Logic in Two Books, Book 1
THE FIRST BOOKE OF PETER RAMVS HIS DIALECTICA of Invention.
CAP. 1. What Dialectica is.
Q. What is Dialectica?
A. Dialectica is the art of diſputing well, and in that ſence is called Logicke.
CAP. 2. The parts of Dialectica and kinds of Arguments.
Q. How many ports hath Dialectica?
A. Dialectica hath two parts, Invention and Iudgement.
Q. What is Invention?
A. Invention is a part of Dialectica of inventing Arguments.
Q. What is an Argument?
A. An Argument is that which is affected to argue any thing: ſuch as are all reaſons conſidered a part and by themſelves.
Q. What be the Kindes?
A. Artificiall and Inartificiall.
Q. What is an Artificiall Argument?
A. That which argueth of it ſelfe.
Q. What be the Kindes?
A Firſt, or derived from the Firſt.
Q. What is Firſt?
A. Firſt is that which is of its own original.
Q. What be the Kindes?
A. Simple or Comparative.
Q. What is Simple?
A. Simple is that which is conſidered ſimply and abſolutely.
Q. What bee the Kindes?
A. Agreeing or diſagreeing.
Q. What is Agreeing?
A. That which agreeth with the thing which it argueth.
Q. What be the Kindes?
A. Agreeing abſolutely or after a certaine manner.
Q. What is agreeing abſolutely?
A. The Cauſe and Effect.
CAP. 3. The Efficient, Procreant, and Conſervant Cauſe.
Q. What is the Cauſe?
A. The cauſe is that by whoſe force the thing is.
Q. What is the Profit of it?
A. This firſt place of invention is the fountaine of all knowledge: and hee is beleeved to know, of whom the cauſe is held.
As the Poet ſaith worthily:
The man ſure happy is who cauſe of things doth know.
Q. How is the Cauſe divided?
A. Into two kindes, Efficient and Matter, or forme and end.
Q. What is the Efficient Cauſe?
A. The Efficient Cauſe is that from which the thing is.
Q. How many Kindes hath it?
A. There appeareth to us no true Kindes, yet the great plenty of it is diſtinguiſhed by certaine meanes.
Q. What is that which effecteth by the firſt meanes?
A. That which procreateth or defendeth.
Q. Give me an example out of ſome Poet?
A. Ovid firſt, remedio amoris.
Therfore whē thou ſhalt look in this our medſonal Art
My admonition doe, ſet Idlenes apart.
This cauſeth thee to love, this doth defend it ſtill,
This is the cauſe of Ioy, as meat ſomtimes breeds ill
Take laſtly ſloath away, God Cupids bow is loſt,
His torches loſe their light, cōtemd away the'r toſt.
Q. Give me a more familiar example?
A. The Father and Mother procreate, the Nurſe defendeth.
Q. Give an example of this out of ſome Poet?
A. 4. Aeneid.
Th'art no Gods Child, ne Dardanus his ſon,
Thou rather from the ſteep hard rocks didſt come.
Of Caucaſus: it ſeemeth of that breed,
Hyrcanian Tygars thee with breaſts did feed.
Aeglog. 8.
Now what this whorſon love is I well wot,
It is a little buſie boy begot.
Not of mans ſeed ne ſibb to one of us,
But fartheſt Garamants and Iſmarus.
Or rockie Rhodope as it ſhould ſeeme,
In their rough ragged hills ingendred him.
Q. Doe not builders and governours of Cities come under this head?
A. Yes Romulus the builder of the City of Rome, alſo all other Kings, Conſulls, and Emperors are defenders and keepers.
CAP. 4. The Efficient done and with others.
Q. What is that which effecteth by the ſecond meanes?
A. That which effecteth alone or with others.
Q. What are thoſe others?
A. Some oftentimes are Principall, others are helping and Miniſters.
Q. Give an example of the Cauſe that effecteth by it ſelfe?
A. Aneid. 6. Niſus calleth backe both the blame & the puniſhment of the Slaughter from Enryalus upon himſelfe: becauſe he was the only author.
Lo here I am who only did this deed,
Latians, againſt me turne your ſwords with ſpeed;
Tw'as my deceit: He could it never doe,
Ne would his courage ſerve him thereunto.
Q. Give an example of the ſolitary Cauſe with Principalls and Fellowes out of ſome Orator?
A. The Solitary cauſe with many both Principalls and Fellowes, is diverſly ſet forth pro Marcello. For the warlike prayſes (ſaith the Orator) they are wont to extenuate truely by words, and to detract them from their leaders, to communicate them with many; leaſt they ſhould bee proper to their Commanders: and certainely in warre, the ſtrength of the Souldiers, opportunity of places, helpe of fellowes, ranks, proviſion do much availe. But Fortune (as it were) by her own right, challengeth the cheifeſt part to her ſelfe, and whaſoever is proſperouſly carried, that altogether ſhe leadeth. But yet of this glory (ô Caeſar) which a little before thou dideſt obtaine, thou haſt no companion: all that, how much ſoever it is, (which truely is the cheifeſt) all (I ſay) is thine. The centurion, preſident, Rankes and companies have taken from thee none of this prayſe: Yea even the Lady of humane affaires, Fortune offereth not her ſelf into the ſociety of this glory, to thee ſhe giveth place, and confeſſeth it all and wholly to be thine.
Q. Are not Inſtruments numbred among helping Cauſes?
A. Yes.
Q. Give an example of it?
A. By this Argument the impious Epicure diſputeth that the world was never made. Primo de Nat. For by what eyes of the minde (ſaith hee) could your Plato behold the frame of ſo great a worke, wherby hee maketh it conſtructed and builded of God? what labour? what iron Ingens? what Lever? what deviſes? what Miniſters were there of ſo great a worke?
CAP. 5. The Efficient by it ſelfe or an Accident
Q. What is that which effecteth by the third meanes?
A. That which effecteth by it ſelf or an Accident.
Q. How effecteth it by it ſelfe?
A. When it effecteth by its owne faculty.
Q. How effecteth it by its owne facultie?
A. When it effecteth by nature or counſell.
Q. Give an example of that which effecteth by Nature?
A. The Efficient of the windes is Naturall.
Aeneid. 1.
The Eaſt and South windes on the Sea doe blow,
They ruſh through deep, till on the top they ſhow.
The affrick oft with theſe his blaſts conioynes,
And ſo the floods are caſt up by the windes.
Q. Give ſome example of that which effecteth by Councell?
A. That confeſſion of Cicero, touching himſelfe, is an example of Councell. The warre taken in hand (ô Caeſar) waged alſo for the moſt part, not conſtrained by any of my Iudgement and will, I came forth to thoſe warres which were undertaken againſt thee.
Q. How doth the Efficient Cauſe effect by an Accident?
A. When it effecteth by an external faculty.
Q. How doth it effect by an externall faculty?
A. When it is done by Neceſſity or Fortune.
Q. How by Neceſſity?
A. When as the Efficient is conſtrained to to the Effect.
Q. Give an example of this?
A. There is one in the excuſe of the Pompeians. But to me truly (ſaith the Orator) if there may be ſought out a proper and true name of our evill, it doth ſeeme that we are falne into a certaine fatall calamity, that hath occupied the vnprovident mindes of men; that none ſhould wonder how humane Councell is ouercome by Divine Neceſſity.
Q. How by Fortune?
A. When ſomewhat happened beyond the ſcope of the Efficient.
Q. Give an example?
A. So the caſe chanced (ſaith Tullius tertio de Nat: deo:) That Pherius the enemy was profitable to Iaſon, who opened his impoſtume with his ſword; which the Phyſitians could by no meanes heale.
Q May not imprudence bee numbred amongſt theſe kinde of Cauſes?
A. Yes.
Q. Give an example?
A. Ovid. de Triſt. 2.
Why hurtfull light or ought elſe did I ſee?
The fault way mine and not unknowne to mee.
Wiſe Acteon Diana Naked ſaw,
And food became to's Doggs devouring maw.
Blind fortune mongſt the Gods is ſurely blamed,
Ne pardon gets, the Gods ſhee hath ſo harmed.
Q. Doe not Deprecations then proceed from hence?
A. Yes.
Q. Give an example?
A. Pro P. L. Pardon ô Father: he hath erred: he is ſlipped: he thought not: if ever hereafter. And a little after I have erred: I have done raſhly: it repenteth me: I flie to thy clemency: I aske pardon for mine offence: I intreat thee that thou wilt pardon me.
Q. What firſt cauſed the name of Fortune.
A. The ignorance of the Cauſes hath feigned this name: for when as ſomething happenned beyond Councell and Hope, it was called by the common people Fortune.
Q. What is Iuvenals opinion of it?
A. Wiſe if we were no God ſhould want but Fortune: We place thee high and often thee importune.
CAP. 6. The Matter.
Q. What is the Matter?
A. The Matter is the cauſe of which the thing is.
Q. Give an example out of ſome Poet?
A. By this feigned Argument, the houſe of the Sunne is compounded of gold, carbunkles, Yvory and Silver. Ovid 2. Mettamorf.
The Suns high place was built with pillars tall,
The gold did ſhine Carbunkles flames let fall,
The top thereof was layd with Yvory neate,
And ſilver dores in portall ſhined feate.
