The Annals of the World, History 1 · Age of the world 6 (7 of 18)

The Annals of the World · History 1 · Age of the world 6 (7 of 18)

p. 194But of this Theopompus (of whome I have spoken before) who was an Historian, and Theodectes a Tragedian, I may not here let passe, what is reported by Demetrius Phalereus, in Aristeas (and out of him by Josephus, [lib. 12. Antiquita…. c. 2. and by Euseb. de Praepar. Evengel. lib. 8. c. 3. and 5. & in his discourse of the Septuagints Interpretation:] as this, that Theopompus would fain have inserted some things out of the books of Moses, into his History, but lay thereupon distraught of his wits, by the space of 30 dayes; and that in his intervals of that sicknesse, he earnestly besought God, to reveale unto him the cause, why this great judgement was befallen him: and that in a dream it was told him, that it was because he went about to mingle those divine Oracles with his humane studies; and publish them to the world: and upon change of that purpose, he was restored to his right wits again: and of Theodectes: that when he purposed to translate somethings out of the holy writ into a Tragedie of his, he suddainly grew owleeyed, or pore-blinde, till having considered, that such his attempt was the cause thereof, he asked God mercy, and was restored to his perfect sight again.

Artimisia, Year of the World 3653 who, Year of the World 3463 to continue the memory of her husband, Year before Christ 351 built that stupendious tombe for him at Halicarnassus, reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world, pined away at last and dyed for grief, [Cicero. Tuscul. Quest. lib. 3. Strabo. l. 14. A. Gell. lib. 10. c. 18.] To the making of this so miraculous a frame, the most famous workmen and artificers of the world set their hands, Scopas, out of the East, Bryaxis, from the North, Timotheus from the South, and Leochares from the West: and albeit she died before the work was finished, yet they gave it not off till they had brought it to a full perfection; knowing that by so doing, they should also eternize their own names, and glory in it, [Plin. lib. 36: c. 5. with Vitruvius in the Proeme of his 7 book;] whence it was even at Rome, that every sumptuous and magnificent building, was afterward called a Mausoleum, [Pausan, in his Arcadica.]

After her death, her brother Idrieus or Hidrieus, held the Dynasty or Principality of Caria, 7 years, [Diod. year 2. Olymp. 107.] who being the second son of Hecatomnus, married his second daughter Ada, his own sister, according to the law of Caria, [Strabo l. 14. Arianus, of the Gests of Alexander, l. 1.]

The Thebans, falling into great distresse for want of money, in their war against the Phoceans, sent their Embassadors to Ochus, and had of him 300 talents, [Diod. year 2. Olymp. 107.]

The Phenicians, especially the inhabitants of Sidon, having been basely abused p. 195by Ochus revolted from him, and sending to Nectabenus king of Egypt, confederated with him in a war against the Persians, and then having furnished themselves with a great fleet of ships and store of land souldiers, cut down the kings Garden and Orchard, and burnt the hay that was provided for the kings stable, and put to death those Persians, that had done them wrong: wherefore the Satrapa of Syria, and governour of Cilicia, made war upon them. But Tennes the King of Sidon, having received from the king of Egypt, four thousand Grecian souldiers under the command of Mentor of Rhodes, with the help of them, and his own men together, routed them both, and drave the Persians clean out of all Phaenicia, [Id. ib.]

The petty kings of the 9 cities of Cyprus, which were subject to the king of Persia, following the example of the Phaenicians, fell off from him too, by a generall consent among themselves: and fitting every man himself with provisions for a war, made themselves absolute sovereignes, each in his own city. Against these, by the command of Artaxerxes Ochus, Idrieus, newly made king of Caria, and by a tradition received from his Ancestors a true servant of the kings of Persia, and a follower of them, in their wars, sent 40 saile of ships, and in them 8 thousand mercenary souldiers, under the command of Phocion the Athenian, and of Euagoras, who formerly had been a king there, into Cyprus. These began with the best first, and besieged the city Salamis; whereupon there resorted to them, out of the parts of Syria and Cilicia, lying over against Cyprus, in hope of a prey, a very great multitude of men; so that Phocyon and Euagoras his army grew twice as big as it was at their coming thither, [Ibid.]

Artaxerxes Ochus, having mustered an army of 300 thousand foot, and 30 thousand horse, with 300 fighting ships, and 500 ships of burden, to carry his provisions in, set out from Babylon, toward Phaenicia, and the sea-side. But Mentor, whom the Sidonians had made Commander over the Mercenary Greeks, taking a fright at his approach, sent a man called Thessalion to him, offering him first to betray all the Sidonians into his hands, and afterward to do him right good and trusty service in the conquering of Egypt. Thessalion, having dellvered his message, and received the kings promise, and kissed his hand upon it, returned to Mentor, and assured him from the king, undiscovered by the Sidonians, [Ib.]

Mean while, Ochus sent his Ambassadors into Greece for some aides from them, against the Egyptians. Whereupon the Athenians and Lacedemonians returned him answer, that they would keep the peace made with him, with all their hearts, but send him any aide at this time they could not. But the Thebans readily sent him a thousand Corselets, under the command of Lachetes. They of Argos also sent him three thousand men, but appointed no Commander over them of their own, because the king had specially desired to have Nicostratus to command them; a man of a high spirit, and who in imitation of Hercules, used in fight, alwayes to wear a Lyons skin about him, and bare▪ a club in his hand. The Grecians also dwelling upon the sea-coast of Asia, sent him in six thousand men; so that the Grecians in his army were in all, ten thousand men. But before their coming to him, the king was advanced, past Syria, and as far as Phaenicia, and had pitcht his camp not far from Sidon, [Ibid.]

Tennes the king of Sidon, combining with Mentor in his treason, assigned him to the guard of a certain quarter in the town, and left him to manage the treason on that side; himself with 500 men, went out of the city, preteuding that he would go to the common meeting or council of Phaenicia. Now he had in his company 100 of the principall men of the city, as councellors about him: all which he gave up to be butchered by Artaxerxes; as the authors of that defect on from him; and shortly after Artaxerxes, when 500 more of the chief of the Sidonians came to him to crave his mercy in suppliant wise, with Olive branches in their hands, he caused them every man to be struck thorough with darts, as he had done the former, having understood formerly by Tennes the king, that the city should be absolutely delivered up unto him, and without conditions; and then dealt with the Grecians which he had in pay to open the gates, and to receive the king, and him into the city, and so betrayed it to Artaxerxes: who being once in, and seeing that Tennes could do him no further service, caused his throat to be cut likewise, [Ibid.]

The Sidonians, who before the Kings coming had set fire on all their ships, to the end no man should have left any possibility of saving himself by flight that way, shut themselves every man up in his own house, with his wife and children, and then set their houses on fire, and consumed all to cindres, The number of them which perished in this fire, servants and all, amounted by report, to 40 thousand souls. The cindres of the place, with the molten silver and gold among, the King sold for many a Talent. The rest of the cities affrighted herewith, surrendred themselves presently to the King, [Ibid.]

From thence the King went and took Jericho by assault: as we find in [Solinus cap. 35.] p. 196and took many along with him out of Judea to serve him in his war in Egypt: as we gather out of Aristeas, in his book of the Septuagint Interpreters; where also, in the Epistle of Ptolomeus Philadelphus, to Eleasarus, it is said, that many of the Jewes were carried away into Egypt by the Persians, whiles they bare the sway there. Which saying of his, is to be referred to this time of Artaxerxes Ochus; as is also that place in Justin, where he saith, [lib. 36. cap. 3.] if there be any truth in either of them, That Xerxes was the first of the Persians, that subdued the Jews.

While Salamis was besieged by Phocyon and Euagoras, Year of the World 3654 all the rest of the cities submitted to the Persians, The Julian Period. 4364 onelyonly Protagoras King of Salamis held it out against them, Year before Christ 350 wherein Euagoras his care was, to be restored to his fathers kingdom in Salamis. But some having done him very ill offices, and laid great accusations to his charge, with the King, he seeing the King to savour and help Protagoras against him, gave off all hope of prevailing in that sute: and went and cleared himself of all imputations before the king; which he did so well, that the King bestowed a far better Dynasty or Principality upon him in Asia. And Protagoras at last voluntarily submitting to the King, held the kingdom of Salamis quietly ever after, [Diodor. year 3 Olympiade 107.] But this Euagoras of whom we now speak, it seems, was the grandchild of an other Euagoras, who died 24 years before, by his son Nicocles: for that Euagoras the elder, had a son Nicocles, who succeeded him in the kingdom of Salamis; and another called Protagoras, appeareth out of Isocrates; but this younger Euagoras who succeeded Nicocles, seems to have been put from his kingdom by Protagoras, which was his Uncle. But having, as was said before, a greater thing than Salamis bestowed on him by this Ochus; by his misbehaviour therein used, he was fain to flee again into Cyprus, where being taken, he was put to death as a malefactor, [as Diodorus shews.]

Eusebius in Chron. sheweth that in this 3 year of the 107. Olympiade, Ochus making Nectanebus to flee into Ethiopia, possessed himself of all Egypt: And that in him was destroyed the kingdom of Egypt, and that here was the period of Manethoes Commentaries concerning the affairs of Egypt: and in what manner Egypt was taken in by Ochus, Diodorus in this year doth at large deliver: the summe whereof is this.

Ochus after the destruction of Sidon, and when his auxiliary forces were come unto him from Argos and Thebes, and the Grecian Cities in Asia were come unto him, uniting all his forces, he marched to the Lough of Sirbonis: where a great part of his army perished, being swallowed up for want of guides in those bogs there, which are called Barathra. From thence he marched to Pelusium, the first mouth of the River Nile: held by a Garrison of 5 thousand men, commanded by one Philophron. Here the Grecians encamped close to the city; the Persians lay 40 furlongs of. Here Ochus divided the Greeks into three brigadaes; every of which was to have two Commanders, the one a Persian, the other a Grecian. The first brigade was of the Boeotians, commanded by Lachetes a Theban, and Rosaces a Persian, Governour of Ionia and Lydia. The second was of the men of Argos, commanded by Nicostratus a Grecian, and Aristazanes a Persian. The third was by Mentor, who betrayed Sidon, and Bagoas an Eunuch of Persia. To every of which Grecian brigadaes thus commanded, there were added also sundry companies and troups, and sea Captains with their squadrons of ships; on the other side, Nectanebus had in his army 20 thousand auxiliary Grecians: and as many to his aide out of Lybia, and out of his own country of Egypt, 60 thousand men, called Warriours, with an exceeding great multitude of river boats, fitted to fight in the river Nile, if need should be: when as therefore he had furnished every place with reasonably sufficient Garrisons, himself, with 30 thousand Egyptians, and 5 thousand Grecians, and one half of his Lybians, kept the passages which lay most open and easiest for invasion.

