The Art of Logic, Book 3 · Part 8 – Part 9
Of a necessary Syllogism.
A necessary Syllogism, is, which hath a Mean or Medium of necessary disposition to b… get in the minde firm and immovable assent to the conclusion. It is called Science.
The generall Canons thereof are three.
1. The Conclusion of a necessary Syllogism sometime is pure, …r proper to one discipline; sometime mixed, or of divers Disciplines: as, OnelyOnly Faith justifieth, this is a pure conclusion; for both the terms, faith, and justifieth, are terms of Theology, and handled therein.
A narurall body is in a place; this is pu…e; for only Naturall Philosophy treateth of a place, and a body; but this, Accidents in the Lords Supper are not without the holy bread and wine, is necessary, and may be proved by a ne…essary Syllogism; but it is not pure; for the word Accident is Metaphysical o… Logical; the other terms Theological.
2. In a pure conclusion we must needs use a Mean of the same kinde, that is, such as together with the extream of the co…clusion, pertaineth to one and the same discipline, and not to diverse.
3. Of a necessary Syllogism, the propositions also are necessary.
A necessary Syllogism is either
Monstrative, foreign. f
Demonstrative, foreign. g
Monstrative, is, whose Mean is taken from a monstrativef place that is, from every place of necessary invention▪ except the place of the efficient cause, the end, and the effect.
And it is either
Artificial. c
Inartificial. d
Artificial places again are either of first Terms, or secondlyc of Arisen.
Places of the first terms be
Inward. a
Outward. b
Inward, are they which are taken from inward terms, anda they are nine.
1. From the Genus. 2. From the Species. 3. From the cause material. 4. The Formal. 5. The Subject. 6▪ The Accident. 7. The proper. 8. The whole. 9. And the part.
The first place of the Genus hath two Canons.
1. To what the Genus is given, to the same some Species must needs be given, but indeterminate; as, It is sin; therefore Original, or Actual.
2. From what the Genus is taken away, from that necessarily all the Species are taken: as, It is no sin, therefore neither original nor actual; therefore no sin.
The place of the Species hath two Canons.
1. To what the Species is given, to the same the Genus must needs be given: as, He is a man, therefore a living creature.
2. From what all the Species are taken, from it the Genus must needs be taken: as, It is neither original … actual sin, therefore no sin.
The place from the Form and specifical difference hath two Canons.
1. Whereto the Form is given, or taken away, thereto the formed is given or taken away: as, Satyrs have no reason, therefore are …o men.
2 Whereto the Form is given, thereto the determinate matter must needs also be given; and contrarywise: as, Nebuchadnezzar kept the Form of a man still; therefore also the body.
The place from the matter hath three Canons.
1. Whereto the matter is given or taken away, thereto the mattered thing must needs also be given or taken away: as, Glorified bodies shall consist of the four Elemements; therefore they shall be mixt
2. Whereto the matter is given, thereto the determined Form must needs also be given; and contrariwise▪ as, Pig…eyes have the bodies of men, therefore the Forms also.
3. As is the matter, such is the mattered thing: as, The Image is of rotten wood; therefore it is also rotten.
The place from the proper subject hath this one Canon.
Whereto a proper accident is given, or taken from it, thereto the subject also m…st needs be given or taken from it: as, Christ is God, therefore hath power to forgive sins.
The place from the proper accident hath two Canons.
1. Whereto a proper accident is given, or taken from it, thereto the subject must needs be given, or taken from it: as, Christ forgiveth sins, hath life▪in himself, and gives… life to others; and therefore he is God.
2. That which is said of the proper accident in theiconcrete, is said also of the subject: as, A questioner is to be shunned, because a blab is to be shunned.
The place from the whole and parts hath three Canons.
1. The whole being put or taken away, needs must the parts be put or taken away: as, the whole Supper pertaineth to Lay men, therefore the Cup.
2. That which agreeth, or not, to an whole of the same kinde, that also agreeth, or not, to the part, if the attribute be such, as may by proportion agree to the part: as, Water is moist, therefore every drop of water is so.
3 One principall part being destroyed, the whole is taken away. as, This building hath no Roof, therefore is no house: He hath no head, therefore is no living body.
Places of outward terms, are Circumstances, Object,b Concomitancy.
The place of Circumstances hath this one Canon.
Circumstances being put or taken away, the adject is put or taken away; and the adject put or taken away, so is the Circumstance: as, The flowers are badded, therefore it is spring time: it is a body, therefore there is a place wherein it is.
The place of the necessary object hath also one Canon.
Whereto an even object is given or taken from it, thereto that which is busied about the object is given or taken from it; and contrariwise: as, He is exercised about the worship of Idols; therefore he is an Idolater: Christ is true God; therefore he is to be worshipped.
The place from the necessary Antecedent, hath this one Canon.
A necessary Antecedent being put or taken away, the consequent of it, is put or taken away: as, he is dead in Christ, therefore he shall rise to eternall …. The woman is not with childe, therefore she shall not bring forth.
The place from the necessary consequent hath also one Canon.