Aeglog. 3.
A merrie Muſor fram'd of beech in tree,
Caru'd worke, by hand of divine Alcimeden,
'Tis round impaled with a ſcattering trayle,
Of tender Vine, and over all betweene,
A pale greene Ivy, wherewith as a vale,
The thick diffuſſed cluſters ſhaded beene.
Q. Give an example out of ſome Orator?
A. Caeſar 1. Bel. Civil: Caeſar cōmanded his ſoldiers to make ſhips of that kind, which in former yeares the uſe of the Brittaines had taught him: firſt they made the keyle and pinns of light matter, the reſt of the body of the ſhip being knit together with Oſiers, was covered over with Leather.
CAP. 7. The Forme.
Q. The firſt kind of the cauſe, in the Efficient and Matter being expounded; the ſecond followeth, in the forme and the end; what therefore is the forme?
A. The forme is the Cauſe by which the thing is that which it is.
Q. What is the benefit of it?
A. From hence the thing is diſtinguiſhed from all other things, and the Forme is ingenerated together with the thing it ſelfe.
Q. Give ſome example of it?
A. A reaſonable ſoule is the forme of a man, becauſe by it a man is a man, and is diſtinguiſhed from all other creatures thereby. The form of the geometricall figures is in triangles and quadrangles. Heaven, Earth, Trees, Fiſhes are the forme of Phyſicall things. From whence the cheife explication of things, as it is by nature, ſo (if it may be found out) it ſhall be as in artificiall things it is more eaſily met withall.
Q. Give example out of ſome Orator?
A. Caeſar lib. 7. But all the French walls are almoſt of this Forme, the beames long and playne, with equall diſtance betweene them about two foote, are placed upon the foundation. Theſe are bound within and faſtened very ſtrongly: for thoſe ſpaces (of which we ſpake) are filled up to the top with great ſtones. Theſe placed and knit together, an other rowe is alſo added▪ that the ſame might keepe the ſpaces: neither doe the beames touch one another, but being diſtant by equall ſpaces, all of them are ſtrongly faſtened great ſtones being placed betweene them. And even ſo is the whole work knit together untill the iuſt height of the wall he fulfilled. This worke therefore is not deformed, as well for the comelineſſe and variety, beames and ſtones being by courſes which keepe their rowes in right loynes, as, becauſe it hath the cheife ſtrength for profit and defence of Citties, becauſe it doth defend both from the miſcheife of ſtones, and the materiall ram, which with its forty feet, being oft bound to the long beames inward, can neither be broken or drawne backe againe.
Q. Give an example out of ſome Poet?
A. Aeneid. 1. Virgill deſcribeth the forme of his port.
Betweene two ſeas two Iſlandes there doth lie;
Sidewayes they'r made, the water runns faſt by.
Huge double Rocks that doe reach up to heaven,
VnderUnder the which the ſeas lie ſtill and calme:
And by the that place green woods there are growing
Forth from the ſame comes great blacke darknes flowing
VnderUnder which rock a dens made very fleet,
Wherein's rich living ſtones and waters ſweet.
Houſes for Nimphs & chaines for ſhips there laid
Which would not by the Ancor or the chaines bee ſtaid
CAP. 8. The End.
Q. What is the end?
A. The End is the Cauſe for whoſe ſake the thing is.
Q. Give example?
A. To Phyſicall things the propoſed end is man to man, God. There is ſome cheife good and laſt end of all artes: as to ſpeake well, of Grammer: to plead well, of Rethoricke: to diſpute well, of Logicke.
Q. Give example out of ſome Poet?
A. Aeneid. 1. Iuno aſſumeth the end of Mariage when as ſhe promiſeth Deiopeia to Eolus to wit for ſolace and childrens ſake.
Nimphs full fourteene I have of bodies rare
But who ſo is moſt beautifull and faire,
Even Deiopeia I to thee doe give
Her yeare in Mariage ſtate with thee to live,
Thee to reward for thy love unto me,
And cauſe thine of ſpring beautifull to bee.
Q. Give an example out of ſome Orator?
A. Cicero pro Lig. Vrgeth Tubero his accuſer, when as he preſſeth the end of the wars taken up againſt Caeſar. And truely (ſaith he) he is come forth armed againſt Caeſar himſelfe. But what did this Tubero his ſword doe in the Pharſalian Armie? whoſe ſides did the ſharpe point ayme at? who was to feele the force of thy weapon? where was thy minde, eyes, hands, courage? what didſt thou deſire? what didſt thou wiſh?
CAP. 9. The Effects.
Q. What is the Effect?
A. The Effect is that which ariſeth from the cauſes, whether begotten or corrupted, or whether any thing be moved by any meanes. Here the motion, & the thing done by motion, is called the Effect. Of this place are prayſes & diſprayſes, of which ſacred & Prophane books are full.
Q. Give example of this out of ſome Poet?
A. Aeneid. 6. The facts of diverſe people are compared to the praiſes of the Romans.
Some finely carve upon the boyling braſſe,
They'l on the marble grave a living face,
They wiſh the cauſes better, they'l deſcry
Heavens ſhining parts, and tell the ſtars ith sky,
Remember thou Romes people brave to rule,
Theſe things ſhall be thine art, peace to impoſe,
To ſpare thy ſubiects, and ſubdue proud foes.
Q. What elſe commeth under this head?
A. Hitherto are ſpeeches and writings referd
Q. Give an example?
A. Pericles and Hortentius did celebrate the praiſe of pleading well: and by the ſame argument alſo Demoſthenes & Cicero writing wel.
Q. What further?
A. To this place are referred councells and deliberations, although not brought to their end.
Q. Give an example?
A. Per…menio and Phylotus were beaten to death, becauſe they were ſuſpected to be of the conſpiracy againſt Alexander, as Curtius and Arianus have remembred touching Lentulus, Cethegus and others, the complices of Cateline, they ſuffered puniſhment by iudgement of the Senate.
Q. Have not vertues and vices their Effects alſo?
A. Yes.
Q. Give an example.
A. Horace after this manner deſcribeth the Effects of drunkenneſſe.
Secrets it ſhews, and hope it doth command,
VntoUnto the wars it drives, although unarmd,
It takes the burden from the carefull man,
It teacheth art to all that will or can,
Who ere was drunke that wanted Eloquence?
Was any poore that uſed this defence?
CAP. 10. The Subiect.
Q. The argument agreeing after a certaine manner ſucceedeth, what is that then?
A. The Subiect and Adiunct.
Q. What is the Subiect?
A. The Subiect is that to which any thing is adioined.
Q. Make this playner by examples?
A. The minde is the Subiect of ſcience, ignorance, vertue, vice, becauſe theſe happen beſide the being. The body, of health, ſickneſſe, ſtrength, weakneſſe, beauty, deformity. Man is the Subiect of riches, poverty, honour, infamy, apparrell, company. The place is the Subiect of the thing placed.
Q. how prove you this laſt by teſtimony and example?
The Phyloſophers attribute a place to divine beings, although wanting part and greatneſſe. So the place of Geometry and the difference of places is in Geometrical things: ſo of phyſicke, it is more diligently conſidered in phyſicall things: In the world, in ſimple elements, in compound things.
Q. Give example out of ſonte Poet.
A. So Virgill in his Georgicks admoniſheth that the place bee diligently ſought out for things propoſed: as come, trees, plants, paſtures.
Before we paſſe into a ſea unknowne,
Know we the wind and various maner of heaven,
Our native ſoyle and every habitation,
What will refuſe or grow in any nation:
Some beareth corn, th'other with grapes doth paſſe
Some with tall trees, the reſt with unſowne graſſe.
Q. Proceed further in explicating the ſubiect?
A. The ſubiects of ſences are called ſenſibles; of vertues or vices things propoſed to vertues or vices.
Q. Give an example of the former?
A. Colour is the ſubiect of the ſight, ſound of the hearing; becauſe theſe ſenſes are occupied and exerciſed in the ſenſibles.
Q. Give an example of the latter?
A. Vertues and vices are ſet forth in morrall philoſophy by this argument, temperance and intemperance by pleaſure: magnanimity and ſloth, by danger: liberality, and covetouſnes, by riches.
Q. Explicate the ſubiect further?
A. So things numerable of arithmeticke: meaſurable (as I may ſay) are the ſubiects of geometry.
Q. Give example of the ſubiect out of ſome Orator?
A. By the ſame ſubiect (Cicero (ſecond Agra) diſputeth that there was no contention amongſt the people of Campania, becauſe there was no honour. They are not carried (ſaith he) with the deſire of glory: becauſe where there is no publike honour, there the deſire of glory cannot be. There is no diſcord, neither by contention nor ambition: for there is nothing for which they ſhould ſtrive, nothing for which they ſhould warre, nothing for which they ſhould contend.
Q. Give example out of ſome Poet?
Propertius uſeth this argument.
Of windes the Saylors talke, the Husbandmen of Bulls
The Soldiers of their wounds, and ſhepheards of their woolls
CAP. 11. The Adiunct.
Q. What is the Adiunct?
A. The Adiunct is that to which any thing is ſubiected: which argument though it be lighter then the ſubiect, yet more copious and frequent: therefore of its ſignes Ovid ſpeaketh Second: Rem: Anno.
