The Art of Logic, Book 1 · Part 19 – Part 25
Outward Terms.
We have seen the simple terms inward. Now follows theb b outward term which is preferred unto others outwardly, so as it constituteth them not inwardly; but, in deed and place, is diverse and distinct from them.
The outward Term is either
Adherent. m *
Concomitant. n *
Adherent is either
foreign, Adjacent. am *
foreign, Object. b
Adjacent, foreign, again is either
Knit together. 1
Circumstance. 2a
Adjoynt. 3
1 Knit together, or Connex, is that which happeneth, and is done together with the thing: as with Christs passion the darkening of the Sun, the rending of the veil, &c.
2 Circumstance is, which is about a thing, and to it adjacent, as place and time, named foreign; so the circumstances of Christs suffering, were the place, Golgotha; the time, Tiberius reign; the day, hour, &c. So shadow is the circumstance of the body.
3 Adjoynt, is that which is adjoyned neer to a thing, as the Thoray Crown, Reed, Purple Robe of Christ, &c.
An Object, is about which a thing or operation of a thing… is busied.
And it is either
By it self. e
By accident. f
By it self, unto which a thing is ordered by its self, ande of its own Nature; such an Object of the Will, is Good, of the understanding, Truth, &c.
And it is either
Common.
Proper.
Common, is about which many things together are busied; so the common object of all the senses is greatnesse, figure, and motion; for these are apprehended and judged of all the senses in common.
Proper, is which is determined to one, as colour to seeing, sound to hearing, &c.
Both of them again is
Primary.
Secondary.
Primary, unto which a thing is first carried; as universall things, foreign, are the primary object of the understanding. And God is of the Philosopher (Ethic. 10.) acknowledged to be, foreign.
Secondary, unto which a thing is secondly carried; as things singular in respect of the understanding, and things universal in respect of sense.
Also the object is either
Mediate.
Immediate.
Mediate, which is objected by means of another: as sensible substances are objects of the senses by means of the qualities▪
Immediate, which is objected without any means; so qualities are objects of the senses, as colour of sight, &c.
An Object by accident, is about which a thing is busied byf accident; and this is meant both in respect of the action, and of the object; so evil is the object of the will by accident; for about it the will is busied, not of its own Nature, as it is will, but of vice and defect outwardly accident; thus also the understanding by accident is busied about falshood; the preaching of the Gospel about Reprobates. And of the object, Sarah Abrahams wife was sensible by her accident, when the King saw her not as Abrahams wife, but as a fair woman, &c.
Concomitant, is either
Antecedent. 1n *
Consequent. 2
1 Antecedent is, which goeth in order of time before a thing, so as it cannot be the cause.
And it is either
Necessary.
Contingent.
Necessary which goeth before necessarily, either by nature or by will, as Childhood goes before Manhood, Spring time before Harvest, Resurrection before Eternal Life.
Contingent, which goes before a thing contingently; as the rednesse of the evening, in respect of the next day's fair weather, the red lowring of the morning in respect of rain at evening. Such antecedents may be called signes.
2 Consequent is, which followeth the thing, so as it is not the effect. And it is either
Necessary.
Contingent.
Necessary, which needs must follow the antecedent, as in the necessity of Gods decree, Christs suffering necessarily followed his last Supper, death followed his suffering, resurrection his death and burial, &c.
Contingent, which followeth contingently; so fair weather contingently, or it may be followeth the white Moon, for sometime it doth not, &c.
Of simple Terms arising from the first.
Having seen the first single Terms; next follow those that arise, and are conceived by means of the first.
A Term arising from the first is either of
A Word. 1 *
A Thing. 2 *
Of a Word.
The Term of a Word is either the
a Explication of a Word.1 *
b Conjugation of a Word.
The Explication of a Word, is either 1 a Definition ofa a Name; or 2 a Distinction of a doubtfull word; or a 3 clearing of a dark word.
1 A Definition of a Name, is, which turneth up and unfoldeth the signification of a Word, and is either
by a Word, foreign.
by Notation, foreign.