A necessary consequent being put, the antecedent is put▪ as, The woman brought forth, therefore she had conceived: he is a man, therefore he was a childe.
2. Places of termes arisen from the first, are of Definition, Division, and Opposites.
The place of definition and description principal, hath one Canon.
Whereto a definition or description is given or taken from it, thereto the defined or described thing is given or taken from it; and that which agrees, or not, to the definition, or description, the same agreeth, or not, to the defined or described; and contrariwise: as, In the Old Testament there was a state of worshipping God in and by Christ; therefore in the Old Testament, there were Christians.
The place of Division hath these two Canons.
1. All the members of the divided being taken away, the divided it self is taken away.
2. One of the Immediate members of a Division being taken away, the other is left.
The place of Opposites hath seven Canons.
1. Of Opposites, so far forth as they be such, the attributes are opposite; so as the opposition be made by the differences whereby the opposites disagree, and not by the genus or common accidents▪ and that proportion be kept between the causes and effects of the opposites. So, It follows not, Whitenesse is colour, therefore blacknesse is no colour; for the opposition is made by the common Genus. Neither followeth this, Evil works condemn, therefore good works justifie; for there is no proportion of good works to salvation, when our works cannot be said to be truly good of themselves, as Evil deeds are truly evil. Neither this, We must do good to our friends; therefore evill to our Enemies; For Enemies, in that respect that injuries are to be forgiven them, are not so much our enemies as our friends. Neither followeth, virginity is good, therefore marriage is evil; for goodnesse is common to both in divers respects▪ But this follweth, Heat disseve…eth things of diverse kinds, therefore cold gathereth them: Purity cherisheth the Spirit, therefore impurity expelleth it.
2. From what a disparate is removed, from it all in the disparate are removed: As 1 Sam. 15. God is not as man, that he should lye, or the Son of man, that he should repent.
3. One of the … and repugnants being put, the other is removed; As, It is unbloody; therefore, it is no Sacrifice; For these are contradictory, 1 Cor. 10. Ye cannot drink the cup of the Lord, and of Devils.
4. One of the contraries in an high degree being put, the other is removed. As, He is in despair: therefore, he hath no comfort.
5. One of the privatives being put, the other is removed, and contrarywise: As, He is blinde: therefore he seeth not.
6. One of the Relatives being put, the other is put; As, God is an eternall Father; therefore he hath a coeternall Son. Christ is alwaies Mediatour and head: therefore, he will alwaies have a Church.
7. Whereto one of the Relatives is giving, thereto the other cannot be given in the same respect; And from the remotion of the Relative▪ to the remotion of the Correlative, the inference is right: As Christ is Davids Lord: therefore, he is not his servant.
An Inartificiall place, is necessary Testimony.b
Necessary Testimony, is either
Of God. a
Or of the Senses. b.
Gods Testimony is a sentence spoken of God.a Testimony.
And is
Mediate.
Immediate.
Immediate, which God uttereth without means of any Minister.
And it is either. First, By Vision, as of old to the Prophets.
Or Secondly, By Voice; as, at Christs Baptisme,
Mediate, is, which God hath uttered by his Son sent in the flesh; Or by inferiour Ministers, the Prophets and Apostles.
The Canons of Gods Testimony, Mediate, and Immediate, are twelve.
1. Gods Testimony is beleeved for God himself, and his Authority, not for the mans sake by whom it was uttered.
2. There is no Divine testimony written this day; But in the Bible.
3. All principles of Theologicall conclusions, pertaining to the perfection and Salvation of the Elect, are sufficiently delivered in the Scriptures.
4. Argumentation from Gods testimony, proceedeth both Affirmatively and Negatively in things pertaining to Salvation.
5. It ceaseth to be the testimony of God, if wrested either to a wrong sense or unmeet allegories.
6. From places or testimonies doubtfull, Doctrines of faith are not firmly stablished.
7 That which by good consequence is gathered from any Divine testimony, it hath the same force with it.
8. What is proved or explained by the Scripture, that is understood to be also proved and explained by the true Church, Lawfull Councels, and Antient Doctors.
9. From Gods revealed will to his power, the argumeent alwayes is of force; But it follows not, because he will not, that therefore he cannot.
10. From Gods will Indefinite and Hypothetical unto the simple execution thereof, an argument is not of Force: as, God would all men should be saved: therefore, they shall all be saved; It follows not; For that Will is Hypotheticall or Conditional, If they believe.
11. Gods affirmative Commandments are to be taken with limitation.
12. Gods negative Commandments do binde simply.
Testimony of sense, is that which every ones sense tellethb him.
And it is
Outward.
Inward.
Inward, is, which Laws of Nature and Conscience tells us.
Outward, is, that with the outward senses (as seeing, hearing, &c.) rightly disposed, and so the sensuall observation and experience doth confirm: Matth. 11. Go tell John what ye hear and see. Come see the place where the Lord was layed.
And thus much of the first kinde of necessary Syllogism.
The other kind of necessary Syllogism hath the mean term from the place of the Efficient cause, the Final, andDemonstration. foreign. the Effect. And it is called Demonstration foreign.