Some man (for ſuch there be) may count this ſmall
Yet that helpes ſome which doth not profit all.
Q. Make this playner?
A. Thoſe things which are called good and evill of the minde, body, and the whole man, are the adiuncts of the minde, body, man: alſo whatſoever happeneth without the ſubiect is the Adiunct.
Q. May not time alſo be reduced unto this head?
A. Yes, as place was in the ſubiect, ſo is time in the Adiunct, viz. the induring of things paſt, preſent, to come.
Q. What further is compriſed under this head?
A. All thoſe quallities beſide the cauſes, adioyned to the ſubiect, whether they be propet or common.
Q. What it Proper?
A. That which agreeth onelyonly and wholly with the ſubiect, as laughing with a man, neying with a horſe, barking with a dogg.
Q. What is common?
A. That which is not proper after this manner.
Q. Give example of the Adiunct out of ſome Orator.
A. By this kind of argument, Cicero in the defence of Roſcius the Comedian, cavelleth with Fanius Chereus. Doth not his head and eye-brewes, altogether bald, ſeeme to favour of malice, and cry out of deceit, doth he not ſeem to be compounded from the foote to the head, (if a man may coniecture by his ſhape) of frauds fallacies, lyes? Who therefore is altogether bald on the head and eyebrewes, leaſt he ſhould be ſaid to have one haire of a good man.
Q. Give example out of ſome Poet?
A. So Martiall lib. 2. mocketh Zoylus.
Red haire, black mouth, ſhort feet and ilke ſquint eyes
'Tis marvell Zoylus if goodnes in thee lies.
Q. What further may be reduced under this head?
A. Garments and company are Adiuncts.
Q. Give example?
A. By this kind of circumſtance, Dido going a hunting is magnificently ſet forth, Aeneid: 4.
The morne appeard, Dido forſooke the ſea,
The day ſtir up, toth heaven youth guides the way
Both nets & gins with picke ſtanes all were reddy
Meſſalian horſe with hunting dogs ſo greedy
Princes did waite, the ſlow queene did expect.
With faire clad horſe, her way for to direct,
Forth commeth ſhee at length with mighty traine
In her long robe with many a long ſeame,
Her horſe down trapt, with gold her hair was treſt
Her robes with goldē books, together did ſhe wreſt.
Q. What is the benefit of Adiuncts?
A. There is great uſe of Adiuncts to the ſubiects by which they are occupied.
Q. Give example?
A. By this argument Plato foretold thoſe cities to be miſerable, where the multitude of Phyſitians and Iudges were wanting: becauſe, of neceſſity, there was converſant in thoſe cityes, both intemperance, and iniuſtice.
And thus much for the place of agreeings, from whence every agreeing argument may be ſaid to be one or the ſame: and all manner of vnity and (as I may ſay) identity are referred hither as the firſt and ſimple fountaines.
CAP. 12. Diverſes.
Q. You have expounded the firſt agreeing argument: the diſagreeing followeth, what then is diſagreeing?
A. That which diſagreeth from the thing.
Q. How are diſagreeings manifeſted?
A. Diſagreeings are equally manifeſted amongſt themſelves, and equally argued one of another, although they doe more clearely ſhine in their Diſagreeings.
Q. What are the kindes of diſagreeings?
A. Two, Diverſe and Oppoſite.
Q. What are Diverſes?
A. Diverſes are diſagreeings which diſagree onelyonly in reaſon.
Q. What are the moſt frequent notes of ſpeech for this Argument?
A. Theſe. Not this, but that; although, yet.
Q. Give example from ſome Orator?
A. Pro Pempeio. He carried not the victorie, but the enſignes of the victory.
Q. Give ſome other examples?
A. Ovid ſecund: Art: Amand:
Vliſſes was nos faire but Eloquent.
Aeneid: 2.
This Triamus though held in duſt of death Yetſeaſed not.
Alſo this of the like matter, Pro Lig: calleſt thou that wicked (ô Tub…ro) why, he hath not hitherto deſerved this name. For ſome called error, ſome feare, that which more hardly, hope, deſire, hatred, pertinacy▪ the moſt grave temerity, none wicked beſides thy ſelfe.
CAP. 13. Deſperates
Q. What are Oppoſites?
A. Oppoſites are diſagreeings, which diſagree in reaſon and thing; therefore cannot bee attributed to the ſame, according to the ſame, to the ſame, and at the ſame time.
Q. Make this plaine by example.
A. So Socrates cannot be blacke and white of one and the ſame part. Father and ſonne of the ſame man; whole and ſick at the ſame time; but he may be white on the one part, blacke on another; Father of this, ſonne of that man; ſound to day, ſick to morrow.
Q. It ſhould ſeeme by this, that the one being affirmed the other is denied?
A. So it is.
Q. What are the kindes of Oppoſites?
A. Diſparates or contraries.
Q. What are Disparates?
A. Diſparates are oppoſites whereof one is oppoſed equally to many.
Q. Give example?
A. Greene, Aſhcolor, Red, are meanes betweene white and black, which are Diſparates, both with the extreames & among themſelves. So liberality and covetouſneſſe are diſparates among themſelves. So a man a tree, a ſtone and infinite of this kinde are Diſparates; neither can one thing be, a man, a tree, a ſtone.
Q. Give example out of ſome Poet?
A. Virgill: Aeneid: 1. diſputeth by this Argument.
O virgin how ſhall I remember thee
Whoſe countenance not mortall ſeemes to bee:
Thy voice is ſure aboue the humane reach
Both which thee Goddes proves and ſo doe teach.
Cap. 14. Relates.
Q. What are contraries?
A. Contraries are Oppoſites whereof one is oppoſed to one only.
Q What are the kindes of it?
A. They are either affirming or denying.
Q. What is affirming?
A. Affirming is that of which both of them affirme.
Q. How many kindes hath it?
A. Two, Relates and Adverſes.
Q. What are Relates?
A. Relates are Contraries, affirming of which one conſiſteth of the mutuall affection of the other: and from hence they are named Relates.
Q. Make this plaine by example?
A. The Father, who hath a ſonne, and the ſonne who hath a Father, are relates.
Q. They may ſeeme by this to bee together by nature?
A. So they are, ſo that he which perfectly knoweth the one, knoweth alſo the reſt.
Q. Give ſome examples of Relates?
A. Pro Marc. By which thou truely underſtandeſt how much praiſe there is for the benefit given, when as for the receiving, is ſo much glory, Marc: againſt Soſib.
Soſibian, thou yeeld'ſt thou waſt borne thrall When flattering thou thy Father Lord doſt call.
So Quint. lib. 5. cap. 10. If it be honeſt to place himſelfe at Rhoades, and to lodge at Hirmaereon. After which manner Tullius, in the perfect oration. It is therfore dangerous (ſaith he) leaſt any ſhould thinke it diſhoneſtie, to teach that in the great and glorious Art to others, which it was honeſtie for him to learne.
Q. Doth not earneſt affection ſometimes flow from theſe Relates?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example out of ſome Orator?
A. Cicero in his oration hath brought forth a certaine earneſt affection from theſe Relates. Now theſe are grave (ſaith he) wife of the Sonne in law, ſtep-mother of the Sonne, and baude of the daughter.
Q. Give example out of ſome Poet?
A. All this Ovid hath affected manifeſtly in his deſcription of the Iron age, Met. 1.
Ne doth the gueſt ſafe in his Inne remaine
His hoſt him troubles who doth him retaine,
Siſters ene from their brethren are not free
The husband longs the death of's wife to ſee
She hateth him and gainſt him doth conſpire
The Curſed ſtepdam's alwayes in an ire.
The Sonne before his time doth's fathers yeares in quire
Q. But the argument of ſuch relations hath nothing contrary: yea it rather argueth mutuall cauſes: as, thou art my Father, I therefore am thy ſonne, how then appeareth the Contraries?
A. When I ſay I am thy father, I am not therefore thy Son, then are the contraries true.
CAP. 15. Adverſes.
Q. What are adverſes?
A. Adverſes are Contraries affirming, which are perpetually adverſe among themſelves.
Q. Give example out of ſome Poet?
A. Aneid: 11. No health in warre, we all deſire peace?
Q. Give further example.
A. White and blacke, hot and cold, vertue and vice, are oppoſed.
Q. Give example out of ſome Orator?
A. Parad. 1. Cont. Epe. Yet they doe hold ſtrongly and defend accurately, that pleaſure is the cheife good: which to me truely doth ſeeme to be the voyce of beaſts, not of men; whenas whether God, or nature (as I may ſay) the mother of all things hath given thee a ſoule, then which nothing is more excellent, nothing more divine; doſt thou ſo caſt, and throw down thy ſelfe, as that thou thinkeſt there is no difference betwixt thee and the foure footed beaſts.
Q. Wherein conſiſts the force of this example?
A. Cicero hath oppoſed beaſts and men, Adverſes: pleaſure is the good of beaſts, and therefore of men.
Q. Give another example out of ſome Poet?
A. So liberty and ſervitude in Tib. lib. 2. So ſervitude I ſee prepared for me, Yet parents freedome would farre better be.