Things therefore thus ordered on both sides, Nicostratus who commanded the Argivians, having gotten for his guides certain Egyptians, whose children and wives were kept for hostages by the Persians, with his part of ships put over one of the ditches or cuts of the Nile, the most out of sight that might be; which the next Garrisons of the Egyptians perceiving, sent no lesse than 7 thousand men, commanded by Clinius, of the Isle of Coos, to cut them off. In that encounter, the Grecians of the Persian side, slew of the other, upward of 5 thousand men, with their Commander Clinius: which slaughter of his men coming to Nectanebus his eares, he with the army which he had about him retired presently to Memphis to make that sure: mean while Lacrates, whom commanded the first brigade of the Grecians, hastened to set upon Pelusium, and having drained away the water that ran under Pelusium, by a ditch that he cu…, and raised a mount upon the very channel of the old River, there planted his batteries. The Grecians within, who had till then manfully maintained the place; hearing now that Nectanebus had left the field, and was retired to Memphis, fell a treating with their p. 197enemies about a composition; and when Lacrates had told them, and bound it with an oath, that, the town being surrendered, they with such things as they brought out with them should be all sent away into Greece, they gave up the Town unto him.

Mentor who commanded the third brigade, when he saw that all the cities were manned with two sorts of people, Grecians and Egptians, he caused a bruite to be cast abroad, that Artaxerxes his purpose and resolution was to deal most graciously and well with those, who willingly submitted to him; as for the rest, they must look to fare no better than Sidon had done. Whereupon the Grecians and Egyptians every where strove who should be first and forewardest to give up their Towns and places to the Persians. And first Bubastus, then all the rest of the cities, upon such terms as they could get, came all in, and submitted to the Persian.

Mean while Nectanebus being at Memphis, and hearing how all the cities fell off, one after another to the Persian, despairing of better fortune, gathered together what treasure he could, and fled with it to Ethiopia, thus [Diod. year 3. Olymp. 107.] Others report, that shaving his head, and in a disguised habit, he got him to Pelusium, and from thence as a passenger, went to Philip king of Mecedon, at Pella. [see the Excerpta, Barbaro-Latina, published by Scaliger, pag. 58. the Chronicle of Alexandria, al. Fasti Siculi, published by Raderus, p. 393. Cedrenus in the Basile Edition, p. 124. and Glycas, p. 195. out of Pseudo-Callisthenes his fabulous history of the Gests of Alexander.]

Artaxerxes Ochus, having thus possessed himself of all Egypt; dismantled all the principal cities in it, and spoiling their temples, got from thence an infinite masse of treasure: he took away moreover all their records and writings out of their most ancient temples, yet these the Priests bought again, and recovered by a great sum of money given to Bagoas the Eunuch for them, [Diod. ut supra.] Ochus also is said to have derided their ceremonies, and their god, Apis. [Severus Sulpicitius in his sacred History, [lib. 2.] And because the Egyptians, for his dull behaviour and spirit, called him an asse; he violently took their god Apis, and sacrificed him to an asse, [Elian. Varia. Histor. lib. 4. cap. 8.] and not that onelyonly, but he gave order to his Cooks to cut him in pieces, and dresse him for dinner to be eaten, Suidas in Ochus.

After this, Ochus rewarding his Grecians by whom he had brought this great work to passe, with wealth and honour, every man according to his desert, he sent them all away to go every man for his own country, and leaving Pherendates for his viceory and governour of Egypt, he himself, being full of glory and spoiles, after so great a conquest made, returned to Babylon with his army, [Diodor. year 3 Olympiade 107.] whither he carried also prisoners a great many of the Jews, sending most of them into Hircania, bordering upon the Caspian sea: For so Georgius Syncellu…, out of Julius Africanus reports in this wise: foreign, &c. (i. e.) Ochus the son of Artaxerxes, making a journy into Egypt, led away certain Jews captives: whereof he placed some in Hircania near the Caspian sea, and the rest in Babylon it self, where they contine unto this day, as many Greek writers report.

Hecataeus Abderia also, in his first book, de Judaeis, cited by Josephus, in his 1 book contra Apionem, talks of many a ten thousand of Jews, carried away to Babylon, but of their carrying from thence into Hircania, Paulus Orosius writeth in this wise, l. 31. c. 7. Ochus, saith he, who is also called Artaxerxes, after his great and long war in Egypt was ended, carried many of the Jews, and commanded them to inhabite in Hircania, near the Caspian sea; where they continue to this day, in a wonderful increase of their stock and linage, and, as is thought, will one day break out from thence into some other quarter of the world. Which opinion yet, as it seemeth, had no other ground but that Apocryphal of Esdras lib. 4. cap. 13. 40.—46. concerning the ten tribes carried away by Salmanasser, and that of the Jews, concerning certain Hebrews shut up I know not where, and of a river Sabbation. As for that which Petrus Trecensis in his Scholastical history, [1 Esth. c. 5.] and out of him Vincentius Bellovacensis in his Specul. Histor. [lib. 30. cap. 89.] reports, of those ten tribes, shut up afterward more close than before within the Caspian mountains, these things agree nothing at all with Josephus, whom he alleadgeth for his author; but rather with the writings, of that false or suppositious Gorion, and Methodius, and even with those fictitious relations of the Mahometan Arcoran it self, concerning Alexander.

Ochus having rewarded Mentor of Rhodes, Year of the World 3655 with 100 talents in mony, The Julian Period. 4365 and very rich furniture for a house, Year before Christ 349 made him over and above, Praefect, of all the Asiatic shoare, with full and absolute power to suppresse all rebellions which should happen to arise in those parts; which great grace and favour he so well used, that whereas Artabazus and Memnon who had lately made war upon Ochus (of which see before in the year of the world. 1648. 1651.) and being new driven out of Asia, were fled to Philip king of Macedon, and lived with him; he got both their pardons of the king, and sent for them both to come unto him, with all their families: for indeed Artabazus had by p. 198Mentor and Memnons sister, eleven sons and ten daughters: with which so numerous a progeny, Mentor was exceeding much delighted, and raised the sons, every of them, as he grew up, to places of Government in the Army, [Diodorus year 4. Olympiade 107.]

Mentor drew Hermias, Prince, or Tyrant, of Atarne, who was in rebellion against Ochus, and had many strong Cities and Castles under him, to a parley, upon promise made him that he would procure him the Kings pardon, but having once gotten him into his fingers, he laid hold on him, and having gotten his seal ring, dispatched away letters presently in his name, requiring the Captains and Garrisons every where of his dominion, to surrender and give up their several places, to the bearers thereof: which was forthwith done accordingly, [Id. ibid, and Polyaenus Stratag. lib. 6.] And in like manner did he with all the other Rebells of the King; partly by force, and partly by tricks and policies, he brought them all into the Kings subjection again; sending the King ever now and then, hired souldiers out of Greece, and ordering all matters committed to his charge, with great judgement, valour and fidelity to the King, [Diod. year 3. and 4. Olymp. 107. and Demosthenes in his Oration, contra Aristocratem.]

When Spartacus the King of Bosphorus Cimmerius was dead, his Brother Parysades succeeded him in the kingdome, and held it 38 years, [Diod. year 4. of 107. Olympiade.]

In the 1. year of the 108 Olympiade, Year of the World 3656 when Theophilus was L. Chancelor in Athens, The Julian Period. 4366 Plato the Philosopher, Year before Christ 348 founder of the old Academia, died; as Hermippus in Laertius, Dionysius Halicarnasseus, in his Epistle to Ammeus, concerning Demosthenes, and Atheneus, [lib. 5. c. 13.] report, of whom that saying of Numenius the Pythagorean goes, reported by Hesychius the Milesian, (in Numenius) that what ever he said of God and the world, he stole it all out of the books of Moses. Whence came that famous saying of his, reported, not only by Hesychius, and his follower Suidas, but, even long before them, by Clememens Alexandrinus, [Stromat. 1.] foreign, &c. for what is Plato, but Moses put into good Greek? and that he translated many things out of Moses his books into his own writings, Aristobulus the Jew, mentioned before in the year of the world 3479, saith, so that I shall not need for this purpose to vouch the authority of Justin Ma…tyr, Clement of Alexandria, Ambrose, Theodoret, Johannes Philoponus, writing upon the Hexameron, and other Christians.

After the decease of Plato, Aristotle, the setter up of the Sect of the Peripatetic Philosophers, travelled to Hermias the Eunuch and tyrant of Atarve, of whom I spake in the year going before, with whom he lived and conversed three years, as Laertius out of Apollodorus his Chronicle, and Dionysius in his fore-cited Epistle to Ammeus testifie; and Strabo [lib. 13.] tells us, that he lived at Assos, which was under the dominion of Hermias, and of which mention is made, [Act. 20. 13.] by reason of that affinity which he had contracted with him: for he married Pythiades the adoptive daughter of Hermias, and either his sister, or his brothers natural daughter, I know not whether, though Aristocles the Peripatetic (as we find in Euseb. de Preparat. Evangel. lib. 15.) That for the love which he bare Hermias in his life time, he married her after his death; and whiles he remained in Asia, he conversed with a certain in Jew, a man of great learning and temperance withal, which was come from out of the upper Asia to the sea side, and there Aristotle, with sundry others addicted that way, were his auditors, and heard him discoursing in the Greek tongue, as Clearchus of Solos a principal Scholar of Aristotles, cited by Josephus, [lib. 1. contra Apionem.] in his 1 book de Somno. (i. e.) of sleepe, reports. So that perhaps to this Jew it is that the Peripatetic sect of Philosophers owe so many good sayings of theirs, so consonant to the words of Moses and the Prophets as our Clement of Alexandria affirmes they are, out of Aristobulus, aforesaid, and a great maintainer of that way, [lib. 5. Strom.]

