The Art of Logic, Book 1 · Part 15 – Part 17
Of the Caused.
The Caused is that which hangethforeign, upon the Cause, and is
The effect.
The Mattered.
The Formed.
The destinate.
The effect is that which hangeth on the Efficient.1 Effect.
The Canons hereof are three.
First, No effect, exceeds the vertue of its cause: So the Sun, though it hath not formally the heat which it giveth, yet it hath it eminently, that is, something much more excellent then that heat, namely, pure light. Absurdly therefore do the Popish Priests give unto Accidents the power of making a substance; for they say in the Masse, the accidents of Wine in the cup do change the water into another substance.
2 As is the cause, such is the caused; This is meant, 1 of causes by themselves, not of causes by accidents; therefore it followeth not, to say, This Ship-wright is a good man, therefore he makes a good Ship; for he makes the Ship, not as he is a man or good, but as he is a Wright or Artizen.
2 It is meant in causes natural, and those chiefly particular; so it followeth not, to say the effects of the Sun are hot, therefore the Sun is hot; for the Sun is a universal thing, and not a particular in causing. 3 It is meant of causes doing voluntarily, if they would produce an effect conformably: as a good Ship-wright makes a good Ship if he will. 4 It is meant upon condition and manner of the receiver, not of the thing received; so the Argument follows not from the chief perfection of God to the chief perfection of the gifts in the Creatures; for God works voluntarily, and according to the measure of the receiver, and when we speak here of goodnesse, it is not meant moral goodnesse, but the Natural and Artificial faculty and force of causing, and by this many Canons of effects are to be understood.
3 That for which any thing is so, is it self so much more: foreign. This Canon hath three limitations. 1 The cause must be by it self; for it follows not, This man is drunken with wine; therefore this wine is more drunken; because wine maketh not a man drunken, but by the abuse of it. 2 It is required, that that affection, whereof the cause and effect is named such, be in both. 3 That it receive more and lesse.
1 The Mattered is, that which hangs on the matter.2 Mattered
As the whole compound naturall body, is the caused of the matter.
3 The Formed is, that which hangs on the form. As the3 Form. said natural informed body.
4 The Destinate is, that which is ordered unto the End;4 Destinate it may also be called the Ended; for by the End it is determined; so vocation, justification, sanctification, are the Destinates of Eternal Life; for they are ordered as means hereunto.
The Distinctions and Subdivisions of these may be gathered from the divisions of their causes going before; for among Relates, one is known by another.
Of the Subject and the Accident.foreign.
A Subject is that whereunto an Accident sticks …and is
Absolute. a
Limited. b
Absolute is, that whereto an Accident sticketh absolutely, without any limitation of part: So Christs person is the absolute subject of the Mediatours office, and all things thereto pertaining; for to be Mediator agreeth to the whole person as it is the whole: So the whole man is the subject of life and death; and it cannot rightly be said the body dieth; for that which is compounded, is also dissolved, and consequently dies, and that is the whole man. So also man is the absolute subject of laughter; and an Animal is the absolute subject of sense.
And it is eitherforeign.
Proper.
Common.
Proper, which is reciprocate with his Accident, viz. so as it be determined to it alone, not larger nor straighter: so a man is the proper subject of laughter, and Animal of sense.
Common is, which is not reciprocate with his Accident, but may have, or not have the accident, as a man is the subject of whitenesse.
A Limited Subject is, that whereto an accident is given inb part, not absolutely; as a Black-moor is the limited subject of whitenesse, being white but in his teeth; so Christ is the subject of accidents limited foreign. As when whole Christ is said to be every where, it is by limitation to his infinite Nature or Godhead; so when he is said to be born, die, &c. it is by limitation to his finite nature or manhood: this the Greeks note by the phrase, foreign.
An accident is, that which sticketh to the subject; it isforeign. called also adjoynt.
The Canons hereof be three.
1 An Accident by nature is later than his Subject.
2 One Accident in number cannot be in divers Subjects in number.
3 One Accident in number goes not from Subject to Subject.
An Accident is either
Proper. m
Common. n
Again proper is so called eitherm
Absolutely and primarily.
After a sort.
Absolutely so called, is reciprocate with the subject of some certain Species.
The Canons hereof be three.
1 Every proper floweth from the Essential beginnings of his subject, as the power of laughter floweth from a reasonable soul.