Q. Give example out of an Orator?
A. Pro Marcell. For temerity is never ioyned with wiſdome, neither is chance admitted to councell.
CAP. 16. Contradicents
Q. Having ſpoken of contraries affirming, we are come to contraries denying, what are they then?
A. Contraries denying are ſuch, of which one ſaith, the other denieth the ſame.
Q. What are the kindes?
A. They are Contradicents or Privants.
Q. What are Contradicents?
A. Contradicents are Contraries denying, of which one denyeth every where.
Q. Give example?
A. Iuſt; not iuſt, a creature, not acreature; it is, it is not: Theſe are Contradicents.
Q. Give example out of ſome Orator?
A. Pro Murena. The ſentences of Cato & Cicero are Contraries; this of the Stoicks, that man of the Academicks. The Dialogue is in theſe wordes. Thou haſt knowne nothing, yea ſomething, but not all things. Thou haſt done nothing meerly for thanks, yet refuſe not thanks when as thine office and truſt requireth it. Be not moved with mercy in condemning. But yet there is ſome prayſe of humanitie. Stand in thine owne opinion: except a better ſhould overcome.
Q. Give example from ſome Poet?
A. Mart. lib. 2.
Th'art faire Fabulla, rich, and al's a maid,
Can you deny, tis truth that I have ſaid?
But if thou boaſteſt of thy ſelfe too much,
Th'art neither faire, a virgine, nor yet rich.
Q. give another example out of ſome Orator?
A. Cicero primo Tuſc. Forceth Atticus the Epicure by this argument to confeſſe, that the dead were not miſerable, if they were not at all; as the Epicures believe, I had rather (ſaith hee) thou ſhouldeſt feare Cerberus, then ſpeak ſo inconſiderately. Atticus, why? Marcus, that that which thou denieſt that thou ſaieſt. Where is thy wit? For when as thou ſayeſt he is miſerable, thou then ſayeſt, he is, which is not. Then after long diſputation Atticus ſaid, go to, now I grant that thoſe which are dead are not miſerable: becauſe thou haſt forced me to confeſſe, that they be not all, leſt they ſhould be miſerable.
Q. Give another example?
A. Terrence in Ev. Phedria frameth his ſpeech to Dorus, when as he had affirmed that which he denyed afterwards. After a manner (ſaith he) he ſaith, after a manner he denyeth.
CAP. 17. Privants.
Q. What are Privants?
A. Privants are contraries denying, of which one denieth in the ſame ſubiect onelyonly, in which the affirmatiue (of its owne nature) is.
Q. What is the affirmative called?
A. The Habit.
Q. And what the negative?
A. Privation.
Q. Make this playner?
A. Motion and reſt, drunkenneſſe and ſobriety, are compriſed under this head.
Q. Give example?
A. Mart. lib. 3.
Th'art drunken ſure, ſober thou would'ſt not do't,
Q. What may further be under this head?
A. To be blind, and to ſee.
Q. Give example.
A. Pro Celio. There is therefore one of this family, and he truely is greatly blinde: for hee ſhall take no griefe who ſhall not ſee her.
Q. What may further be under this head?
A. Povertie and riches are thus oppoſed.
Q. Give example?
A. Mart. lib. 5.
Poore ſhalt thou be Emilian if poore:
Wealths never given but to the rich before.
Q. What further?
A. Death and life.
Q. Give example?
A. Cont. Mil. Sit yee ſtill O revengers of this mans death; whoſe life if you thought you could reſtore, would you?
Q. What further?
A. Silence and Speech.
Q. Give example?
A. Primo Cat. What expecteſt thou the authority of the ſpeaker, whoſe ſilence thou beholdeſt to be their pleaſures?
Q. What more?
A. Mortality and Immortality.
Q. Give example?
A. Pro Maro. I grieue when as the common wealth ought to be immortall, that it conſiſteth of one mortall life.
And this ſufficeth to be ſpoken of Diſagreeing, from whence every thing may differ from another by certaine meanes.
CAP. 18. Equalls.
Q. Simple arguments were agreeings & diſagreeings; we are now come unto Comparatives; what are Comparatives therefore?
A. Comparatives are thoſe which are compared amongſt themſelves.
Q. How are they manifeſted?
A. Although they bee equally knowne by the nature of compariſon, yet one to another is more knowne and illuſtrated then another: and oftentimes are iudged by ſhorter notes, ſometimes diſtinguiſhed by fuller patts.
Q. What may theſe parts be cald?
A. They are named the Propoſitiō & Reditiō.
Q. May not comparatives alſo argue fictions?
A. Yes, Comparatives doe argue feigned things, and goe cauſe truſt.
Q. What be the kindes of Compariſons?
A. Compariſon, is in Quantity, or Quality.
Q. What is Quantity?
A. Quantity is that whereby is ſhewed how much the thing compared is.
Q. What be the kindes of Quantity?
A. Equalls or unequalls.
Q. What are Equalls.
A. Equalls are thoſe of which there is one quantity.
Q. What is an Equall argument then?
A. An equall argument is, when an Equall is explicated by an Equall.
Q. What are the notes of it?
A. Euen, equal, like, the ſame, that, ſo much the more, how much the more, by ſo much, by how much, ſo much, how much, not more not leſſe.
Q. Give example?
A. Aeneid. 2. Equall with light windes.
Aeneid. 3.
And mow't ſhould grow in equall age with thee.
Aeneid 6.
Behold this thing Great Rome with earth is even
The ſpirit of man ſhall alſo equall heaven.
Q. What further is neceſſary to theſe equalls?
A. A propoſition or Reddition doth diſtinguiſh them.
Q. Give example out of ſome Orator?
A. Quart: Cat: Whoſe things done, and the vertues to the ſame, by which things onelyonly the courſe is contained in its regions and bounds.
Q. Give example out of ſome Poet?
A. Aeneid. 4.
As well a bruiter of things falſe that be,
As meſſenger of truth and verity.
Cat.
By how much I am worſt of poets all,
By ſo much thee men beſt of patrons call.
Ovid de Triſt. 4.
As many ſhells on ſhore, as roſes ſweete.
As many ſleeps as men, by popy ſeedes doe get.
As many beaſts in woods, fiſh in the ſea doe lie,
As many birds as in the ayrie heavens doe fly,
So many griefs me paſſe, their number ſhould I tell
Icarian waters I muſt ſurely number well.
Q. Proceed to further examples?
A. Phil. 9. Neither had he more skill of the law then of iuſtice: therefore thoſe things which the lawes had brought forth, chiefely the civill, he alwayes referred to eaſe and equity: neither had hee rather approve actions of ſtrife, then take away controverſies.
Ovid de Art. Amand: 'Tis no leſſe vertue for to keepe then get.
Pro Mur. I acknowledge this to be equall for Lucius Murena: and ſo equall, that neither hee ſhall bee overcome by dignity, neither by dignity ſhall overcome thee.
Phil. 2. Whoſe burthen being common, why not a common pray of them?
Ter in Adelph. When as I care not for thine, care not thou for mine.
Q. What may further be compriſed under this head?
A. Of this place are thoſe that follow derived truely from contraries, but treated of in the place of equals; as this of Mart. Soſibian thou yeeld'ſt, thou waſt borne thrall, When flattering thou thy father lord doſt call.
Ovid 1. Faſt.
Ther's price in price, the Cenſors honors give;
He giveth friendſhip, poore alone doe live.
Q. But are they not more frequent from adverſes?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. Cicero Syl. Neither doe I underſtand my ſelfe to have beene angry. But if I defend him whom thou accuſeſt, why ſhould I not be angry with thee, who accuſeſt him whom I defend? hee ſaith I accuſe mine owne enemy; and I ſaid, I defend my friend. So primo Tuſc: But when as they confeſſe that there is force enough in vices to cauſe a miſerable life, why ſhould it not bee granted that there is force enough in vertues to effect a bleſſed life.
Q. It ſhould ſeeme by this, that contraries are ſequences of contraries?
A. So they are.
Q. What may further be compriſed under this head?
A. Sometimes there is put forth like for like.
Q. Give example?
A. Such is the contention of the ſhepheards in Virg: Aeglog: 3. Damaetas firſt of all putting forth this riddle.
Tell in what place and I will herry thee,
For great Apollo's ſelfe, the welken large
Iuſt three els broad and no more ſeemes to bee:
And Menalcas anſwering in this other riddle.
Tell in what place the flowers have their marge,
With kings names in their leaves inſcribed plain;
And to thy ſelfe take Phillis for thy paine.
Q. Give example of feigned equalls?
A Feigned equalls are ſuch as is in Aeſchinus Sacraticus wherein Socrates ſheweth Aſpatia ſpeaking to Zenophons wife, & Zenophon himſelfe. Tell me I pray thee thou wife of Zenophon, if thy neighbour ſhould have better gold then thou, whether hadſt thou rather have hers or thine? hers, ſaid ſhee. And if ſhee have a goune, and other womens garments of a greater price then thou, whether hadſt thou rather have hers or thine? hers, ſaid ſhe. Goe to then if ſhe have a better husband then thou, had'ſt thou rather have hers? here the woman bluſhed. But Aſpatia ſpake to Zenophon himſelfe, I pray thee (ſaid ſhee) if thy neighbour have a better horſe then thou, had'ſt thou not rather have his or thine? His, ſaid he: but if he have better ground then thou, whether had'ſt thou rather have his? His, ſaid hee: viz. the beſt. But if hee have a better wife then thou haſt, whether had'ſt thou rather have his or thine? And here Zenophon alſo himſelfe held his peace.