Satyrus, Year of the World 3658 Prince or Tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, The Julian Period. 4368 giving up all into the hands of Timotheus, Year before Christ 346 eldest son to his Brother Clearchus, was shortly after taken with a most grievous and incurable disease, by a Cancer growen in his groine, and which never left eating inward, till it had consumed him, after he had lived 65 years, whereof he spent 7. in the Government of Heraclea, [Memnon in Excerpt. c. 3.] and Timotheus forthwith, took his younger brother Dionysius into the consortship of his Principality, and designed him withal for his successor in case he should dye, [Ib. c. 4.]

Memmnon of Rhodes, Year of the World 3659 a commander of the Persians aforementioned, The Julian Period. 4369 under a colour of friendship, Year before Christ 345 sent for Hermias the Eunuch, Tyrant of Atarne, to come unto him; and when he came, seized on him, and sent him prisoner to the King; who presently took and hanged him. But the Philosophers whom he had sent for to be about him, as Aristotle and Xenocrates, a Chalcedonian in Bithynia borne, got away, and escaped out of the Persian dominions, [Strabo lib. 13.] But Aristotle when he had lived with him 3 years, went to My…ilene, what time Eubulus was L. Chancellor at Athens, this instant, [year 4. of the Olymp. 108.] as Laertius out of Apollodorus his Chronicles reports: p. 199as also Dionys. Halicarnas. in his Epistle to Ammaeus aforementioned. There is also extant in Laertius an Epigram of Aristotles, making upon Hermias his Statre at Delphos to this purpose.

Him did the King of Persia slay

Contrary to Joves law or reason,

Not by force or bloody fray,

But by a friends detested treason.

Which I therefore thought fit to insert in this place, that no man might gather that Aristotle was any way consenting to his death out of those words of Tertullian, where he saith, Aristotle made his friend Hermias shamefully to leave his place.

Idrieus, Year of the World 3660 Prince of Caria (whose wealth is so much celebrated by Isocrates in his Oration to Philip of Macedon) died: The Julian Period. 4370 unto whom his, Year before Christ 344 both wife and sister, Ada succeeded, and held that Principality 4 years, [Strabo, lib, 14. Diodor. year 1. Olymp.] For in Asia it was grown an usual thing after the time of Sem…ramis, for wives to succeed their husbands in their kingdoms, [Aria in Exped. Alex. lib. 1. pag. 24.]

Pexodarus the youngest son of Hecatominus, Year of the World 3664 turning his sister Ada out, The Julian Period. 4374 held that Principality 5 years, Year before Christ 340 [Diodor. year 4. Olymp. 109.] Leaving her but one onelyonly town to live upon, called Alinda.

But Pexodarus sent for Orontobates a Persian Lord to make him his Consort in the Dynasty or Principality of Caria; and gave him his daughter Ada to wife, [Aria. lib. 1. Strabo lib. 14.]

Philippus King of Macedon besieged Perinthus a Town in Thracia, lying upon Propontis, with an army of 30 thousand men, thoroughly provided of all sorts of armes and engines of battery, and so incessantly playing upon the walls, that he gave them no time of rest or intermission. The King of Persia growing jealous of this mans daily growth in the World, gave order to his Commanders and Governours in Asia, that they should send to relieve Perinthus, all that possible they could, which accordingly they did, [Diodor. year 4. Olymp. 109.] which was the thing, that Alexander alleged to Darius, as one of the principal causes why he invaded Asia, in his Epistle to him, [Aria. lib. 1. pag. 41.]

Artaxerxes Ochus, Year of the World 3666 having now reigned 23 years, The Julian Period. 4376 fell sick; Year before Christ 338 which Bagoas the Eunuch and chief man about him, as Chiliarch of the Kingdom, seeing, gave him poison, and rid him out of the way; using therein the help of his Physitian, [Diodor. year 3. of the 104. Olympiade: and year 2. of the 111. Olympiade, Severus Sulpitius. Histor. Sacrae lib. 2.] For being an Egyptian born, he so hated Ochus, for killing their god Apis, that he not onelyonly revenged that scorn, (as Sulpitius speaketh) put upon his nation, by killing the King; but also when he was dead, cut his flesh all in gobbits, and threw it to the cats to eat, and instead thereof, put I know not what else into the coffin to be buried for him, at the time of his funerals: and of his thigh-bones made he…ts and handles for swords, thereby representing the propensity of his minde, whiles he lived, to blood and slaughter, [Elian. Variae. Histor. lib. 6. cap. 8.] And (as one that could do all in all in the kingdom,) when the father was dead, he set up his youngest son Arsen, and made him King, and withal, put to death all his brothers, that the young King having none left to help him, might be forced to cleave the faster to, and rely the more upon him, [Diod. year 3. Olymp. 107. and year 2. Olymp. 111.]

Timotheus the Tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, died 15 years after his father Clearchus, [Diod. year 3. Olymp. 110.] This man, for his great goodnesse sake, was not called any more a Tyrant, but foreign and foreign: (i. e.) a gracious Lord and Saviour. His body was honourably enterred by his brother and successour Dionysius: with justs, and tiltings, and wrestings, and enterludes of all sorts; some of which were performed then presently, as the time would afford; others afterward, but with greater pomp and magnificence than the former, [Memnon in Excerpt. cap. 4.]

At a general assembly of all Greece at Corinth, Year of the World 3667 Philip King of Macedon, The Julian Period. 4377 was made General of all the Grecian Forces, Year before Christ 337 with absolute power over them, to make war against the king of Persia: whereupon he presently made infinite preparations for it; and having assessed a certain number of souldiers to be levyed upon every city, returned into Macedon, [Diodor, year 4. Olymp. 110.]

The next Spring, Year of the World 3668. c. Philip sent three of his Captains into Asia, The Julian Period. 4378 Parmenio, Year before Christ 336 Amyntas and Attalus, with a part of his army, to infest the kings countries there, and to set at liberty the cities of the Greeks, [Justin. lib. 9. cap. 5. Diod. year 1. Olymp. 111.]

B…goas the Eunuch, when he undoubtedly perceived that Arsen meditated revenge upon him, cut off him and all his children, in the 3 year of his reign: And when the kings Race was thus utterly destroyed, so that there was none of them left, then set he up Darius, a friend of his own, and the son of one Arsamis, which was a brother to p. 200Artaxerxes, to claim the Crown, as next of kin, and so made him king; so saies Diod. [lib. 17. year 2. Olympiade 111. but Justin l…b. 10. cap. 3.] speaketh of him in this wise, Codomannus, saith he, in regard of his singular virtue, was made King by the people, and the name of Darius was given him for majesties sake, And Alexander the Great, in Q. Curtius, [lib. 6. cap. 4.] useth these words: For neither Darius himself, saith he, came to the Crown by succession, but by the meer procurement and favour of Bagoas the Eunuch, and the same again, in an Epistle of his to Darius, in Arianus [lib. 2. pag. 41.] charges him, foreign, &c. (i. e.) As a murderer of Darius, together with Bagoas, and one that had gotten that kingdom wrongfully, and not according to the laws of the Persians; but in their great and insufferable wrong: so also doth Strabo, [lib. 15.] foreign, (i.) Bagoas having murdered Narses, set up Darius, who was none of the kings blood, in his room: and lastly, Plutarch in his first book, of the fortune of Alexander, brings him in, speaking to Fortune in this wise, foreign, (for so it should be, and not foreign, (and not foreign, as in his Printed Copies,) foreign, (i. e.) Darius also was thy work, whom of a slave, and letter-post of the kings, thou madest Lord of the Persians: for so Hesychius tells us in his Lexicon: foreign; saith he, is foreign, (i. e.) Astandes, is a Carrier: and Suidas, foreign, Astandae and Angati, saith he, in the Persian language, are those which carry letters from post-house to post-house, till they come to the place of their right deliverance, so that Darius was one of them, who in Esther, c. 8. 14. are called foreign, and as foreign is in Elian to be put for foreign: so for foreign, we are there to read foreign, out of the same place in Plutarch.

Bagos, whose hand had been so much used that way, went now about to make away Darius also, by a poysoned potion, but the matter being discovered to him, he sent fairly for him, and when he came, entreated him to drink it off; which when he refused, he caused it to be powred down his throat, [Diodorus year 2. Olympiade 111.] but told the people that he had slain him in defence of himself. [Q. Curtius lib. 6. cap. 6.]

Darius, Year of the World d. in Philips life time, purposed to begin a war upon him in Macedon it self. [Diodor. lib. 17.]

Sanballet a Cuthaean born, from whom the Samaritans had their beginning, was by the King made Governour of Samaria, who gave his daughter in marriage to Nicasus the son of Manasses, brother to Jaddus the high Priest at Hierusalem, hoping by this band of affinity to hold in the better with the nation of the Jews, [Joseph. Antiq. lib. 11. cap. 7.]

Philip, king of Macedon, whiles he was celebrating the marriage of his daugher Cleopatra, with Alexander the king of Epeirus, at a place called Egaeas, was murdered by Pausanias, the son of Cerastes, of Orestis, a Town and Country in Macedonia, [Diodor. year 1. Olympiade 111. Justin lib. 9. cap. 6. Joseph. lib. 11. cap. 8.] But Alexander in his Epistle to Darius, sayes, that his father was murdered by Assassians, set on work, and hired by Darius thereto, with an infinite sum of mony, as in Q. Curt. [lib. 4. cap. 1. and in Arria. lib. 2. pa. 41.]

A little before Philip was thus slain, Neoptolemus a Tragedian is reported by Diod. [lib. 6.] to have sung an ominous song before him; which very song was afterward again …ung before Caligula the Emperor, the very day wherein he was murdered, as Suetoni…s in his life reporteth. Mnester, saith he, the Stage-player, sung and acted that very song, which heretofore Neoptolemus the Tragedian, did in a play, wherein Philip the k…ng of Macedon was killed: which part of the Latin History, Josephus as it seemeth, not well understanding, [lib. 19. Antiq. c. 1.] after he had spoken of this Mnester, and the song which he sung, saying foreign, which Rufinus renders thus in Latin, and I to this effect in English: The Stage-player danced the fable of Cynaras, wherein both Cinyras himself and his daughter M…rrha were both slain: draws it in, as if the killing of them both had fallen out, upon the same day, thus, foreign, &c. It goes for currant, saith he, that the murder of Caligula was acted upon the self same day, whereon, Philip, the son of Amyntas King of Macedon, was slain, by one of his friends, Pausanias by name, as he was going into the Theatre. And so some men place both these murders upon the 24 day of our January. But the time of Philips death, will best be known, by the time of Alexander his succeeding him in his kingdom.