2 Every proper is determined to some certain Species in Nature.
3 Every proper accident of one Species is communicable to another that is really divers; every thing to the perfection of it requireth three things, knit, undivided. 1 Essence. 2 Essential properties. 3 Operations, wherefore a propriety cannot be communicated, unlesse first the Essence of things be made common and confounded.
Absolute proper is either
Perfect.
Imperfect.
Perfect, is that which is not only alone and in all, but always and perpetually in it, as qualities in respect of a natural body: the faculty of wit, will, speech, &c. in a man.
The Canons hereof are three.
1 A subject cannot without contradiction be conceived under the denial of a perfect proper adjoynt: as I cannot conceive man without power of wit, &c. But it must imply contradiction, a man to be no man.
2 It is not possible for perfect Propers to be severed from their subjects, a moment of time; because they come from the form of the subject, and the next cause being put, the effects are put; and contrary, he that takes away proprieties, takes away Nature.
3 Perfect Propers are first in Universals, as reason is in man generally; then it is in this or that man, more or lesse.
Imperfect proper, is, that which is in a thing alone, and in all, but not alwayes; as the acts of speaking, laughing, weeping, &c. are onelyonly in a man, and in all men, but not alwayes.
Proper after a sort, which is called proper onelyonly by comparison with another; as it is proper for a man to be twofooted in respect of a four-footed beast. Fewnesse is proper to the Elect in respect of the Reprobates.
Common accident is, that which commonly and contingentlyn is in subjects that be diverse in specie.
The Canons hereof are five.
1 A Common accident floweth not from the Essential beginnings of the subject.
2 It is such as a subject may be conceived under the opposite thereof, without any implying of contradiction: a man may be conceived under the opposite of an Ague without implying contradiction, a man to be not a man.
3 A common accident may be in two divers, specifically distinct, subjects.
4 It is more and rather in singulars than universals; for they flow not from the essence, but from the existence.
5 Common accidents receive degrees; as one man is whiter than another, but one man is not more risible than another.
A common accident is either
Separable.
Inseparable.
Separable, which may easily be separated from the subject; as health from a man, sleep, &c.
Inseparable, which is not easily separated from the subject, though to be separated nothing repugneth, as blacknesse is inseparable in a raven.
Of the Whole and the Part.
Now follow the inward terms, the Whole, and the Part.
The Whole is that which hath parts, and it is either
by it self. a
by accident. b
Whole by it self, is, which hath parts properly and perfectlya so called.
And it is either
Universal.
Co-ordinate.
Universal whole, is a thing common and universal in respect of Particulars; as an Animal is the whole of man and beast.
Co-ordinate is, which is made of parts co-ordinate in act, and is
Ordinary. a
Extraordinary. b
Ordinary, which hath ordinary parts, and isa
Essential.
Integral.
Essential, which hath essential parts, as Matter and Form, called foreign, as a man in respect of body and soul.
And it is either, 1 Perfectly, or 2 Imperfectly so called.
1 Perfectly called, is substantial, which is compounded of Matter and Form. 2 Improperly so called, as an Oration consists of Letters, Syllables, Words, as the Material; and the signification as the Formal. A Common-weal of Magistrates and Subjects as the Material, and of their union by Laws to felicity as the Formal.
Integral, which consists of Integrant parts, and is
Perfectly called,
Imperfectly called,
Perfectly, which consists of substantial parts united.
And is either of
The same kind, Homogeneum.
Of another kind, Heterogeneum.
Of the same kind, which hath parts having the same name with the whole; as every part of water, wine, blood, &c. is called water, &c.
Of another kinde, which hath parts having a name diverse from the whole as a mans body consists of head, breast, belly, &c.
Imperfectly called, is that which consists of parts imperfect.
And is
Substantial.
Accidental.
Substantial, which consists of the Aggregation of substantial parts, as a heap of corn of many grains, &c.
Accidental, when an accident is as it were compounded of other accidents; so the Moral Law is the whole in respect of the ten Commandments; mans conversion is the whole in respect of mortification and vivification.
Extraordinary whole, is, whose parts are united extraordinarily;… such a whole is the person of our Mediator Christ, which consists of Natures, as of parts; yet is neither a whole essential nor integral, though it have a great Analogy with the Integral.
The whole by accident, is which is whole improperly andb plain accidentally: as the caused, which is divided by his causes; the subject which is divided by accidents, and the accident by the Subject; so heat is the whole in respect of the Sun and fire.