CAP. 18. Greaters
Q. What are unequalls?
A. Vnequals are thoſe of which the quantity is not one.
Q. What be the kindes of unequals?
A. Vnequall is greater or leſſer.
Q. What is greater?
A. Greater is that which quantity exceedeth.
Q. What be the proper notes of it?
A. Not only, but alſo, I had rather this, then that, more alſo by grammaticall compariſon.
Q. Give example.
A. Cicero pro Mur. There is taken from amongſt us not onelyonly that verball counterfeit of prudence, but alſo that Lady of things Wiſedome it ſelfe: The thing is carried by force, not onelyonly the hatefull Orator in pleading, or the pratler, but alſo the truely good is deſpiſed. A horrid ſouldier is loved.
Q. Is not a certaine logicall gradation, ſometime ioyned with a rethoricall climax taken from hence?
A. Yes.
Q. Shew example?
A. Pro. Mil. Neither did he ſo handle himſelfe to the people onelyonly, but alſo to the Senate, neither to the Senate only, but alſo to the publique preſident and ſouldiers: neither to theſe alone, but alſo to the power of thoſe, to whom the care of Senate ſouldiers, & the whole common wealth of Italy was committed.
Q. Give a poeticall example?
A. Iu. Sat. 8. Againſt a proud noble man, Rather had I Thirſes thy Sire ſhould bee, Whil'ſt that Aeacides is like to thee: And that thou ſhouldſt with Vulcan armor make, Then for Achilles ſonne men ſhould thee take. Or that thy feature ſhould like Thirſes be.
Q. Proceede to further example?
A. Pro. Marc. Having more admiration then glory, Aeneid. 1.
O fellowes we theſe evills knew before, God will them end, we greater far have bore.
Cic. pro Mur. Be not ſo uniuſt, that when as thy fountaines are opened by thine enemies, our rivers ſhould bee ſtopped up even by our friends.
Q. Give an example of a gradation, without a rethoricall climax?
A. Ter. Thr. But doth Thais give me many thankes for it? Gn. Many. Thr. ſayeſt thou ſo? is ſhe glad? Gn. Not ſo much for the gift it ſelfe, as that it was given by thee; for that ſhee triumpheth in good earneſt.
Q. Are not alſo greaters feigned?
A. Yes, and of great force.
Q. Give example?
A. Ter. Hert. A noble man if hee be made a lover can never undergoe the charges, much leſſe thou then. Aeneid. 5.
O great Aeneas although love ſhould not
Promiſe to helpe or aide me now one iot,
I hope that Italy ſhall reach to heaven,
The windes once chang'd their forces croſſe have driven.
Ariſeing from black night i'th city caſt,
Our power is weake, our greateſt ſtrength but waſt.
CAP. 20. Leſſers.
Q. What is Leſſer?
A. Leſſer is that whoſe quantity is exceeded.
Q. How is a Leſſer iudged?
A. Oftentimes by proper notes.
Q. What be theſe notes?
A. Not onelyonly, but not at all: rather this then that, when as, as alſo.
Q. How elſe?
A. By grammatical, compariſon.
Q. How laſtly?
A. By the denying of partes.
Q. Give example of the notes out of ſome Orator?
A. Cic. ſecund. Cat. No man not onelyonly of Rome, but in no corner of all Italy was ever oppreſſed with ſo great a taxe, as that hee once knew of ſo incredible a Ceſar. Cat. 1. Thou canſt rather as an Exul tempt, then as a Conſul vexe the common wealth. Ag. 2. Which when to all it is very hard and an evill reaſon, then truely to me above the reſt.
Q. Give poeticall examples.
A. Ovid Triſt. 1.
More fierce then Buſiros, more fierce then he,
Who in flow fire his Oxe burnt furiouſly.
Ovid. pri. de rem. amor.
Thy body to redeeme beare ſword and fire,
Ne drinke to coole thy thirſly hot deſire:
To ſave thy ſoule wilt thou not all forbeare,
This part exceedes the other price by farre.
Q. Give example of thoſe which are done by the denying of parts.
A. Phil. 9. All in all ages who have had the underſtanding of the law in this city, if they might bee brought together into one place are not to be equalled with Servius Sulpitius: Cat. 2. Although thoſe which ſay that Catilina is gone to Meſſilia, doe not ſo much complaine of it, as feare it.
Q. Is it not ſometimes without notes?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. Pro Mur: Thou art ſo much wanting from the perfection of great workes, as the foundation, which thou thinkeſt thou haſt not yet layd. Pro Arch: The ſtones and deſartes often times anſwer to the voyce; wilde beaſts are tamed and ſubdued by ſinging: ſhall not then the inſtructions of the Poets in the beſt thing move us?
Q. Is there not alſo a gradation from leſſers?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. Ver: 7. Is it a great act to overthrow the city Rome, to beate a knave, to kill a Parriſide, what ſhall I ſay? to hang him upon the gallowes.
Q. Are not leſſers alſo ſometimes feigned?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. Virg: Aeglog: 1.
The light held hynds in th'aire ſhall feed therfore,
And in the Ocean all the fiſhes die:
For want of water on the naked ſhore,
The wandring Parthyan firſt ſhall drinken dry tide,
Huge Araxis, and guſling Germany:
Sucke downe their thirſty throates, ſwift Tigris
Ere his deare lovely face ſhall from my boſome ſlide.
Q. Give another example.
A. Phil. 2. O filthy thing? not onelyonly in the ſight but alſo to heare of? if it had happened to thee amongſt thine inhumane pots, who would not have accounted it filthy? but in the aſſembly of the Romans about publique affaires▪ the maſter of the horſe to whom it is not comely to belch, hee vomiting a cruſt of bread and wine, filled his lap and all the tribunall with ſtinke.
CAP. 21. Likes.
Q. You have expounded compariſon in quantity, compariſon in quality followeth, what therefore is quality?
A. Quality is that whereby the things compared are ſaid to be ſuch.
Q. What are the kindes of quality?
A. Like or diſlike?
Q. What are likes?
A. Likes are thoſe of which there is the ſame quality.
Q. What are likes called?
A. Like is called proportion, as the likes are proportionable.
Q. What are the notes of likenes, whereby it is concluded in one word?
A. Like, effigies, in that manner as alſo denials of diſlikenes.
Q. What be they?
A. Such as this not otherwiſe.
Q. Give example of the firſt ſort?
A. Aeneid: 1. His mouth and ſhoulders being like to God. Phil: 9. Although Servius Suſpicius could leave no clearer monument then his ſonne, the effigies of his manners, vertues, conſtancy, piety, wit.
Q. Give example out of ſome Poet?
A. Ovid. Triſt. 1.
For he or none, even he that made the wound,
OnelyOnly Achilles 'tis can make me ſound.
Q. Proceed to farther examples?
A. In Phiſ. There was one day which was to mee the likeneſſe of immortality, wherein I returned to my countrey. Ver: 1. But preſently from the ſame likenes of a man as it were by ſome Circean pot, hee is made a Beare. Pro Pomp. Therefore all in this place doe behold Conſ. Pompeius not as one ſent from the citty, but fallen from heaven. Aeneid. 3. They doe not that which I have commanded. Ter: I am not, neither have beene otherwiſe then he.
Q. What is the partition of likenes?
A. Disjoyned or continued.
Q. What is a disjoyned ſimilitude?
A. A disjoyned ſimilitude is when as foure termes are diſtinguiſhed to the thing.
Q. Give example?
A. Eglog: 5.
So me thy ſong as ſleepe on graſſe doth queme
The travailer, his weary lims to drench.
Q. What is the force of this example?
A. The ſongs to the hearers, as ſleepe to the weary, are foure diſtinct termes.
Q. Give another example?
A. Ad fratrem: As the beſt governours can not overcome the force of the tempeſt, ſo the wiſeſt men often times cannot overcome the violence of fortune.
Q. Shew the force of this example?
A. Here are foure termes, as the governour to the ſhippe, ſo wiſe men to fortune.
Q. Proceed to farther examples?
A. Triſt. 1.
Evē as the yellow gold in flaming fire is ſeen,
So men may truſt, behold, in time that's ſharp and keen
Cic. Phil. 2. But even as thoſe who in a great ſickenes doe not taſte the ſweetneſſe of meate, ſo the luſtfull, covetous, wicked have not the taſte of true praiſe. Virg. made theſe verſes.
All night it rain'd, next day the ſignes are ſeene,
Th' Empires parted Ceſar and love betweene.
Battillus arrogated them to himſelfe and obtained a great reward: therefore Virgill in theſe verſes mocketh Battillus.
I made theſe rimes, another had the land,
So birds you neaſts not for your ſelves have made,
So you ô Bees make hony not for you:
So you ô Sheepe beare wooll but not for you,
So you ô Oxen plough but not for you.