After the death of Philip, when Pythodemus, as Arrianus or Pythodorus, [Diodor. Sic. year 1. Olympiade 111,] calls him, was L. Chancellor in Athens, Alexander being then 20 years of age succeeded him, as Plutarch, and out of Trogus, Justin, write. And although Arianus, in the beginning of his History of Alexander, saith, that he was about 20 years old when, after his fathers death, he took his journy into Peloponesus, which may seem in some sort to abate of the precise number of 20 of his age, yet, to speak nothing of that interval of time, which might passe between his fathers death, p. 201and his journey thither) the exact account of his then age, appears from the time of his death; mentioned in the end of the same history; where it is said that he lived 32 years, 8 moneths, and that of them he reigned 12 years and those 8 moneths, for subducting 12 years and 8 moneths out of the total above mentioned, there remain 20 entire years; without addition or substraction either of year or monethmonth: and since it appears that Philip died in the end of the Macedonic monethmonth Daesis, by his own Ephemerides (which I shall in due time, publish to the view of the world) I therefore gather, and from thence conclude, that Alexander began his reign, about the 8 monethmonth before that 1. of the monethmonth Dii, and in consequence thereof, that Philip was murthered about the 24 of Septemb. in which monethmonth of ours the month Dii began, as I have made appear in my discourse of the solar year of the Macedonians and Asiaticks, rather than the 24 of December.

Alexander coming to Peloponese, Year of the World 3669 and treading in his fathers steps, The Julian Period. 4379 summoned all the cities of Greece to Corinth, Year before Christ 335 & was by the general sufferage of all the Grecians there, saving the Lacedemonians only, made General and Captain in his fathers stead, to go against the Persians, [Justin lib. 11. cap. 2. Diodorus lib. 17. Arrianus lib. 1. pag. 1.]

From thence returning into Macedon, in the very first of the next spring, he made an inrode through Thrace, upon the Illyrians, and the Thribulli, [Arria. lib. 1.] where in a pitcht field upon the banke of the Danow, he overthrew Syrmus, the King of the Triballi, [Plut. in Alex.] mean whiles, tidings came to him, that the Athenians, Lacedemonians and Thebans, were all fallen over to the King of Persia's side: and that the Author thereof was Demonsthenes the Orator, having been bribed thereto, by a vast summe of money from the Persian, and that he, in an Oration made, had assured them that Alexander with all his forces, was quite broken and overthrowen by the King of the Triballi, [Justin. lib. 11. cap. with Eschines in his Oration cont. Ctesiphontem.] And the Athenians further, by certain Legates of theirs, and Demosthenes his Epistle by them sent unto him, sollicited Attalus, one of the 3 Captains, sent by Philip into Asia, to revolt from Alexander, as the Greeks had done, and made a new Decree, to vacat that former order of theirs, whereby he was made General of Greece, [Diod. year 2. Olym. 111. with Demosth. his Oration for Ctesiphon.]

Memnon the Rhodian Commander, Year of the World d. being sent into Phrygia with 5 thousand souldiers, passing the hill Ida, set suddenly upon the city of Cyzycum: but missing of his purpose, wasted their territorie all over; and returned loaden with a vast spoile from thence, [Diod. ib.]

When Pexodarus was dead, his son in law, Orontobates, by the authority of the Persian King, succeeded in the Principality of Caria, [Strabo, lib. 14. Arrian. lib. 1. pag. 24.]

Alexander having mastered those barbarous people, turned himself towards Greece, which was then all in a combustion, and in his way, made the Thessalonians his friends, and passed the streights of Thermopylae, and wan them of Ambracia to him by his kindnesse; then passing with his whole army into Boeotia, and camping before Cadmaea, which was held by a Garrison of Macedons, the Athenians sent their Legates to aske his pardon, and he gave it them; but when the Thebans refused it, being offered to them, he fell roundly to work, and besieged their City, very strongly, [Diod. year 2. Olymp. 111. Plut. in Alexan.]

He sent also Hecateus, with an army into Asia, to apprehend Attalus; but Attalus, having recollected himself, sent the letter which he had received from Demosthenes, to Alexander, with a very exact and serious excuse and justification of himself: Neverthelesse Hecataeus following his commission, and getting him into his hand, sent him packing into another world; and so the Macedonian army which was in Asia, grew quiet, and free from mutining any further, [Diod. ib.]

Parmenio, who stood ever truly affected to Alexander, took Grinium by force, and sold away all the townsmen thereof for slaves: from thence he went and besieged Pitane, but Memnon approaching, so frighted the Macedons, that they raised their siege, [Id. ibid.]

Callas, with an army composed of Macedons, and other hired companies, fought with the Persians in the country of Troas, though far inferiour to them in number, and was there beaten, and fain to retire to Rheteum, [Ibid.]

Alexander layed Thebes in Boeotia level with the ground, Year of the World 3670. a. [Diod. year 2. Olymp. 111.] in the monethmonth of our Octob. which was the time when the Mysteries were kept in Athens: whereupon it was, that that great solemnity, which they were then in hand with, was laid aside for that time, [Id. in Alexan. and Arria, lib. 1.] there were slain of the Thebans at the taking of their city, 90 thousand men, and sold for slaves, 30 thousand; all went to pot, saving only the Priests, and his father Philips guests, and Pindarus the Poets house, [Elian. Varia. Histor. lib. 13. c. 7.]

p. 202Alexander at a common Council of Greece, being chosen General a second time, against the Persians, went to visit Diogenes the Philosopher there, [Plutarch in Alexan.]

Then returned he into Macedon, Year of the World b. [Arria. lib. 1. pag. 11,] The Julian Period. 4380 where in a town called Dios, Year before Christ 334 as he was wholy taken up with thoughts of subdueing Asia: in his sleep the likenesse or resemblance of the High Priest of Hierusalem appeared to him, who bad him be couragious and bold, and speedily with his army to put over into Asia, and that he would be his conductor in the conquest of the Persian Empire; as he himself reports in [Iosephus, lib. 11. of his Antiquit. cap. ult.]

In the very beginning of the Spring, Year of the World c. therefore Alexander, setting forth from his own home, after 20 dayes march came to Sestus: and from thence put over with his army into Asia, [Arria. lib. 1.] (Euaenetus being then L. Chancelor at Athens) eleven years bfore he died: as Clement of Alexandria observes out of the most ancient Chronologies, [lib. 1. Strom.] to wit, the third monethmonth before Ctesicles, came to be Lord Chancelor or Praetor there: in which time, it is, that Diodor. Sic. placeth his passage into Asia; whom Zosimus following as it seemeth without scruple, [lib. 1. Histor.] saith, that he passed not into Asia, till the thired year of his reign; when as indeed it was in the second: to wit, [year 2. running Olymp. 111.]

Leaving therefore Antipater, behind him, to look to matters in Europe, with 12 thousand Foot, 11500 Horse, Alexander himself, with 60 sail of ships, put over to Troas, [Diodor. ut. sup.] but gave order to Parmenion, to transport the greatest part of his Foot and Horse from Sestus to Abidus: which accordingly he did, with the help of 160 men of War, and a multitude of other ships of burden, [Arria. lib. 1.]

Concerning the just number of men which he carried with him into Asia, even they who were present at it, do not well agree among themselves. In [Polybius lib. 12. cap. 663. in fi.] Calisthenes is reported to affirm, that he had 4500 Horse, and 30000 Foot. In Plutarch, in that discourse of his of Alexanders fortune, Aristobulus is allegded to say, that of Foot he had 30 thousand, of Horse 4 thousand. Ptolomei the son of Lagos, King afterward of Egypt, agrees for the 30 thousand Foot, but sayes there were 5 thousand Horse: But Anaximenos of Lampsacus, raises the numbers of both; and sayes, there were 40 thousand Foot, and 5 thousand 5 hundred Horse. In the number of 4 thousand Horse, Livi. [lib. 9.] agreeth with Aristobulus; and Diodorus, [lib. 17.] Justin [lib. 11. cap. 6.] and Orosius, [lib. 3. cap. 16.] all with Calisthenes for the number, 4 thousand 5 hundred Horse, though [Arria. lib. 1.] saith, that he had above 5 thousand; and even in Diodorus himself, the particulars cast up, amount to 5000 one hundred Horse: but in the number of 30000 Foo…, he concurs to a hair with Calisthenes, Aristobulus, and Ptolomei. Livie sayes there were more than 30. Arrianus, that there were not much more than 30000 Foot. To these Justinus and Orosius adde 2000 more; But that number of 40000 Foot which Callisthenes and Anaximenes speak of, Julius Frontinus assigneth to his whole army, thus. Alexander of Macedon, with 40 thousand men, all old souldiers, trained up under his father Philip, set upon the whole World; and slew an infinite number of his enemies, [Frontin. Stratag. lib. 4. cap. 2.]

For pay of his army, Aristobulus saith he took with him, but 70 talents of money: Duris saith, but 30 dayes provision: one Sicritus addeth, that he went in debt 200 talents to pay his army, [Plutarch in his life, and in his book of the fortune of Alexander.]

So soon as he touched upon the Continent, Alexander the first of all others, threw a Spear on shoar, thereby to take possession, as it were, of all Asia; and lept on shoar, capering and tripping, all armed as he was: and offering sacrifice, he besought the gods, that those lands might willingly receive him for their King: and then went and sacrificed to the ghost of Achilles, from whom he was descended by the mothers side; and of Ajax, and other Worthies of the Greeks who died at the war of Troy, [Diodor. Iustin. Arrianus:] commending the great good fortune of Achilles in two respects. First for having so true a friend about him as Patroclus; and such a Trumpet of his praise, as Homer was, [Plut. in Alex. Cic. pro. Archia Poeta. & Arria. lib. 1.]

When he came into Ilium, he sacrificed to Pallas of Troy; and hanging up his own armes in her Temple, took from thence in lieu of them, some other armes out of the chancel there, which had remained from the time of the Troian war, [Diodor. Arria.] and when among other reliques they shewed him Alexanders or Paris his Lute, or Harp, he said, he would have thanked them, if they could have shewed him that of Achilles his; whereunto he had sung the praises of famous men, [Plut. in Alex. El…a. Variar. Hist. lib. 9. cap. 38.]

