The Latin Grammar, Part 1 · Subpart 184 – Subpart 191
The kindes of abſolute Adverbs.
1. Adverbs are 1 Some Interrogatives asking a queſtion that concerne either 1. the being, as, Num nunquid an utrum, and the encliticall Ne. or 2. The cauſe, as quare quapropter quamobrem, quid ita, quidni, quin for cur non. or 3. The place, quo, quorſum unde utro qua. or 4. The time, quando quandiu quouſque quoad (and ubi an Interogative of place and time) or 5. The number quoties: or 6. The quality, as qui quomodo, or 7. The quantity, as quam quantum quantopere. All which except the firſt deſiſting to be Interrogatives become Indefinites: and many of them will be Relatives anſwering to ſome precedent Adverb, as Tunc ſapis quando ſiles; ubi ſunt amici, ibidem opes.
2. Some requiring an attentiveneſſe, as en ecce, and ſometimes heus.
3. Some inviting, or therewith exhorting, as ehodum eia euge agedum.
4. Some affirming, or therewith interpreting, as nae etiam ita quidem certe profecto ſane plane maxime quippe nempe nimirum ſcilicet videlicet.
5. Some uſed in ſwearing, as Pol Edepol Ecaſtor Mehercule Mediusfidius, for me Dios filius, &c.
6. Some bee of doubting, as forte forſit forſitan forſan fortaſſis fortaſſe ſi niſi.
7. Some are for uniting, as pariter ſimul aeque una.
8. Some for ſevering either with choiſe, as potius immo ſatius magis, or without choiſe, aſeorſim ſecus aliter ſingulatim virit…m bifariam vnice duntaxat ſolum tantum modo ſolummodo.
9. Some are of wiſhing, as Utinam ſi o ſi.
10. Some of forbidding, as ne neutiquam nequaquam.
11. Some uſed in denying, haud nihil, or nil for non, nec neque nequidem, or parum minime; or thoſe uſed in forbidding.
12. Some are of quality, Splendide fortiter falſo, raptim incaſſum fruſtra perperam, and Greek-wiſe, lugubre torvum acerba recens.
13. Some of quantity either with remiſsion, ſenſim belle vix aegre paululum modicum, or with intenſion, ſatis valde adeo ſane quod, nimis ferme fere pene prope propemodum prorſus omnino penitus multum magnope…e; and ſuch in Compariſon may reſpect either only quantity, as minus minime magis maxime, or quality and quantity together meliuſcule doctius doctiſſime.
14. Some are of likeneſſe or proportion, quaſi …eu ſic ſicut ſicuti tanquam iuxta prope ut uti velut veluti quemadmodum tanquam all relatives and aeque perinde, anſwered by arque or acſi, ſo quam to which laſt ante or prius oft referre, & either of both may be Elliptical in ſome ſtructure, as altero die quam mortuus eſt febricitavit, for antequam.
15. Some of place, ſignifying either, 1 In or at a place, hic illic iſtic ubique vbivis ubicunque alibi uſpiam humi domi, &c. whereto may be added according to their ſeverall ſenſes, Juxta prope anſwering to procul, ſo infra ſupra intra extra pone, o: poſt, and ante, or coram, foris, and intus, or 2. To a place, huc illuc iſtue, eo quo aliquo quocunque int to foras peregre, or 3. Cowards a place, quorſum ſurſum deorſum introrſum retrorſum or 4. From a place, hine illinc inde unde aliunde caelitus funditus radicitus inferne ſuperno deſuper cominus eminus, or 5. By a place, as hac illac iſtac ea qua qualibet quacunque recta, where with may be ſupplyed via.
16. Some of time either finite, nunc tunc tum mox jamjam illico hodie cras heri pridie poſtridie perendie nudiuſterti …s for nunc eſt dius tertius, donec quouſque quoaduſque quoad ejus quandiu quamprimum antequam: or indefinite, iampridem dudum olim quando aliqùando mane ſero luci veſperi ſemper indies iugiter nunquam tandem cito nupor.