Q. Are not the notes ſometimes omitted?
A. Yes, ſometimeſ there is no note at all.
Q. Give an example?
A. Virg: Eglog: 2.
Ah my faire boy truſt not thy hew too much,
Hurtles though blacke, by every handſome hand
Are pluck'd, while dayſes none vouchſafe to touch,
All be they white, yet ſhed they as they ſtand.
Q. What is continuall likeneſſe?
A. A continuall likenes is when as the firſt terme is to the ſecond, ſo the ſecōd to the third.
Q. Give an example?
A. De Leg: 3. See you not that this is the Magiſtrates power that he ſhould rule and preſcribe right, profitable, and agreeing things with the lawes: for as the lawes doe governe the Magiſtrates, ſo the Magiſtrates doe rule the people.
Q. What is the force of this example?
A. Here are three termes, Lawes, Magiſtrates, People.
Q. Have not feigned likeneſſes equall force with theſe above?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. It appeareth chiefly in this explicated ſimilitude of Eſope his Apology taken out of
Horace Epiſt. 1.
But if Romes people aske me happily.
Why not 'mongſt Iudges on the bench ſit I:
And doe that which they love, fly that they hate?
I anſwer as the crafty Fox of late.
When tooth-ſick lion he this meſſage ſent,
Faine would I come to that thing was I bent:
But that I ſaw the ſteps of many feet,
That way to goe, none back againe to get.
CAP. 22. Diſlikes.
Q. What are diſlikes.
A. Diſlikes are comparatives, whoſe quality is diverſe.
Q. What are the proper notes of diſlikes?
A. Diſlike, different, another.
Q. Give example?
A. Pro Plan. Although the paying of mony and thankes bee unlike. Aeneid. 1. O ancient houſe? O how unlike for that Lord to governe Caeſ. Pri. Bel. Gal. All theſe differed in their tongues, inſtructions, lawes. Agra. 2. One is knowne by his countenance, another by his voyce, another by his gate. De Nat. Deo. 2. Becauſe I have begun to doe otherwiſe then I had ſaid in the begining.
Q. Are not diſlikes alſo knowne by denying ſhe likes?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. De Orat: 2. Philoſophy is not like the other artes: Aeneid: 2. But he was not of that ſeede wherein thou remembreſt Achilles, ſuch was Priamus his enemy. Lor. Epiſt. 2. There is not the ſame age, the ſame minde, ad frat. 1. So thy ring is not as a certaine veſſell, but as thy ſelfe: Phil: 3. This certaine day he is wont to expect not ſo much of ſacrifice as counſell.
Q. Give ſome poeticall examples?
A. By this argument the ſhepheard confeſſeth his error. Aeglog: 1.
Ah fond friend Melibe I whilom dempt,
That famous city which I now and then,
In common chat amongſt our countrey men:
Have heard yea cliped by the name of Rome,
Certes for all the world cib to our homely home: and by and by,
— ſo did I dare.
Kids liken to their Goates, whelps to their dams,
And moule hills wont to mountaines to compare.
Q. Shew the force of this example?
A. As neither the whelpes to the dogges, nor kids to their dams, ſo neither is Mantua like to Rome.
Q. Be not notes of diſlikes ſometimes wanting?
A. Yes, often times, and the diſlikeneſſe is more clearely explicated.
Q. Give an example out of ſome Orator?
A. Quint. l. 1. c. 11. Brutus ſlew the children of the traytors: Muntius did puniſh by death the vertue of his ſonne.
Q. Give another example?
A. Cat: the ſunne ſets and riſeth againe: but when our little light ſetteth, there is a perpetuall night.
CAP. 23. Conjugates.
Q. Hitherto you have expounded the firſt arguments, thoſe derived from the firſt follow, what are they then?
A. Thoſe derived from the firſt are theſe, which are even to that which they argue, as the firſt from whence they are derived.
Q. What be the kindes of theſe arguments?
A. A conjugate, a notation, a diſtribution, and a definition.
Q. What are conjugates?
A. Conjugates are names drawne diverſly from the ſame principle.
Q. Give example?
A. Iuſtice, juſt, juſtly.
Q. Is there not a ſymboll in conjugates of agreeing arguments?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. Propert: lib: 2.
Becauſe in love there is no liberty,
Who ever loves that man can ne'r be free.
Q. Shew the force of this example?
A. Here liberty is the cauſe why we ſhould be free.
Q. Give another example?
A. Cic: Nat: Deo: 2. Where he ſpeaketh of Dionyſius the Tyrant. He commanded that the tables of ſilver in which were the images of the gods, ſhould be taken away, in which after the manner of the Grecians ſhould be ingraven. The goods of the gods, ſaying, that he was willing to uſe of their goodnes.
Q. Shew the force of this example?
A. The Gods are good, therefore their goodnes is to bee uſed: here from the effects it is directed to the cauſes.
Q. Give another example?
A. Ter: I am a man, no humane thing is ſtrange to me.
Q. Is it not ſometimes from the ſubject to the adjunct?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. Phil: 2. I will not handle thee as a Conſul, leaſt thou handle mee as one ſtanding for the conſulſhip. In Piſ: When as all the cauſe was of the Conſuls and Senate, both the Conſuls & Senate had need of my helpe.
CAP. 24. Notations.
Q. What is notation?
A. Notation is the interpretation of a name.
Q. What are names?
A. Names truely are notes of things.
Q. May there not be rendred a reaſon of the names?
A. Yes, either from the derivation or compoſition, if they be made by true notation, from ſome firſt argument.
Q. Give example?
A. Homo ab humo. Ovid: Fast: 6.
Stat vi terra ſua, vi ſtando veſta vocatur.
Q. Shew the force of this example?
A. This is a notation from the cauſe.
Q. Give another example?
A. At focus a flammis, & quod fovit omnia dictus:
Q. Shew the force of this example?
A. This is a notation from the effects.
Q. Give another example?
A. Vir: 4. O Verrea praeclara! quid enim acceſſiſti, quo non attuleris tecum iſtum diem? & enim quam tu domum, quam urbem adijſti, quod fanum denique, quod non everſum atque exterſum reliqueris? quare appellentur ſanè iſta Verrea quae non ex nomine, ſed ex moribus, naturaque tua conſtituta eſſe videantur.
Q. Shew the force of this example?
A. This is alſo a notation from the effects.
Q. Give another example?
A. Ovid: Faſt: 1.
Prima dies tibi carua datur, dea cardinis haec eſt.
Nomine clauſa aperit, claudit aperta ſuo.
Q. Wherein is the force of this example?
A. This is a notation from the ſubjects in the inward, about which the deity of this goddeſſe is exerciſed.
Q. Give another example?
A. From the adjuncts, there is a notation from Bambalion. Phil. 2. Quia balbus & ſtupidus: hinc igitur cavilatio in Antonium generum. Tuae conjugis, bonae faeminae, locupletat is quidem certè, Bambalio quidem pater, homo nullo numero, nihil illo contemptius, qui propter haeſitantiam linquae ſtuporemque cordis cognomen ex contumelia traxerit.
Q. Shew the force of this example?
A. This is a notation from adjuncts.
Q. Are there not notations alſo from diſagreeings?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Quint. lib. 1. cap. 6. Lucus, quia umbra apacus, parum luceat: & ludus quia ſit longiſſimè a luſu, & dis quia minimè dives.
Q. May not notation bee alſo from comparatives?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. Pyropus, quod ignis flammam imitotur.
Q. But is there not, as to the notation to his name, ſo an affection of the name to the notation?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. Animi plenus, ergo animoſus.
Q. Shew the contrary?
A. Animoſus, ergo animi plenus.
CAP. 25. Diſtribution.
Q. What are the other derived arguments?
A. Diſtribution and definition.
Q. Is there not a reciprocall affection in both theſe?
A. Yes.
Q. What is the affection in the diſtribution?
A. Of all parts with the whole.
Q. What is the affection in the definition?
A. Of the definition with the things deſigned.
Q. What is a diſtribution?
A. A diſtribution is, when the whole is diſtributed into parts.
Q. What is the whole?
A. The whole is that which containeth parts.
Q. What are parts?
A. Partes are thoſe which are contained of the whole.
Q. It ſhould ſeeme then that the diſtinction of the whole into parts is diſtribution?
A. So I ſaid.
Q. What is then the collection of the parts to the making up of the whole?
A. It is called induction.
Q. Whence is diſtribution taken?
A. Diſtribution is taken from arguments altogether agreeing, but diſagreeing amongſt themſelves: therefore it ſhall bee by ſo much more accurate, by how much the agreeings of the partes ſhall be with the whole, and the diſagreeing among themſelves.
CAP. 26. The diſtribution from the cauſe.
Q. Whence is the firſt diſtribution?
A. The firſt diſtribution is from abſolute agreeings.
Q. What are theſe abſolute agreeings?
A. The cauſes and effects.
Q. What is diſtribution from the cauſes?
A. Diſtribution from the cauſes, is when the partes are cauſes of the whole. Here the diſtribution of perfect into its members is greatly prayſed.