From Ilium he went to Arisbe, where his whole army, having passed the sea, was encamped. And the next day, passing by, first Percota, then Lampsacus, he encamped at a River called, Prosactium, [Arria. lib. 1.] He had once a purpose utterly to have destroyed p. 203Lampsacus with the inhabitants thereof; for that they had already revolted, or were shrewdly suspected of a purpose to revolt to the Persians: And when he saw Anaximines the Historian, a man very well known to him and to his father before him, coming to him, and supposing what his errand was; he sware first and said, what ever he desired of him, that he would not do: Then quoth Anaximines, Sir, I beseech you to destroy Lampsacus. And Alexander being so caught in his own net by the wit of the man, though much against his will, yet spared the place, and went his way, [Valer. Max. lib. 7. cap. 3. Pausan. in his Eliaca. lib. 2. Suidas, in the word, Anaximenes.]

Alexander, having with much difficulty and danger passed the River Granion in Phrygia, fought a pitcht field with the Persians in the plaine of Adrastia. Justinus and Orosius say, that there were at that time in the Persian army, 600000 Foot, and 20000 Horse; Arrianus somewhat improbably addes, that there were over and above of hired souldiers, little lesse than 20000 Foot: But Diodor. is more cautious than so, and sayes, that his Horse was above 10. and his Foot under 100 thousand men: of these there fell in that battel 20000 Foot, and 2500 Horse: as Plutarch sayes; but Diodor. reports, that they lost 10000 Foot, and no lesse than 2000 Horse, and above 20000 taken prisoners. Arrianus his account is, that there were slain of the Persian Horse in the chase, 1000. but that their forreign and hired souldiers were almost all cut off; and 2000 taken prisoners. Not to speak of Orosius, who out of all reason sayes, that there were upon the point of 400000 slain, [lib. 4. cap. 1.]

In this fight Alexander who wore that armor which he had taken out of the Temple of Palas at Ilium, had his head-piece cut quite in pieces to his very hair: and of his men were missing, as Plutarch out of Aristobulus, who was in it reports, 25 Horse, and 9 Foot. But Justin and Orosius deliver, that besides those 9 Foot, there were slain 120 Horse. But according to Arrianus, there fell of Alexanders own Troup, at the first encounter about 25. all Macedons, whose Statues were all cast in brasse by Lysippus, and of the others, 60 Horse, and of the Foot, about some 30. all which Alexander the day following caused to be enterred in their arme, with all Funeral rights and obsequies. This great and memorable victory, and which opened him the way to the Empire of all Asia, was gotten in the monethmonth Daesius with the Macedonians, upon the 6 of Thargelion with the Athenians; that is, upon the 20 of our May, [year 2. Olymp. 111. yet running:] as we have already delivered in our discourse of the Macedonian and Asiatic Solar year, [cap. 1. pag. 4. 5, 11.]

Alexander, having a little refresht his army, marcht forward thorough Lydia, and came to Sardes; which was voluntarily surrendred to him, by Mithrinnes, or Mithrenes, the Governour, with all the provisions and treasures therein, [Diodorus Arria.]

Then going to Ephesus, Year of the World d. he there abolished the Oligarchie which he found there, and instituted a Democratie among them: and assigned all the tributes which were formerly paid to Darius, unto Diana. The Ephesians cryed out for justice against those who had robbed the Temple of Diana, and demolished the Statue of Philip, which was there set up: and drew Syrphaces, and Pelagon his son, and the children of Syrphaces his brother, and stoned them to death, [Arria. lib. 1.] Moreover they enlarged and beau…ified the Temple it self which was burnt down by Erostratus upon the night in which Alexander was born: appointing Dimocrates the Architect to oversee the work; whom Alexander afterward appointed to order the building of Alexandria in Egypt, as Julius Solinus, [cap. 40.] writeth: whereof Artemidorus speaketh in [Strabo lib. 14.] saying that Alexander promised to make the Ephesians allowance for the cost they had already been at about it, and to adde more thereto if they would suffer himself to be reputed the author and builder of the work: but they refused.

Whiles Alexander stayed at Ephesus, Ambassadors came to him from Magnesia and Tralles, and surrendred their cities to him. And he sent Parmenion, with 2500 Foot of forreigners, and as many of his Macedons, and 200 Horse of his auxiliaries, to receive them. He sent also Alcimalus the son of Agathocles, to the cities of Eolia and Ionia, which were hitherto held by the Persians, with no lesse numbers, than he had done with Parmenion; he every where abolished Oligarchical, and set up Democratical Governments in their cities: and gave leave to every of them to live after their own laws, and took off the tributes, which the Persian had imposed on them, [Arria. lib. 1.]

Himself remaining at Ephesus, sacrificed to Diana, and with his whole army all in battel array went in procession to her; and the day after, with the rest of his Foot, and his Archers and Agrians, and Horse of Thrace, and aides of his confederates, and his own Troup, with three other, he went to Miletus, [ld. ibid.] for thither the Persians, which escaped out of the fight at Granicum, were fled with their Generall Memnon. [Diodor.] But three dayes before their coming thither, p. 204Alexander had sent Nicanor, with 160 ships to possesse himself of Lada, an Island lying over against Miletus, and had put into it 4 thousand men, Thracians, and other nations, so that the Persian fleet consisting of 400 saile, coming thither afterward, was fain to get them going to the mount of Micale, [Arrianus.]

Alexander falling to work, and besieging Miletus, both by sea and land, and having battered their walls; in the end, they gave up the place and themselves, in all suppliant wise unto him. Three hundred Mercenary Greeks, which had fled from thence into a little Island thereby; Alexander took and listed them among his own companies. He gave the Milesians life and liberty: as for the Barbarians there found, he either slew, or sold them all for slaves, [Diodorus year 3. Olympiade 111. Arria. lib. 1.]

Alexander dismissed his fleet of 160 ships (which yet was in all consisting of 182. Year of the World 3671 bottoms, (as Justin. lib. 11. cap. 6. sayes) keeping onelyonly one score of the Athenian vessels, to carry his engines of batterie in, from place to place, as occa on required, [Id. ibid.]

Memnon of Rhodes, sending his wife and children to Darius, as pledges of his fidelity, was made General of all his army, [Diod. ib.]

Alexander marched away with his army into Caria, and where ever he went, he proclaimed liberty to all cities of the Greeks; every of them to live after their own laws, and tribute free: giving it out every where, that he undertook not this war, but for the liberty of the Greeks, against the Persians, [Id. ibid.]

Whiles he was upon his way, Ada met him; whom, Pexodatus his brother had put from the Principality of Caria; and gave up into his hands, her city Abinda, the strongest place in all Caria; desiring to be restored to her Grand-fathers kingdom: promising further, to do him service, in taking in the rest of the forts and cities of that country, which, she said, were in the power of her near friends, and adopted the King for her son: in requital whereof, he gave her the keeping of her town Abinda, and proclaimed her Queen of Caria; bad her claim it as her own, and refused not to be called her son: Whereupon all the cit…es of Caria sent their Legates to him, presenting him with Crowns of gold, and offered him their service, in whatever he should command them, [Id. ibid. Strabo. lib. 14. Arria. lib. 1. Plut. in Alexander.]

Orontobates a Persian, held Halicarnassus the metropolis of Caria, ever since Pexodarus his father in law his dayes, with whom Memnon of Rhodes the Persian General, had joyned himself with all his forces. Alexander encamping before the walls thereof, began to assault and batter it in a furious and fearfull manner: and Ephialtes an Athenian, behaved himself, above all other, bravely in the defence thereof. But when he and others were slain upon the breaches, then Memnon, and certain other Persian Lords and Captains, putting a strong garrison of their stoutest souldiers into the Castle, got shipping and passed over with the rest of the people, and all their chief moveables, into the Isle of Coos, near unto Rhodes. And when they were gone, Alexander casting a trench, and building a strong wall upon it round about the Castle, rased the city it self to the very ground; and leaving Garrisons there, and in other parts of Caria, three thousand souldiers of forrein nations, and two hundred horse, all under the command of Ptolomei, left the command of that whole province or country of Caria, to his adoptive mother Ada, [Diod. year 3. Olimpiade 111. Arria. lib. 1.]

Alexander gave his Macedons, which had married wives a little before they listed themselves for this journey, leave to go and spend their winter quarter with them, where they would out of Caria, appointing Ptolomei the son of Seleucus, one of the squires of his body, to be their Commander, and joyning with him Caenus the son of Polemocrates, and Meleager the son of Neoptolemus, because they themselves also, were in the order of the new married men, and gave them in charge; that when they returned, they should not fail to bring again their new married fellows unto him: and withall, to raise and bring with them, as many horse and foot as possibly they could, out of the country, where they wintred. [Arria. Ib. and Q. Curtius in the beginning of his 3 book.]

Alexander sent Parmenion to Sardes, making him Commander over all the horse of his confederates, and bad take with him all the Thessalian horse, and auxiliaries, and all carts and carriages that he could make, and go before him as far as Sardes, whiles himself went into Lycia and Pamphylia; that having taken in all the sea towns, the enemies Navy might prove uselesse to them. And upon his way, he took in Hyparna, a very strong Town, upon his first approach, giving the Mercenary souldiers, which were there in garrison, quarter, and leave to depart with safetie: from thence marching into Lycia, he there procured those of the city Telmessus to submit upon conditions: then passing the river Xanthus, both Pinara, and the city Xanthus, and Patara, rendred themselves unto him; and so did 30 other lesser Towns. [Arria. ib.]

p. 205This done, Year of the World b. in the midst of winter he went to Mylias, in Phrygia the greater; there he made a league, with the Ambassador, which came to him from Phaselis, and the lower Lycia, giving up all their cities into his hands: and shortly after, he in person went to Phaselis; and there rased a certain strong fort, which the Pisidians had built, to annoy those of Phaselis with, [Id. ibid.]