And it is either
Perfect, foreign. a
Imperfect. foreign. b
Perfect Demonstration called foreign. (i. e.) Wherefore, is, whose mean is taken from the place of the efficient cause or end, for to get the knowledge of such a conclusion as wherein the accident is attributed to (or spoken of) his subject.
The general Canons of this Demonstration are eight.
1 Three things are in every demonstration. 1 The subject foreign. 2 The affection, or accident foreign. 3 The cause foreign.
2 The conclusion of a demonstration consisteth of two extreams, viz. the affection or accident which is put in place of the attribute; and then secondly, the subject wherein the affection is.
3 The foreknowledge of the conclusion is the same that was of others, viz. that the subjects both name and existence, and definition of the Essence be foreknown, and the name of the attribute or affection.
4 The finding of the mean also agreeth unto the general precepts; For it is taken from the nature of the extreams, viz. the efficient cause of th… attribute, which often is the form of the Subject, and from the end of the same attribute.
9. A demonstation hath certain degrees; So that one exceeds another in necessity, and so hath propositions, one more necessary, another lesse.
6. Demonstrations are given in all kindes of disciplines contemplative, of practick, though the demonstrations of contemplative disciplines be more worthy.
7. There are given demonstrations aswell Negative as Affirmative, though the affirmative be more worthy.
8. A Demonstration perfect (foreign) hath great kin with the perfect definition of an accident: For the things that are in a perfect definition, as Efficient, Cause, End, and Subject, the same are also in a demonstration.
A perfect Demonstration, is either
Of the Efficient. a
Of the End. b
A Demonstration of the efficient cause, is, whose mean… is taken from the place of the next efficient cause.
And it is either
Principall. c c
Lesse Principall. d d
Principal, whose mean is the next principal efficientc c cause; and it is either of the inward cause, or Outward.
Of the Inward, whose mean is the next principal efficient.
Outward, whose mean is the outward principal next efficient cause.
The Canons of both these are two.
1. Whereto the next efficient cause is given, thereto the effect must needs be given; and from what the cause is taken, the effect is also.
2. A Demonstration of the Inward cause, is perfecter then a Demonstration of the Outward cause: Examples of Demonstration: That which hath the guilt of sin, is wretched; But all mankind since the fall, hath guiltiness: therefore, it is wretched. Whatsoever differeth from the Law and will of God, deserveth Gods wrath; but every small sin differeth, &c. therefore, it deserveth Gods wrath. He that hath satisfied Gods wrath, hath perfectly redeemed us; OnelyOnly Christ hath satisfied, &c. therefore, he hath redeemed us. They that are constantly kept of God in the purpose of Election once mode, their Salvation is sure: But all the faithful are so kept: therefore, their Salvation is sure. Whatsoever hath matter, is moveable; Every naturall body hath matter; therefore, Every naturall body is moveable.
Lesse Principall, is, whose mean term is a lesse principalld d efficient cause, viz. either▪ Impulsive, or first Instrumentall.
The Canon hereof, is.
Whereto the Impulsive and Instrumentall which is more matching, is given; thereto also must needs be given the effect and power or faculty unto which the instrument is ordained: and contrary, from what the instrument is taken, from that also the end or effect must needs be taken; Thus Demonstration is made▪ that fishes do not breathe, because they have no lungs, that the wicked eat not Christs body, because they have no faith; So man is a communicable and sociable creature, because he hath speech, the Instrument of communion.
Demonstration of the end, is, whose mean term is drawnb from the place of the finall cause.
The Canons thereof are two.
1. The end being put, (specially the fitted end) needs must the means to the end be put, or contrariwise.
2. Even as the end is either fitted and principall, or lesse principall, accordingly the Demonstration is more perfect, or imperfect. Thus Christ shewed they ought not to buy and sell in the Temple, because it was an house of prayer. Heresies must be, that the approved may be known; &c.
Imperfect Demonstration (or foreign: That a thing is)b whose mean is taken from the place of the effect.
The Canons hereof are three.
1▪ The effect being put, the cause is necessarily put; and the effect being taken away, so is the cause (as it is a cause of that effect); So it is shewed that some men are Elect; because in time they are called justified, and sanctified; and contrary, that some are not Elect, because they are not called, &c. So, Infants are sinners, because they die, Romans 5.
2. Even as the effect is either principal, or lesse principal, accordingly is the demonstration more or lesse principal.
3. When by the effect it is proved, the cause is, or not; on the contrary also, the effect may be shewed by the cause; which Reciprocation, Logicians call Regresse.
And thus much of Demonstration:
Of an Apparent Syllogism, or Fallacie.
Hitherto we have treated of a true Syllogism; Now followeth the Apparent, which hath a false disposition or matter, painted with a shew of a true; Whereupon ignorance or naughty disposition is begotten in the mind.
The Doctrine hereof hath two parts.
The 1. whereof is the caution of a deprehended Fallacie.
The 2. is, Shewing and loosing of that Fallacie.