Definition by a word, is, which declareth the signification of a word by some other that is more known, either by a Synonymy and Metalepsis, or by a contrary word: As when I say a Condition is a Promise; Stibium is Antimony; Antichrist is he that is against Christ and for the Devil, &c.
Etymologie.
Definition by Notation or Etymologie, is, which declares the Word by the Original of it; and this not Grammatically, but Logically, for the meaning and explaning of a thing; as Noble is he which by vertue is noscible, famous or well known.
The Canons or Etymologie are three.
1 The Etymologie of all words is not to be sought; for many words are primitive.
2 In Etymologies we must not go on without End, but must stay in some that is first; as the English word, Mix, may come from the Latine Misceo, and that from the Greek foreign. And the Greek from the Hebrew foreign Masach. And here we must rest; for the Hebrew is the first tongue, and many words in it are primitive.
3 Etymologies are taken from the end, effects, proprieties, object, and opposites of a thing; and are therefore from these to be derived, and these by those to be declared; as a River comes from the Latine Rivus, and both of them from the Hebrew foreign Ravah, which signifieth to wet or moisten, because Rivers do moisten the dry Land. World so called of War▪old, because the older it is, the War or worse it is, &c.
Distinction 2.
A Distinction is, the freeing of a doubtfull word from the variety of hidden significations.
The Canons hereof are seven.
1 The Distinction of a doubtful word must be first in all consideration of things.
2 When one word or name is given to things of divers Orders and kinds, it is doubtful, and needeth distinction; as if one speak of a Canker, it is to be known whether it be of the Canker-worm, or the Canker-sore, &c.
3 When a word is given to any in a diverse respect, viz. Absolutely, and by relation, it is doubtful, and needeth distinction: as Justification is taken either absolutely, as it is in the Justified person only, Rom. 4. or relatively to our neighbour, as he may acknowledge us to be justified by the effects of Faith. Jam. 2.
4 When a word meaneth sometime more things, sometimes fewer, it is doubtfull: as Faith is sometime largely used, sometime strictly; so Church, Grace, Election, &c.
5 When the opposite of any word is doubtfull, the word it self is doubtful; as Election to life hath opposite, Reprobation: Election to an Office hath no opposite; therefore Election is a doubtfull word.
6 When a Primitive word is doubtfull, the Derivative is so too; and if one of the conjugates be doubtfull, so is the other; as Faith is diversly taken; therefore a faithfull man or infidel, is diversly to be taken.
7 Distinction of a word, repugneth not the Nature and use of things, neither darkeneth it, but cleareth the understanding of the minde, viz. a good distinction; but evil distinction doth darken and confound things.
Illustration.
8 The clearing or Illustration of a dark word, is the reducing of it to perspicuity.
The Canons hereof be four.
1 When a word is dark by barbarousnesse or Soloecism, it is to be judged by Grammar Rules: as Transubstantiation is a monstrous word, and hath bred as monstrous opinions, so Opus operatum, &c.
2 When a word is dark for want of use, let a more usuall and safe word be put in place: as the Sacrament of the Altar is an unproper word, not to be used for the Lords Supper.
3 When a word is larger or straighter than the thing meant thereby, let another word, if it may be had, be put in the room; as when the word Clergy is applied to the Ministers onelyonly, which is said to be common to all the Saints, 1 Pet. 5.
4 When a word is figurative, not for any need, but for finenesse sake, put a proper word for it.
The Conjugation, foreign, or yoking together of words,b is a depending of words yoked together. And is
Primitive.
Derivative.
Primitive, on which another word hangs in deduction.
Derivative, which hangs on the Primitive; as faithfull on Faith.
And they are either
Of a word only.
Of thing.
Of word only, when not so much the Natural Order of signifying is looked on, as the forming of words, one from another.
Of thing, when there is a union of signification, and is
Primary.
Secondary.
Primary, which is in which the dependance, both of signification and determination is observed; of Faith faithful, and Justice just, &c.
Secondary, In which there is a dependance of signification only, and not of termination also; as when of vertue one is said to be studious, gracious, &c.
Of a thing.
2 *The arising term of a thing without the word is
Resolving.
Conferring.
Resolving is either
Definition.
Division.