Whiles he was in the parts about Phaselis, The Julian Period. 4381 he received advertisement, Year before Christ 333 that Alexander Aeropus, whom he had made Commander of the Thessalian horse, intended his destruction, having entrusted him with that charge: notwithstanding he had been suspected, together with his two brothers Heromenes and Arrobaeus, to have had a hand in his fathers death. For Darius having received letters from this Alexander by Amyn…as, who fled over to him, sent Asisines a Persian to the sea side, under colour of a messenger to Atysies, governour of Phrygia: but indeed, to assure this Alexander, that if he killed Alexander, the kingdom of Macedon shoud be his, and he would give him a thousand talents of money besides. But Asisines being lighted on by Pharmenion, and put to the rack, confessed all, and thereupon, was sent away with a sure guard to Alexander. The king looking well into the businesse, sent Amphoterus to Pharmenion, with private instructions to him, to seize upon Aeropus, and to imprison him, [Id. ibid.] To this it was, that Alexander had respect, when in his letter to Darius, recited by Q. Curtius, [lib. 4. cap. 1.] he thus saith: When having arms of your own, you yet go to cheapen your enemies heads; as you of late, being king of so great an army, would hire a man to take away my life, with a thousand talents, [see Justin lib. 11. cap. 7.]

Alexander going from Phaselis, led his army along by the sea side to Pergae, and from thence came to Aspendus, and besieged it, being seated upon a high and cragged mountain; and had it surrendred to him: then going into Pisidia, and having tried to take in the city Telmissus; but missing of his purpose, and making a league with the Selgians, who were enemies to the Telmissians, he took Salagassa by force, having slain about 500 of the Pisidians, and lost a Captain of his own, called Cleander, with about 20 of his men, from thence he went to take in other cities of Pisidia, and some of their strong places, he took in by force, other upon conditions. After this he came into Phrygia, to the Marsh-lands of Ascania; and at his fifth remove, he arrived at Celenae, [Arria. lib. 1.]

The Castle of Celenae; which a Persian Commander held with a garrison of a thosand Carians, and one hundred hired Grecians, after 60 dayes truce, (within which he expected relief from Darius) was given up into his hands, [Id. ibid. and Curtins, lib. 3. cap. 1.]

Alexander left a garrison of 1500 in Celenae, and having staid there 10 dayes, he made Antigonus the son of Philippus, governour of Phrygia, and made Balacrus the son of Amyntas, Commander of the auxiliaries in his stead: he himself marched to Gordium, writing to Parmenion, that he should not faile to meet him there, [Arrianus, ibid.]

Parmenion with his army, and the Macedons which had leave to go kisse their new wives, came to Gordium accordingly, and with the army newly raised, which Ptolomaeus, and Caenus, and Meleager commanded. That army consisted of one thousand Macedons foot, and 300 horse; of 200 Thessalian horse, and 150 horse of Elis led by Alcias, of the same country, [Id. ibid.]

Memnon, whom Darius had made Ammiral of his fleet, and chief Commander of all the sea-coast, purposing to carry the war out of Asia into Macedon and Greece, and having rigg'd up, and manned a navy of 300 saile, took the Isle of Chios by intelligence, and the rest of the cities and places in Lesbos, all save Mitylene, [Diodor. year 4. Olymp. 111. with Arrian. lib. 2. in prim.]

The Elders of Jerusalem, being offended that Manasses Jaddus, the high Priest his brother, had, contrary to their law, married a wife of a strange nation, required at last, that either he should put away his wife, or not come any more at the altar. And whenas hereupon Jaddus was forced to forbid him the altar, he going to Sanballet his father in law, told him, that he loved his daughter very well, but was loth to lose his priesthood for her sake, which was an honour belonging to him by his birth-right, and was very highly esteemed by his country men the Jews. And Sanaballet answered him, that he would undertake, in case he would keep his wife, and not part with her, not only to maintain him in his priesthood; but also to make him a high priest, and Prince of all his own province, and build him a Temple on the hill hanging over Samaria, as good as that at Jerusalem, and that he would do all this by the authority of Darius the king: Manasses hartned up with these promises, continued with his father in law, hoping to get the priesthood it self, by the gift and power of Darius. Hereupon all the priests, and other Israelites, who had married strange wives resorted to him: Sanballet furnishing them with mony, and lands to till, and setting forward the ambition of his son in law, all that possibly he could, [Josephus lib. 11. Antiq. cap. ult.]

p. 206Alexander undid the Gordian knot, either by pulling out the pegg or pin in the beame, as Arrianus hath it, or by cutting it in pieces with his sword, as others deliver, [Plutarch in Alexander. Arrianus, lib. 2. Curtius, lib. 3. Justin, lib. 11. cap. 7.]

Alexander, departing from Gordium in Phrigia, went to Ancyra, a city in Galatia; Thither resorted to him, Embassadors from Paphlagonia, and making a league with him, delivered up their countrey into his hands; and he appointed them one Calas, a Lord of Phrigia to be their Governour: and then having received that new supply out of Macedonia, he marched into Cappadocia: and subdued all the country on this side the river Halys, and some part of the other side likewise [Arria. lib. 1. with Curtius lib. 3. c. 3.]

Memnon dying at the siege of Mitylene, Autophradates, and Pharnabazus the son of Artabazus, (unto whom Memnon in his death bed, had committed that charge, till Darius should otherwise dispose thereof,) took the charge upon them, upon certain agreements made between themselves: so then Autophradates, continued with the body of the Navy, and Pharnabazus with some certain ships, sailed into Lycia, carrying with him some mercenary souldiers, [Arria. l. 2.]

Darius, after the death of Memnon, sent out tickets for the levying of souldiers, commanding them from all parts, to resort to him at Babylon, [Diod. year 4. Olymp. 111.] and having set up his standard there, he pitched his camp, and mustered his army, casting up a huge trench round about it, capable of ten hundred thousand armed men: & then, Xerxes like, he went to count the number of them; There were found then upon the account, 100 thousand Persians, of which 30 thousand were horse; of the Medians there were 10 thousand horse, and 50 thousand foote; of the Barcans, (which were a people bordering upon Hircania, as Stephanus tells us) there were 2 thousand horse, and 10000 foote, from Armenia there came 40000 foot, and 7000 horse; Hircania sent 6000 to serve on horseback, the Derbices furnisht him with 40000 foot, and 2000 horse from the Caspian sea, there attended him 8 thousand foot, and 2 hundred horse; with these there were others, of petty, ignoble Nations, which might make up two thousand foote, and twice as many horse: unto all which were added 30 thousand Greeks, which served him for pay: so doth Curtius summe up this army, [lib. 3. c. 4.] which comes but to 311200 men. But Diodorus sayes they were 400 thousand foot, and 100 thousand horse: which number, the new editions, of Justin, corrected out of the manuscripts also retaine: though the former old editions, together with Orosius, who followes him in every point, have only 300 thousand foote, and 100 thousand horse, and both [Arria. l. 2. and Plutarch in Alexan.] make this army of his, in a grosse summe, to have amounted to 600000 men.

Charidemus an Athenian, a man well skilled in military matters, and whom Alexander had thrust out of Athens, went unto Darius, and advised him to withdraw himself, and to leave this army and war to the management of some General, who had given good proof of his ability that way, in former services: telling him further that an army of one hundred thousand men, whereof, one third to be Grecians were enough for this battel, by which sage and good counsel of his, he so far incensed the Lords with envy, and the King with choler, that he was presently had away and put to death for it. [Diod. ut sup. Curtius, l. 3. c. 5.]

Darius sent Thymondas, or Thymodes, Mentors son, a forward young man, to Pharnabazus, to receive from him, all the auxiliaries or hired souldiers, which Memnon had under his command, and to bring them to him, for he would use them: and put Pharnabazus himself in Memnons place, [Curtius, lib. 3. cap. 6. Arrianus, lib. 2. in prin.]

Alexander committing the charge of Cappadocia, to Abistenes, as Curtius calls him, or, to Sabictas, as Arrianus, marched with his whole army to the gates or streights, which open into Cilicia; and being come to a place, called Cyrus his Camp, (whether from the old Cyrus, as Curtius, or from the younger, as Arrianus thinketh) distant from those gates fifty furlongs, when he there found that they were taken up, and possessed with a strong garrison of the enemie, he left Parmenion there, with his companies of foote, which consisted all of Corselets, and he himself in the first watch of the night, taking with him his targateers and archers, and his band of Agrians, went to set upon that Garrison which kept those streights, at unawares, which he did; and the Garision, at the very bruite of his coming, threw away every man his armes, left the place, and fled, and Arsames the Governour of Cilicia, wasting all the country with fire and sword, that he might thereby disappoint the enemy of provisions, gat him away from Tarsus, to the King, [Arrianus, l. 2. Curtius, lib. 3. c. 8.]

When Alexander, with great speed, was come to Tarsus, taking pleasure in the river Cydnus, which ran thorough the city, all hot as he was, he threw off his armor, and lept into the cold water; thereupon he grew instantly so benumb'd in all the nerves of p. 207his body, that he lost the use of his tongue; and so far was he from hope of recovery in time, that there was nothing but present death expected in him, [Justin. lib. 11. cap. 8.] Curtius addes that it was in the Summer season, and that the heat thereof was encreased by the intensivenesse of the Sun in the climate of Cilicia, [lib 3. cap. 10.] and Aristobulus saith, that he sell into his disease, by over-labouring himself: reported by [Arria. lib. 2.] But one Philip a Physitian, gave him a portion, which he took, and it cured him out of hand; though Parmenion had forewarned him, that this Philip was set on work to poison him, [Justin. Curtius. Arria. Plut. and Valer. Max. lib. 3. cap. 8.]

Orontobates the Persian, which held out the Castle at Halicarnassus, and Myndus, and Caunus, and Thera, and Callipolis, against Alexander, was overthrown in a fight by Ptolomei and Asander; wherein he lost about 700 Foot, and 50 Horse upon the place; and had no lesse than a thousand of his men taken: and thereupon the Myndians and Caunians, and most of the places thereabouts gave up to Alexander, [Arria. lib. 2. Curtius lib. 3. cap. 11.]

Darius making a bridge over the Euphrates, passed it with his army in five dayes, [Curt. ib.]

Alexander sent Parmenion to possesse himself of another strait or passage, like that former of Cilicia; and which divides Cilicia from Assyria, (or Syria) and he following after him from Tarsus, came the first day to Anchialos, [Arria. lib. 2.] Thence he marched to Soli; put a Garrison of his own into the Fort there, and levyed 200000 talents of silver upon the Inhabitants; for that they had shewed themselves more inclinable, and well willing to Darius than to him, [Id. ibid. Curt. lib. 3. cap. 11.] From thence he went with 3000 Macedons, all his archers, and Agrians, and set upon the hill country of Cilicia; and within seven dayes space, what by fair means, what by foul, he took them all entirely in, and returned to Soli: where when he had sacrificed to Esculapius, and with his whole army had gone in procession with burning tapers in their hands; and made pastimes of wrestlings, and musick, and other games, he gave the city leave to enjoy a Democratie, [Arria. ibid.]

