animal, the same is in the parts of man and beast; but in other totals it is not so; for there, what the whole hath, cannot be properly given to the parts, because such parts receive not the definition of their totals, as in the Universal whole; it is not fitly said, the soul understandeth, thinketh, pitieth, &c. but the man that hath the soul doth those things; so whatsoever is spoken of whole Christ, or the person of the Mediatour, is not properly spoken of the Humane Nature, nor of the Divine.
5 Every part in respect of his whole, is an imperfect thing; as the soul and body are things incompleat; but a man, compleat.
And this part is either
Essential. a
Integral. b
Essential, is, which is referred to the Essential whole. And is
Perfectly called.a
Imperfectly called.
Perfectly, which is referred to an Essential whole, perfectly so called; as soul and body are perfectly Essential parts; for they make a perfect Essential whole.
Imperfectly, which is referred to an Essential whole imperfectly so called: so sound and signification, are the Essential parts of Speech, but imperfectly called, the sound as the Matter, the signification as the Form.
Integral, is, which is referred to an Integral whole.b
And is also
Perfectly called.
Imperfectly called.
Perfectly, which is referred to an Integral whole, having quantity.
And perfectly so called. And it is either
Of the same, Homogenea.
Of another kind, Heterogenea.
Of the same kind, which hath the same Name with the whole; as every part of flesh is called flesh; of blood, blood; of gold, gold, &c.
Of another kinde is, which hath a diverse Name from the whole; as the parts of a man; head, hands, feet, &c.
And it is either
Principal.
Lesse Principal.
1 Principal, without which the whole cannot be: As in man, the heart, the brain, &c.
2 Lesse principal, which may be away without the destruction of the whole, as the finger, toe, &c.
Imperfectly so called, is, which is referred to an Integral whole, imperfectly so called, named foreign, Intelligible part; such parts be the propositions in a Syllogism; the ministering of the Word and Sacraments, are the parts of the Ministery.
An Extraordinary part, is, which is referred to an Extraordinary whole; as the two Natures in Christs person.
A Part by accident, is that which is referred to an wholeb by accident: as subjects when they are divided by their accidents, and accidents by their subjects, causes by the effects, &c.