17. Some equally belong both to time and place, uſque procul poſt quo hactenus ubi unde.
18. Some betoken time and quantity: ſepiuſcule.
19. Some place and quantity longiuſcule.
20. Some are of number either finite, ſemel bis ter decies centies millies ſo millies bis or bis et millies, or indefinitely of number and time, toties quoties crebro ſaepe raro iterum rurſus.
21. Some of order with time or place, primo ſecundo, &c.
22. Some of paſſion called Interiections, becauſe inſerted as thort Parentheſes importing commonly by unperfect ſentences ſome ſuddain motions of the minde tending either to a wonder Infandum immane phy papae hui, or 2. ioy evax io. or 3. Laughter ha ha he. or 4. Scorne hem vah proh; or 5. feare, as atat; or 6. Sorrow, hei heu eheu hoi ah. or 7. Threat vae malum. or 3. Silence auſt.
Of Adverbiall Conſtructions.
The imperfect ſenſe accompanying Interjections may be made up to a perfect ſentence in the firſt ſorte of them, by fide maius eſt. In the ſecond by plaudite, in the third by quis abſtineat cachinno. in the fourth by ſordet enim, or faceſſat, in the fifth by caveatur: in the ſixth by res eſt lugubris. In the ſeaventh, by, imprecor. In the laſt by obmuteſcite, where may be noted that ſome Interiections, as infandum immane, malum, are Subſtantives, wherewith eſt ſhould be ſupplyed hei and vae ſtand for Subſtantives Aptore with a Dative Acquiſitive, as hei or vae mihi, for meus dolor eſt. And others leave the ſentence annexed to be finiſhed with knowne ſupplements, as, hem tibi Davum, ſupply affero; ehodum ad me, ſupply accedito eheu conditionem magiſtratus adminiſtrandi, ſupply defleo, proh Deum atque hominum fidem, ſupply obteſtor, where Verbs of the ſame ſignification are eaſie to be found.
Adverbs of place, time and quantity being made Nounes Aptote, are conſtrued, the two firſt with Genitives of their own ſignification, the laſt with any that may be their Subſtantives, being pronominall Adjectives, as nuſquam loci, tunc temporis, for nullo loco eo tempore, parum lucri, multnm laboris, for parvum lucrum multus labor.
Other Adverbs admit the caſes of their Primitives, as dixit optime omnium, ſupply numero, becauſe we ſay optimus omnium, quo familiarior eo reliquis fidentius accedit, propius fertur nunc a terris, nunc ad caelos, caſtra propius urbem moventur, proxime, or pro ximius Pompeium ſedebat, Tibi ſimiliter vivit, utiſiter nulli, nedum naturae convenienter.
The kindes of Conjunctive Adverbs.
Coniunctive Adverbs are ſome meer Copulatives either 1. Joyning both words and their meaning, as, et que encliticall, quoque ac atque nec neque cum or tum with tum non modo ſed eriam. Or 2. coupling words but ſevering their ſignification, as ve encliticall, vel aut ſeu five.
2. Some meere Adverſatives, ſed at aſt autem tamen vero verum atquiquin alioquin caeteroquin niſi praeterquam.
3. Some Adverſatives, but withall conceſſive, etſi tametſi etiamſi quanquam quanvis licet eſto.
4. Some Diſcretibes, ſaltem vel ad minus certe ut minimum.
5. Some Cauſalls, nam namque enim etenim, ut quid quum quoniam quandoquidem ne non inquantum quatenus ſiquidem.
6. Some conditionalls, ſi ſin modo niſi dum dummodo.
7. Some Illatives, Ergo ideo igitur quare itaque proinde idcirco quapropter quamobrem.
8. Some Comparatives, as all Adverbs of likeneſſe.
9. Some Electives, immo potius magis non adeo ut, ſecus or aliter quam non aeque ac, &c.
10. Some Continuatives, praeterea nec non itidem porro caeterum inſuper ad haec.
11. Some Ordinative, primo deinde demum denique, &c.
12. Some Completive, nam quidem equidem profecto certe aurem.
ANNOTATIONS.