The Grecians souldiers which Thymodes received by appointment from Pharnabazus, being the chief, and almost the onelyonly hope, that Darius had, being come unto him, were very earnest with him to retire, and keep himself in the champion country of Mesopotamia: or at least, that he would break this vast and numberlesse army of his into parts, and would not hazard all upon the chance of one battel: But Darius liked not their advice; but as if he could never make haste enough, the Winter (beginning with Autumn) now drawing on, he sent away all his monies, jewels, and pretious stuff, with a reasonable guard to Damascus in Syria; under the command of Cophenes, the son of Artabazus, as Arrianus sayes, [lib. 2.] and he with the rest of his army marched on to Cilicia. His wife, and mother, and daughter, and little son, according to the fashion of Persia, following after the Camp, [Curt. lib. 3. cap. 13.] leaving his baggage and such people as were unserviceable for the war, at Damascus, [Diod. year 4. Olymp. 111.]

Sanaballet, hearing of Darius his coming into those parts, told Manasses, that he would quickly perform what he had promised him of the High Priesthood, so soon as Darius returned with victory over his enemies, whereof those inhabitants of Asia made no doubt at all, [Josephus Antiq. lib. 11. cap. ult.]

Alexander, Year of the World 3672 willing Philotas to bring the Horse thorough the Aleian plains in Lycia to the River Pyramus, came with the Foot, and the Kings Troup to Magarsus, and sacrificed to Minerva of that place, called, Minerva Magarsis, [Arria. lib. 2.]

Then making a bridge over the Pyramus, he came to the city Mallos in Cilicia, [Curt. lib. 3. cap. 11.] where he offered to the ghost of Amphilochus the founder of that place, as to a demy god; and when he found the inhabitants there all in a sedition and distracted among themselves, he made them all friends, and released the tribute, which they had formerly payed to Darius, [Id. ibid.]

Whiles he yet remained at Mallos, news was brought him, that Darius with all his army, were encamped at a place called Sochos, two dayes journey distant from those streights, which I even now spake of, that parted Cilicia from Assyria, (or Syria) [Id. ib.]

From Mallos he came to Castabala an other town in Cilicia likewise. There Parmenion met him, whom he had sent to discover the passage thorough a Forest which he was to passe to come to the town of Issos; now Parmenion had withal seized on the passage or streight in that Forest: and leaving a small company to keep it, went forward and took the very town of Issos also; being abandoned by the inhabitants upon his approach. And going yet further, he turned out all those which were set to guard the inner parts of those mountains, and put Garrisons every where of his own in them; and having cleared all those parts, returned to Alexander, and made him a relation of what p. 208he had done, in the journey which he had sent him on, [Curtius, lib. 3. cap. 11.]

Then came Alexander with his army to Issos, where putting it to a council of war, whether he should march onward, or stay there and expect the supplies which he knew were coming to him out of Macedon, Parmenion was of advice, that he could not finde a fitter ground to fight on, than that was; for that there, no more could come to fight on the one side, than of the other, by reason of the streightnesse of the place, [Id. ibid.] Now Callisthenes, as he is vouched in Polybius, sayes, that at Alexanders first entrance into Cilicia, there came unto him out of Macedon, 5000 foot, and 800 horse, [Polyb. lib. 12. pag. 664.]

Darius having passed the streights of the hill Amanus, marched toward Issus, unwitting that he had left Alexander at the back of him; and having taken it, cruelly tortured and put to death a company of poor souls of the Macedons, which Alexander had left there; as not being able thorough sicknesse, or other infirmitie, to follow the Camp: and the next day, he marched to the river Pinarus, [Arrianus lib. 2.]

But when tidings were brought him, that Alexander in battel array was approaching, he forthwith passed the river Pinarus, with 20 thousand horse, and some 20 thousand light armed foot, that he might at the more leisure be able to range the rest of his army in array. And first, he took of those Grecians which he had in pay, all Corselets, to the number of 30 thousand, and set them against the Macedonian Squadron: on both sides of them, he placed the Cardacans, who were Corselets as well as they, to the number of 60 thousand; for more than that, he could not possibly range in one squadron, and bring to fight, for the narrownesse of the place. As for the rest, whether Corselets or others, according to their several nations, he hudled them them together, he cared not how, behind the main battle of Greeeks, and Cardacans; so saith Arrianus in his second book: but Curtius in his third book and 17 chapter, speaketh of it in this wise. Nabarzanes (saith he,) who was General of Darius his army, was in the right wing with the horse, to which were joyned almost 20 thousand, slingers and archers. Thymodes also was in the same wing, commanding some 30 thousand hired Grecians; and this was, no doubt, the pith and marrow of that whole army; and were of themselves very well able to match the Macedonian Phalanx or Squadron. In the left wing, Aristomedes a Thessalian born, commanded 20 thousand foot of sundry nations: In the rere, and for a dead lift, he placed his reserves, of the most warlike nations, that he had in all his army; in that wing was the king himself, attended with a guard of 3 thousand choice horse, used to the guard of his person, and 40 thousand foot, then followed the Hircanian and Median horse; and next them, were ranged the horse and foot of other nations, some on the right hand, some on the left: before this battalian thus ranged, there went six thousand slingers, and javeliners; all the ground that was there, in that streight, was filled up wholly with men, and the wings reached the one the mountain, the other to the very sea: as for the Queen and the Kings mother, and the rest of the women kind, they were all taken into the midst of the army. Callisthenes, who himself made one in this battaile, saith, that there were 30 thousand horse, and as many auxiliaries, set all to encounter the Macedonian Phalanx or Squadron. But Polibius in his 12 book, where he sheweth, that Alexanders army, consisted wholly of 42 thousand foot, and 5 thousand horse, convinceth Callisthenes in many points; and sheweth that for want of knowledge and skill, in the marshaling and ordering of an army, he hath written many absurdities and impertinencies in the description of this fight.

When Hephaestion in the morning came to put Alexander in mind of drawing forth into the field, and forgetting himself, bad him, foreign, instead of foreign, (i. e.) as we should say, God help you Sir, instead of, God save you Sir; whereat all the company there, presently were moved, as if thereby he had meant, that the king had not been well in his wits: and Hephaestion himself grew amazed at his own mistake. Alexander perceiving it, took it up, and said, Marry, I thank him for his good bode; for this tells me, that we shall all, by Gods help, come safe out of the battle to day. This is related by Eumenes Cardianus in his Epistle to Antipater, who was present, when the words were spoken, and fell himself into the like errour, as it is in Lucian, in his discourse, [foreign, (i. e.) of mens mistakings in their speech.]

Arrianus sayes, that this fight was fought, when Nicostratus, or as Diodor. hath it, when Micocrates, year 4. of 111 Olympiade, was L. Chancellor of Athens, in the monethmonth Maemacterion, whose new moon fell upon the 28 of our October, and that in it the Persians lost 10 thousand horse, and 90 thousand foot: and with him in the number of horse agree the other writers; but concerning the foot, they all vary extremely, not onelyonly from him, but each from other also; for Justin sayes, they were 60, Orosius, 80. Curtius, 100. Diodorus, 120 thousand. Plutarch sayes that in all, they lost 110 thousand: Justinus and Orosius add, that there were 40 thousand taken; But of Alexanders p. 209side, there were of wounded men 504. of the foote there were missing 32. of the horse 150. as we finde in Curtius, with whom in the number of horse, agree Plutarch, Justin, and Orosius, though of the foot, Diodorus saith there were but 300, and the rest, 330 lost.

Ptolomeus the son of Lagus, who attended upon Alexander in the pursuit of Darius reports, that the squadron, pursuing the enemy, marched all over the slaughtered bodies of the enemy, [Arrian. lib. 2] but there followed not Alexander in the chase of Darius above one thousand horse, when as yet they slew a huge multitude of the enemy, [Curt. l. 3. c. 22.] but the mare, which Darius, when he was throwen out of his coach, got on the back of, remembring her foale at home, ran so fast, that Alexander with his horse could not reach him, [Elianum Historia Animali, l…b. 6. cap. 48.]

Alexander growing weary of the pursuit of Darius, and the night growing on, and he out of hope to overtake him, having rode some 200 furlongs, about midnight returned, and came into Darius his camp, which his men had a litle before taken, [Diodor. and Curt.] In it was taken Darius his mother, whom Diodorus calls Sisyngambis, but Curtius, Sysigambis; as also his wife (who Justin says was his sister too) with his son Ochus, not yet full six years old, and his two daughters, both marriageable; with certain other Noble mens daughters attending on them, but not many; for the most of them had sent their wives and daughters to Damascus, with the baggage; for even Darius himself had sent thither, the greatest part of his treasure, as was said before, and what ever rich furniture the Kings were wont to carry with them into the war: so that in his camp, Alexander found not above 3 thousand talents of silver, [Arria.]

Alexander the next morning early, taking Hephestion with him, went to see the two Queens, and when Sisygambis, by a mistake, fell downe at Hephestions feet, and then perceiving her error, craved Alexander pardon for it, no harme (said he, smiling) for this is Alexander too▪ [Diodor. Curtius. Arrian.] giving halfe of himselfe, in so few words, away to his friend, as [Valer. Max. lib. 4. c. 7.] saith. As for the two Queens, and the women about them, Alexander caused all their attire, dressing, and ornaments to be entire restored to them, with more of his own bestowing on them; nor suffered he any man to use any incivility toward them, [Iidem with Plut. lib. 2. de fort. Alex.]

Darius in his flight, came to a place called Unchas, (i. e.) as it seemes, to Sochos, two dayes journey from the streights of Amanus, as we noted before out of Arrianus: where gathering in a body such of the Persians and others as were saved out of the battle, he took 4 thousand of them with him to Thupsacus: that he might once have the great river Euphrates, running betweene him and Alexander, [Curt. lib. 4. c. 1. Arria. lib. 2.]