Q. What is perfect?
A. Perfect is the whole, to which the parts are eſſentiall.
Q. What is a member?
A. A member is a part of the whole.
Q. Give example?
A. Grammer is divided into Etymology, and Syntaxis; Rhetoricke, into Elocution and action; Dialectica, into invention and judgement: for thoſe artes are conſtituted of thoſe partes.
Q. What is the principall diſtribution?
A. When the explication of a longer thing is received.
Q. Give examples?
A. Georg: 1.
What makes glad corne, & how to till the ground,
How to plant elms that be ſo ſtrong and ſound:
How to guide oxen, cattell how to tend,
And how the little pretty bee defend,
I will declare. —
Q. Give another example?
A. Cic: pro Mur: I underſtand O you Iudges, that the whole accuſation hath thre… parts, one of which is in reprehenſion of life, another in contention of dignity, the third touching the fault.
Q. How is the ſecond kinde of handling this kinde of argument?
A. Either from the partes to the whole; or from the whole to the partes.
Q. Give example?
A. Cat:
Quintia is faire to many, ſo to me,
I will not therefore this ſame thing deny;
But wholly faire I will not ſay ſhe's not:
True beauty in her there is not a jot,
Lesbius faire in every part moſt fine,
Venus adorn'd her, cleare did make her ſhine.
CAP. 27. The distribution from the effects, alſo the genus and species.
Q. What is the diſtribution from the effects?
A. The diſtribution from the effects, is when the partes are effects.
Q. Give example?
A. In a ſhippe the ſea-men, ſome ſcale the maſts, ſome runne in at the doores, ſome draw water, the governour holdeth the rudder in the ſhip.
Q. May not diſtribution of genus into ſpecies be compriſed under this head?
A. Yes, diſtribution of genus into ſpecies doth here excell.
Q. What is genus?
A. Genus is the whole eſſentiall in parts.
Q. What is ſpecies?
A. Species is the parts of genus.
Q. Give example?
A. We ſay a living creature is the genus of a man, and a beaſt: for a living creature is the whole of that effect, viz. a corporall living ſubſtance, which commonly pertaineth to the beaſts and men: wee ſay the ſpecies of a man and a beaſt is living becauſe they are parts of a living ſubject, which living eſſence they have common: wee ſay a man the genus of every man, and a lion the genus of every lion, but contrary, every man the ſpecies of a man, every lion of a lion.
Q. What is the kindes of the genus?
A. The genus is moſt generall or ſubalternat.
Q. What are the kindes of the species?
A. The ſpecies is ſubalternate or moſt ſpeciall.
Q. What is the moſt generall genus?
A. The moſt generall genus is that of which there is no kindes.
Q. Give example?
A. In logicall invention an argument is the moſt generall genus of artificialls and inartificialls.
Q. What is the ſubalternate genus, and the ſubalternate species?
A. The ſubalternate genus, as alſo the ſubalternate ſpecies, is that which is the ſpecies of this, but the genus of that.
Q. Give example?
A. The cauſe is the ſpecies of an abſolute arguing argument, but the genus of the matter and forme.
Q. But what is the moſt speciall ſpecies?
A. The moſt ſpeciall ſpecies is that which is individable into other ſpecies.
Q. Give example?
A. The matter and forme ſingly.
Q. What are the genus and species notes of?
A. Of the cauſes and effects.
Q. Give example?
A. In a living thing there is a corporeall eſſence which in the matter is belonging commonly to the ſpecies, as alſo the faculty of life and ſence, which in the forme pertaineth commonly to the ſpecies.
Q. It ſhould ſeeme that the genus containeth the cauſes, which doe attaine to the species of it; and therefore contrarily, the species containes the effects of their genus?
A. So it is.
Q. From whence then is that univerſall famouſnes and excellency?
A. From hence, becauſe it declareth the cauſes.
Q. Shew ſome example now of the diſtributions of the genus into ſpecies?
A. Diſtribution of genus into ſpecies is very excellent truly, but hard and ſeldome found, yet we will bring what illuſtrations and examples wee can. Ovid: Met: 1. Divideth living creatures into five ſpecies; ſtarres, birds, beaſts, fiſh, men: hee giveth life to the ſtarres as the Philoſophers doe.
No region is without ſome living thing,
Starres in the skies the formes of gods being:
Birds in the aire in abundance be,
Beaſts on the earth, and fiſhes in the ſea.
But yet 'mongſt theſe a creature more divine,
Who may them rule and governe all in fine;
There wanted much untill that man was borne.
So Cic: Offic: 1. divideth vertue into foure ſpecies, prudence, juſtice, fortitude, and temperance; but all that is honeſt ſpringeth out of one of theſe foure parts, for either it is converſant in the knowledge and skill of the truth, or in the defending the ſociety of men, and giving every one his owne; alſo in truſt of things bargained, or in a high minde and admirable greatnes and courage, or laſtly in all things which are made and called order and meanes in which is modeſty and temperance,
Q. What is diſtribution of the genus into the formes of the ſpecies?
A. Diſtribution of the genus into the formes of the ſpecies is the ſame; becauſe the forme with the genus, conſtitute their ſpecies.
Q. Give example?
A. Of living creatures, one is ſpeaking, another dumbe.
Q. May not genus and species bee handled apart and ſeverally?
A. Yes, genus & ſpecies are not only handled after this ſimple forme of diviſion, but alſo apart one from another.
Q. Give example?
A. Pro Arc: But leaſt any ſhould wonder that we ſay ſo, that there is a certaine faculty of wit, and this reaſon or diſcipline of ſpeaking, neither that we have truely given our ſelves altogether to this ſtudy; for all artes which pertaine to humanity, have a certaine common band, and are contained (as it were) in a certaine knowledge amongſt themſelves.
Q. Shew the force of this example?
A. Art is the genus, poeſie and eloquence the ſpecies.
Q. Is not the genus handled alſo by the species?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example?
A. Ovid: de Triſt: 4.
Fill thy ſad matter with thy vertues grave,
Hot glory doth decay, it none can ſave:
Who had knowne Hector if Troy well had beene?
Through publique vices way to vertue's ſeene.
Thine art ô Typhis lyes, if in the ſea
There be no floods, if men be well truly,
Then Phoebus art decayeth inſtantly.
That which they hid, and is not knowne for good,
Appeares at laſt, and ſhewes where evill ſtood.
Q. But are there no ſpeciall examples fitted to this kinde?
A. Yes, ſuch as this. Attic. 7. Wilt thou leave the city? what if the French men come? The common wealth hee ſaith is not in walls but altars and religion. Theomiſtocles did the ſame, and a whole hoſt of Barbarians were not able to take one city. But? Pericles did not ſo, who in the yeare almoſt before fifty, when he kept nothing but a wall; our city before being taken they kept the tower notwithſtanding.
CAP. 28. Diſtribution from the ſubject.
Q. What is the other distribution?
A. The other diſtribution is of agreeings after a certaine manner.
Q. What are agreeings after a certain manner?
A The ſubjects and adjuncts.
Q. VVhat is the diſtribution from ſubjects?
A. The diſtribution from ſubjects is, when the parts are ſubjects.
Q. Give example?
A. Cat:
Thy maiden head's not wholly thine I wene,
One part thy father gave, the part betweene
Thou of thy mother had'ſt, ſo that to thee
None but the third remaineth for to be.
Therefore reſiſt not two, cast not away
The thing thy parents gave to thee I ſay.
Q. Give example out of ſome Orator?
A. Cic: Tuſc: 1. There are therefore three kindes of good, as I underſtand from the Stoicks, to whoſe uſe oftener then I am wont wee give place. There are therefore thoſe kindes of good, whilſt that the external things of the body are caſt upon the ground, & becauſe they are to bee undertaken they are called good. There are other divine things which doe more nearly concerne us, and are heavenly, ſo that thoſe who have attained them, why may I not call them after a manner bleſſed, yea moſt happy.
CAP. 29. Diſtribution from adjuncts.
Q. What is diſtribution from adjuncts?
A. Diſtribution from adjuncts is, when the parts are adjuncts.
Q. Give example?
A. Of men, ſome are ſound, ſome ſicke, ſome rich, ſome poore.
Q. Give a poeticall example?
A. Virg: Georg: 1. Divideth the world into five partes, the middle ſcorching hot, the other two extreame cold, the two laſt temperate.
Five zones the heavens doe hold, the middle hot:
The Sun there burnes, cold in it there is not,
But on the right and left hand there is ſeene.
Raine, froſt and cold, that's bitter, ſharpe & keen.
The two laſt temperate, yet in them is
Mortality, and many ſickneſſes.
Q. Give an Orators example?
A. Caeſ: Bel: Gal: 1. All France is divided into three parts; of which, one the Belgians inhabite, the other the Aequitans, the third thoſe who in their tongue are called Cetts, in our language the Gaules.
CAP. 30. Definition.
Q. What is definition?
A. Definition is when it is explicated what the thing is, and that interchangeably may bee argued with the thing defined.
Q. What are the kindes of definition?
A. A definition is perfect or imperfect.
Q. What is the perfect definition called?
A. This is properly called a definition.
Q. What is the imperfect called?
A. A deſcription.
Q. What is a perfect definition?
A. A perfect definition is a definition conſiſting of the onelyonly cauſes which conſtitute the eſſence: ſuch as the cauſes comprehended by the genus and forme.