The Conjunctive Adverbs have no ſhare in regence of Caſes, Moods or Tenſes, whoſe conſtruction wholly dependeth every where upon ſome other regents, as in the following inſtance. Noſter patriae gue tolius, extraneis tamen haud aeque patronus, Romae ac Venetiis nauci, aut pro nihilo habetur, non ſecus acſi de fraude vel furti reus eſſet: where may be noted, that Moods and Tenſes muſt be ſuitable to the matter ſpoken of without reference to ſuch coniunctive cementaries: And ſubſequent Moods muſt be regulated by the precedent in every period, as hath been inſtanced in the variation of the Subiunctive, Optative, Potentiall, and Infinitive; elſe they need no guidance.
The kindes of Prepoſitionall Adverbs.
Prepoſitionall Adverbs commonly attend acircumſtance of time or place or perſons ſette inſtead of places, or elſe do accompany Nouns that ſignifie either a part, or an entire cauſe, whether of the perſon or of the thing, or otherwſe a qualification of the thing. And it is proper for the prepoſitional Cumlike a Copulative to ioyne cauſes, but for abſque ſine praeter, to ſever cauſes. The ſame Prepoſitions will differ in ſignification as the caſes differ whereon they attend. And moreover they will differ in their ſenſe by appoſition to, or compoſition with words of different ſenſes, as in the examples following.
Prepoſitions ſerving to the Genitive.
Ergo tenus
Virtutis ergo for gratia, Cumarum tenus, for uſque ad earum terminos.
Prepoſitions ſerving to the Acquiſitive.
Obviam praeſto propius.
It obviam hoſtium conatibus, for contra conatus, nec ullum eſt mantellum obviam fucis, for pro fucis, praeſto ſum tibi, for juxta te ſum, propius accedit urbi, for ad urbem.
Prepoſitions ſerving to the Dative Ablativall.
A ab abs abſque ſine cum ex e de prae pro coram palam procul.
A Scipione ſuperatus eſt referring to the agent. A rationibus a ſtudiis, a pugione, a ſecret…s, ſupply, praefectus officio: Ab Romuli gente. ſupply, ortus a Cumanis rediit, for a Cumis, a millibus paſſuum te praeſtolatur, for millium iutervallo a verberibus impunitas for quantum ad verbera, a frigore myrtos defende, for contra frigus, Catonis a morte, for poſt mortem, Abs te ſtetit Senatus, for pro te, paſtor ab Amphriſo, for Amphryſius. Abſque metu, for hoc amoto, ſine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus, or iis deficientihus, cum fratr… Quirino Rhemus iura dabant, for Rhemus et frater, Summa cum humanitate nos excepit, for humaniſſime cum boſte pugnatur, for contra hoſtem, benefaciendo ſecum c…rtant, for inter ſe. Ex auro integrum vas, for omnino aureum, uſually referring to the matter, ex illo tempore celeberrimus, for poſt id tempus, vox e caelo, for a cielo audita, ex uſu, or commodo, or dignitate noſtra, for ad uſum, &c. Illud eſt e republica, for pro Republica, ex Platonis ſententia, for ſeeundum cius ſententiam. De Senatu audivi, for a Senatu, de moribus oratio, for circa mores, or quae in iis verſatur. Prae amore miſera, for per amorem, prae oculis, for ante oculos: Caeleri prae te uno viles, for praeter te unum, or tecum collati, And the caſe of a Demonſtrative may be Ellipticall, as res omnes relictas habeo prae quod tu velis. Pro amicitia feci, for amicitiae cauſa, pro maenibus ſtat, for ante maenia, pro concione venit, for concionaturus, pro viribus egit, for impenſiſſime pro Praetore, for Praetoris vice, pro Turribus adſtant, for Turrium tutela, habetur, pro vidua, for tanquam vidua, ſanequam pro ec ac debui moleſte tuli, for non prout debui, pro facultate, for ſecundum vires.
Coram nobis, for noſtri preſentia, coram Senatu, for in eo. And Coram differeth from ante, as properly importing nee…nes; whereas ante admitteth diſtance. It differeth likewiſe from palam, that being determined by its caſe to certaine perſons, this being uſed indefinitely to any perſons; As palam populo, for quolibet adevrtente.
Procul urbe, for ab urbe.