Amyntus the son of Antiochus and Thymodes the son of Mentor, and Aristomedes Phereus, and Bianor of Acarnania; all which had formerly fallen over to the Persians from the Greeks, fled now with 8 thousand in their company to Tripoli in Phenicia: and there finding certain vessels, newly drawn up into the docks, and which lately came from Lesbos, in they took as many as would serve their turne, to saile away in, and set the rest on fire that they might not be used to pursue them, and in them they fled to Cyprus first, and from thence into Egypt, [Arria. ib. with Diodor. year 1. Olymp. 112. and Curtius, l. 4. c. 3.]

Alexander, making Balacrus, the son of Nicanor, one of the Squires of his body, Governor of Cilicia; made Menetes, the son of Dionysius, squire of the body in his roome; and to Polyperchon the son of Simeus, he gave the c…arge of the brigade, which Ptolomei the son of Seleucus (who was slain in the late battle) had; he released to the men of Solos in Cilicia 50 talents, which were yet unpayed of that summe which he had formerly fined them at: and restored them their hostages, which he had taken of them, [Id. Ibid.] and having built 3 altars, one to Jupiter, another to Hercules, and a third to Minerva, upon the banks of the river Pinarus, he marched into Syria; sending before him Parmenion to Damascus, where all Darius his treasure lay, with the Thessalian horse, who had behaved themselves very manfully in the late fight, of purpose to make them rich out of the spoile of that City, [Plut. in Alexan.]

As Parmemion was upon his way thither, he met with letters sent to Alexander from the Governour of Damascus, offering to betray the city to the King: The fourth day he came to Damascus. When presently the Governor, as if he doubted of holding the place, the next morning before sun-rising, took all the Kings treasure (the Persians call it his Gaza) pretending that he would flee away and save it for Darius; but indeed to deliver it into Parmenions hands, at which instant there had fallen a great snow, and the ground was hard frozen.

Among the women that fled from thence, and were taken, there were 3 virgins, p. 210daughters of Ochus, last King before Darius, and his Relict, and the daughter of Oxatris, Darius his brother, and the wife of Artabanus, a principal man at Court, and his son, whose name was Ilioneus. There was also taken, the wife of Pharnabazus, whom Darius had made Commander of all the townes and cities lying upon the sea: and 3 daughters of Mentor; and the wife and son of that most noble Memnon; and scantly was there any Noble mans house of the Court of Persia, which had not his share in that calamity, [Id ibid.] Parmenion also in his letters to Alexander signified to him, that among the rest he had taken 329 of the Kings women, which were skilful in musick: 46 weavers or knitters of crowns; pastery women, 277. cook maids 29. White meat-makers, 13. makers of drinking cups, 17. wine-cellar men, 70. apothecaries, and confectioners, 40.

The summe of ready coin there taken, was 2600 talents: in bars of silver, 500 weight: 30 thousand men, 7 thousand camels, bearing burdens on their backs, [Curt. lib. 3. cap. 25.]

As for him that betrayed the place (which, as it seemeth, was that Cophenes, by whom Darius sent his treasure to Damascus,) one of his own fellows cut off his head, and carried it to Darius, [Curt. ibid.]

Alexander made Parmenion, as Curtius, or Memnon, as Arrianus, Governour of Coelosyria: appointing to him his auxiliary Horse, for the defence of that Province. The Syrians, not yet sufficiently broken with the war, could not brook this new Governour; but being quickly suppressed, they submitted themselves to all commands, [Arria. lib. 2. Curt. lib. 4. cap. 1.]

Alexander sent Parmenion to seize on the Persian Fleet, and others that were about him to receive the Cities of Asia, which had surrendred to him; for even Darius his own Commanders, after the battel at Issos, gave themselves up, with all their gold and treasure, into his hands. Then marched he away into Syria; where many Kings of the East came in, and submitted to him. These he entertained every one according to his desert: some he made league with; others he deprived of their kingdoms, and made new Kings in their roomes, [Justin. lib. 11. cap. 10.]

There was one Gerostratus, who was at that time King of the Island of Aradus, and the sea coast adjoyning, and of some places also lying further off into the land: which like as other Kings of Cyprus and Phenicia had consociated their Fleets with Antophradates Commander of the Persian Navy under Darius; His son Strato, Vice-roy of Aradus, in his fathers absence, met Alexander as he was upon his way into Phenicia, and set a Crown of gold upon his head, and surrended to him the Island it self of Aradus, and Marathus, a rich town and a great, lying over against it in the Continent, and the city Mariamme, and whatever else belonged to his father, [Arria. lib. 2. Curt. lib. 4. cap. 1.]

Having received him to grace, he marched to the city Marathon; there came letters to him from Darius, to desire him that he might ransom his captive women: to whom Alexander by another letter returned answer, and sent one Thersippus to deliver it, [Justin lib. 11. cap, 12. Curtius lib. 4. cap. 1. Arria. lib. 2. Diod. year 4. Olym. 111.] as for the Ambassadors of the Grecians, sent to Darius before the battel at Issos, when he understood that they were taken at Damascus, he willed them to be sent unto him: of which, when they came, he presently dismissed the two Ambassadors of the Thebans, Thessaliscus and Dionysodorus, and Iphsicrates of Athens, the son of that famous Iphicrates: But Euthycles the Lacedemonian, he committed first to custody, yet free from irons: but afterward when all things prospered as his hearts desired, sent him away too, [Arria. ibid.]

Alexander removing from Maratho; took in the city Biblus upon conditions; and the Sidonians which had been, not long before, so terribly used by Ochus; sent unto him, and desired to be received by him in hatred of the Persians, and of Darius their King, [Id. ibid. Curt. lib. 4. cap. 2.] Strato at that time reigned there: Now because this surrender proceeded not so much from him, as from the people of that place; therefore he took the kingdom from him, and in his room, placed one Abdolominus, who lived by dressing a poor garden thereby, and made him King: and gave him not onelyonly the rich furniture of Stratoes house; but added sundry other rich gifts, out of what himself had taken from the Persians: with all the territories adjoyning thereunto, [Curt. ib. Iustin. lib. 11. cap. 10.] Plutarch in his discourse of the fortune of Alexander, calls this man Alynomus, and King of Paphos: Diodor. calls him Ballinomus, and sayes, that Alexander made him King of Tyre.

Now was all Syria his, so was Phoenicia, Tyre onelyonly excepted: And Alexander with his Camplay in the Continent: between which and the City, there ran a narrow cut of the sea. The Tyrians had sent a very massive Crown of gold unto him for a present, congratulating him thereby, for his great successe, and sent him all store of provisions, out of their City. He received their presents, as from his good friends; and using p. 211many gracious and friendly words to them that brought it, told them, that he had a great desire to see their city, and there to sacrifice to Hercules; They told him, that there was an alter in Palaetyrus, or Old Tyre, in the continent hard by, and that it were better to offer sacrifice to Hercules upon that, as being the more ancient of the two; whereupon he strait way grew into such a choler, that he vowed to destroy their city. It fell out, that at the same time, there came certain select men from Carthage, to perform a yearly sacrifice there unto Hercules; for the Tyrians were the founders of Carthage; and the Carthaginians ever honoured them as the fathers that begat them. They therefore exhorted them to stand it out, and to endure the siege like men, assuring them further of speedy supplies, and aide from Carthage; for at that time, the Carthaginians were very strong at sea, [Curtius lib. 4. cap. 5. and 6. Justin. lib. 11. cap. 10.]

Thus being resolved for a war, they endured a siege of seven moneths long, [Diod. year 1. Olympiade 112. Josephus Antiqit. lib. 11. Curtius lib. 4. cap. 15. Plutarch in Alexander.] their King Azelmicus being then absent, and gone to sea, with Autophradates, leaving onelyonly his son behind him in the city, [Arrianus lib. 4.]

Alexander began with Palaetyrus, or old Tyre; and pulled that down to the ground, and sending for all the country thereabout to come in, what by them, what by his own men, took the stones and rubbage of all that city, and threw it into the sea that ran between, thinking to have made a cause way over it, to the city, which lay from the continent, four furlongs, as Diodoras saith; and with him agreeth Curtius, [l…b. 4. cap. 5. or full 700 paces, as Pliny will have it, lib. 5. cap. 19. Diod. ut sup. Curtius lib. 4. cap. 8.]

Amyntas the son of Antiochus, with those 4 thousand Grecians, which, as I said before, fled with him out of the battle at Issos, wherein Sabaces a Persian, and Governour of Egypt died, set sail from Cyprus to Pelusium, and there seized himself of that city, pretending that he came to take charge of it, by order from Darius, in Sabaces his room, because he was slain in the battle at Issos. From thence he went with his army to Memphis, at the noise whereof, the Egyptians came in out of town and country to assist him against the Persians; by whose help, when the Persians, which lay there in garrison, sallied forth upon him, he routed and forced them into the city again: but anon after, by the advice of Masases their Captain, seeing their enemies scattered about the country, and busie in plundring, he issued forth again, set upon them unaawares, and cut both him and all his whole company in pieces, [Curt. lib. 3. cap. 22. and ib. 4. cap. 3.]

Certain other Captains also of Darius, which escaped out of the field at Issos, with such Persians as followed them, with other Cappadocians and Paphlagonians in their company, went about to recover Lydia. But Antigonus, who commanded there in chief for Alexander, routed them in three several fights. And at the same time, the Macedonian fleet, coming out of Greece, set upon Aristomenes, which was sent by Darius to recover the Hellespont, and either sunk or took all his fleet, [Diod. year. 1. Olymp. 112. and Curtius lib. 4. cap. 4.]

Whiles Alexander lay at the siege of Tyrus, he sent to Jaddus the high priest at Hierusalem, demanding of him, supplies and other provisions; and withal, such tribute, as was formerly paid to Darius. But when Jaddus answered that he was tied by a former oath of allegance to Darius, and that he could not be free from that oath, so long as Darius lived. Alexander growing wroth thereat, swore, that as soon as he had taken Tyrus, he would march against that city, [Josephus lib. 11. Antiquit. cap. ult.]

To him also, at the very beginning of the siege of Tyrus, Sanaballat the Cuthaean, and forsaking Darius, came with eight thousand men; and being graciously received by him, he asked him leave to build a temple upon his own land, and thereof to make high priest his son in law, Manasses, brother to Jaddus the high priest at Jerusalem; and having obtained his grant, because he now grew old, he fell presently to work, and built a Temple, and made Manasses high priest of it, thinking hereby to leave a great honour to the posterity of his daughter, [Id. ibid.]