Q. Give example?
A. After this manner is a man defined, viz. by the genus, (a living creature) we underſtand (as it is ſaid) a corporeall eſſence full of life and ſenſe, which is the matter and a part of the forme of a man, to which (if thou addeſt reaſonable) thou comprehendeſt the whole forme of a man, by the whole faculty of his life, ſenſe, reaſon.
Q. It ſhould ſeeme then that the perfect definition is nothing elſe then an univerſall ſymboll of the cauſes, conſtituting the eſſence and nature of things?
A. So it is.
Q. Give an example?
A. The artes have ſuch definitions, Grammer of well ſpeaking; Rethoricke of pleading well; Dialectica of diſputing well; Arithmeticke of numbring well; Geometry of meaſuring well.
CAP. 31. Deſcription.
Q. What is deſcription?
A. Deſcription is a definition defining the thing from other arguments alſo.
Q. Give example?
A. This is the deſcription of a man, a man is a living creature, mortall, capable of diſcipline.
Q. Are not proper circumſtances alſo mingled with common cauſes ſometimes?
A. Yes.
Q. Then it ſeemeth that ſuccint brevity is not alwayes in this kinde?
A. No, oftentimes it deſireth a clearer and greater explication.
Q. Give an example out of ſome Orator?
A. In Mil: Glory is deſcribed. But yet of all rewards of vertue (if there be a reaſon of rerewardes) the greateſt is glory; this one comforteth us touching the ſhortneſſe of our life, cauſeth that wee are preſent with the abſent dead, maketh us to live to conclude, by theſe ſteppes wee doe ſeeme to aſcend into heaven.
Q. Give a poeticall example?
A Aeneid: 4. Fame is deſcribed.
From Libeans temple cometh forth great fame,
Nought ſwifter then ill newes which beares this name,
Moving ſhe goes, by going ſtrēgth ſhe gets,
She feares at firſt, at laſt with windes ſhe fleets.
Walkes on the earth, her head ſhe lifts to'th skie,
Earth brought her forth, the Gods were angry;
In Caeus and Encelladus his land,
She was at laſt as I doe underſtand;
Her feet were ſwift, her wings moſt hurful were
A horrid monſter, wicked, full of feare,
As many feathers as upon her are:
So many eyes attend her every where.
So many tongues, ſo many mouthes doe ſound,
So many yeares doe leſſen her around.
In night ſhe flies through heaven, & in the ſhade
About the earth ſhe goes, no noyſe is made:
She ſitteth by the light on houſes high,
And cauſeth townes to quiver fearefully;
As well a bruiter of things falſe that be,
As meſſengers of truth and verity.
Q. Proceede to further example?
A. Such are the deſcriptions of plant? an living creatures, in phyſicke: alſo of rivers mountaines, cities, in geography and hiſtory.
CAP. 32. Divine teſtimony.
Q. You have expounded the artificial arguments, the inartificiall followeth; tell me then what an inartificiall argument is?
A. An inartificiall argument is, that which argueth not by its owne nature, but taketh force from ſome artificiall argument.
Q. It ſeemeth by this when a hidden truth of things is more ſubtily ſearched for, that this argument hath ſmall force of proofe?
A. So it is, but in civill and humane things oftentimes this argument effecteth the greateſt truſt, from the moving arguments, if wiſedome, vertue, and good will be preſent.
Q. What is it called?
A. In one name it is called teſtimony.
Q. What are the kindes of teſtimony?
A. Divine or humane.
A. What may be compriſed under the head of divine teſtimony?
A. Not onelyonly the miracles of the gods, but alſo the anſwers of prophets and fortunetellers, are counted amongſt divine teſtimonies.
Q. Give example?
A. All theſe are brought forth. Cat: 3. For that I may omit (ſaith the Orator) the fires ſeene in the night from the Weſt, and the burning of heaven, as alſo lightning, as earthquakes, with other many things done to us Conſuls, as thoſe which are now done, doe ſeeme to proclaime the gods immortality. And a little after, at which time when the Araſpatians were come together out of all Herturia, they ſaid that ſlaughter, burning, periſhing of the lawes, civill and domeſticall warre, and the fall of the whole city and empire approached, unleſſe the immortall gods pleaſed by all reaſon, by their power ſhould change thoſe deſtinies. At length when hee had ſaid that they mocked at the anſwer of the Ariſpatians, and that they did more regard the ſigne of Iove, turning to the Eaſt, he then ſaid; but is not hee ſo preſent that it ſhould ſeeme to be done at the becke of the mighty Iove, that when this morning before my doore by my command and conjuration, the Iudges being then in the houſe of Concordia, at the ſame time there appeared a ſigne: which being turned towards you and the Senate, both you and the Senate ſaw manifeſtly laid open, who they were that were againſt the health of all men.
Q. Give another example?
A. That of Tibullus is more ſhort.
But if that oracles true things doe tell,
Then this in our name ſee thou doe declare:
That he doth promiſe Delius to give,
To be thy ſpouſe with whom thou'lt happy live.
CAP. 33. Teſtimony from humane law and ſentences.
Q. What bee the kindes of humane teſtimony?
A. Humane teſtimony is common or proper.
Q. What is common?
A. Law; and a famous ſentence.
Q. What is legall teſtimony?
A. Legall teſtimony is both unwritten and written.
Q. Bring forth authority for this?
A. Pro Mil: For there is (O ye Iudges) a law not written, but borne with us; which we have not received, learned, read; but taken, drawne, expreſſed from nature: as if our life ſhould bee in ſome hazard, force danger, either of theeves or enemies, all honeſt reaſon were to bee ſought of ſafety; but if the twelve tables will have the night theefe, yea the day theefe to, if he defend himſelfe after any manner killed without puniſhment; who is there that will thinke him that is ſlaine to bee puniſhed, when as there is a ſword reached to us, to kill that man by the lawes themſelves.
Q. What are famous ſentences?
A. Proverbes.
Q. Give example?
A. They bee ſuch as theſe. Pares cum paribus facilimè congregantur. Spartam nactus es, hanc ex orna.
Q. What may farther be under this head?
A. Sayings of wiſedome alſo.
Q. Give example?
A. Noſce teipſum. Nequid nimis. Sponde praeſto ad detrimentum.
Q. What is proper teſtimony?
A. Such as this of Plato. 1. ad Quinti: frat: And then truely Plato the Prince of wiſdome and learning thought thoſe common wealthes bleſſed, if either learned and wiſe men governed them, or thoſe that did governe, placed all their ſtudy in wiſedome and learning.
Q. Proceed to further example?
A. Such were in the Poets Aeneid: 4. Learne juſtice and admonitions, and contemne not the rich. So in Homer.
foreign.
Ajax led out of Salaminus twelve ſhips.
The Magatenſes were overcome by the Athonians.
Q. What are teſtimonies of the living?
A. Teſtimonies of the living, are not onelyonly when it is inquired of ground, felling of wood and ſuch like buſineſſe, but alſo there are teſtimonies of obligation, confeſſing oath.
Q. Give an example of obligation?
A. Phil: 5. For I dare bind my faith, (P. C.) to you and the people of Rome, that truely when no force conſtrained me I durſt not doe; and I feared an opinion of timerity, in a thing greatly hurtfull; I promiſe and ſweare (P. C.) to become alwayes ſuch a citizen to Ceſar as he himſelfe is, and as wee ought chiefly to wiſh or deſire.
Q. Have we not an obligation ſet forth ſometimes with a pledge?
A. Yes. Virg Eglog: 3.
Wilt then by turnes, we hand to hand doe try,
What either can, and prove each by our deed;
Ile paune this heifer, (which leaſt thou deny)
She twiſe hath come already to the payle,
And two twins ſuckles at this time now ſay,
What paune thou'lt gage with her to countervail.
Q. What are the kindes of confeſſion?
A. Confeſſion is free or extorted by torments.
Q. What is this latters properly called?
A. A queſtion.
Q. Give example?
A. Such an argument there is againſt Milon whom Cicero derided. Goe to then, what or how is the queſtion? How? where was Roſcius? where was Caſca? Doth Clodius lay ſnares for Milon? he hath done; ſurely the gallowes. He hath done nothing.
Q. What further may be reduced hitherto?
A. Hitherto may bee referred the argument which wee uſed when wee bring forth our approbation, and experience of our affirmative.
Q. Give example.
A. Ver: 4. Even Volcatio if hee had come freely, would he have given a little booke? he ſhall come, he ſhall be tryed; no man truely receiveth it. Ter: ſpend thy time in letters, in the woods, in muſicke: it is meete for youth to know theſe liberall thinges, I will give diligence.
Q. Give a poeticall example?
A. Ovid. Triſt: 3.
The which that thou mayſt better credit me,
Try thou my paines, beleeve it then to be.
Q. Give an example alſo of the teſtimony of an oath.
A. Aeneid: 6.
I ſweare byth' gods, and all in earth unſeene;
I have departed from thy ſhore ô queene.
Q. This reciprocation ſeemeth to be more obſcure, as becauſe the teſtimony is true, the witnes is alſo true?
A. So it is: and thus much ſuffiſeth to have ſpoken of invention, the firſt part of the ſcience Dialectica.