The Latin Grammar, Part 1 · Subpart 135 – Subpart 166
Of forming Tenſes.
What Caſes are in Nounes, the ſame are Tenſes in Verbs all deſcending from the ſecond perſon ſingular of the preſent in the Indicative, as the obliques from the Genitive ſingular, partly by changing in the Preterperfect tenſes, and Supines of ſome Verbs in the three laſt Coniugations, the Characteriſticall letter, which is the next before as es and is, and partly by adding to the Characteriſticall in other Tenſes, as in the examples following.
The Preterimperfect tenſe of the Indicative and Subiunctive changeth as es and is, in the three firſt Coniugations of Verbs in o; & aris eris of Verbs in or to …bam ebam arem erem, and abar ebar, arer erer, and is or iris of the fourth Coniugation to iebam iebar, and irem irer, as of amas amabam amabar, amarem amarer, of doces docebam docebar, docerem docerer, of legls legebam l…gebar, legerem legerer, of aud…s audiebam audiebar audirem audirer.
The future of the Indicative changeth as and es to abo and ebo, and aris eris, to abor and ebor, but is of the third to am ar, and of the fourth to iam iar, as of amas amabo amabor, of doces docebo docebor, of l…gis legam legar, of audis audiam audiar. Aed in the Imperative the future changeth as to a, or ato, and aris to are or ator: es to e, or et…, and eris to ere or etor is of the third to e or ito, and eris to ere or itor; and is of the fourth to i or ito, and ir…s to ire or itor, as of amas ama amato, and ama…e amator, of doces doce doceto and docere, docetor, of legislege legito, and legere legitor, of audis audi audito, and audire auditor.
The preſent of the Subiunctive changeth as of Verbs in o, and aris, of Verbs in or to em and er, as of amas amem amer, es, to eam and ea… as of doces doceam docear; is of the third to am and ar, as of legis legam legar, but is of the fourth to iam and iar as of audis audiam audiar. And in the Infinitive changeth as to are, and aris to ari, as amare amari, and es to ere and eris to eri, as docere doceri, and is of the third to ere and eris to i as legere legi and is of the fourth to …re, and iris to iri, as audire audiri. And in the Participle changeth as to ans, es to ens, and is of the third to ens but is of the fourth to iens, as of ama amans, of doces docens, of legis legens, of audis audiens. And from the Participle of the preſent is formed the Participle of the ſecond future by changing s to dus, as of amans amandus, of docens docendus, of legens legendus, of audiens audiendus.
The Preterperfect tenſe in the Indicative of Verbs in o for the moſt part changeth as to avi, and that to atum, as of amas amavi amatum, es to ui and that to itum, as of mones monui monitum, is of the fourth to ivi and that to itum, as of audis audivi auditum, but is of the third to i. and that to tum or ſum or xum, as of emis emi emptum, of viſis viſi viſum, of figis fixi fixum.
Where may be noted that the Supine in the firſt Conjugation doth end only in tum, in the ſecond and fourth may end in tum or ſum, and in the third may end in tum or ſum or xum. And from the Supine are formed the Participles of the Preter tence, and of the firſt Future, that by changing m. to s. as from emptum is made emptus, this by changing m to rus, as from emptum empturus. And all Participles may be knowne by their Terminations both in Latine and in Engliſh, the preſent in Latine ending alwayes in ans or ens, as amans monens, and in Engliſh ending in ing, as loving, warning, the ſecond future in Latine ending alwaies in dus, and engliſhed like the Infinitive of the Paſſive voice, amandus like amari to be loved, the preter tenſe in Latine ending in tus ſus or xus, and in Engliſh in t. or u. or d. emptus, viſus, fixus, bought, ſeen, fixed; the firſt future in Latine ending in rus, and Engliſhed like the Infinitive of the Active voice, as empturus like emere to buy: furthermore the preſent is declined like Adjectives of one Termination, and the other three like Adjectives of three divers endings, as amans amantis, but amandus amanda amandum, ſo amatus and amaturus.
Laſtly from the Preterperfect tenſe of the Indicative is formed the Preterpluperfect of the ſame Mood, and the Preterperfect and Future, of the Subjunctive by changing i to eram erim ero, and the Preterpluperfect of the Subiunctive and Infinitive by adding thereto ſſem and ſſe, as of legi cometh legeram legerim legero and legiſſem legiſſe.
Of Tenſes proper to every Mood.
Verbs that end in o. have in the Indicative and Subiunctive all five tenſes, and verbs in or have in the Indicative the preſent, the imperfect and the future, but in the Subiunctive the preſent and imperfect only.
The Imperative of Verbs in o and or hath the future only.
Verbs Active have two Participles, the preſent and firſt future, and Paſſives have the other too, the Preter tenſe and ſecond future. Deponents, and many Neuters have all foure Participles, but the Pretertenſe of neither will admit of a Paſſive ſignification or conſtruction, which are in both accuſtomed to the ſecond Future, as, ſtadium equis currendum, haud viris ingrediendum: Par…iciples of the preſent firſt future and Preter tenſe in both voices will retaine the conſtruction uſual to other Moods, but the Preter tenſe of Neuters in o. are ordinarily made Nounes participiall, and of the Neuters paſſives do keep alwayes the Paſſive ſenſe and ſtructure, as, Pugnatum eſt ab Hoſtibus: Gerunds and Supines have no expreſſe mention of Tenſes, and in other moods the Tenſes lacking are ſupplyed by circumlocution.
Verbs in or by the Participle of the Pretertenſe, with ſum or fui, ſupply the Preter tenſe; and with eram or fueram, the Preterpluperfect tenſe; and in the Subiunctive, with ſim or fuerim ſupply the Preter tenſe, with eſſem or fuiſſem, the Preterpluperfect with ero and fuero the Future. And in the Infinitive with eſse or fuiſſe ſupply the Pretertenſe with the Supine, and iri, or ſecond future, and eſſe ſupply the Future tenſe▪
Verbs in o, and Deponents in or, in the Infinitive Mood, by the Supine, with ire and firſt Future with eſſe, or rather with fore ſupply the Future, and when the firſt Future of the Participle is defective, fore will ſtead the ſame, as, Quos terres, hos oportet fore ut timeas, for te timiturum. The inſtances of theſe former rules will follow in the Examples of the ſeverall Coniugations.
The proper affections of ſome Tenſes.
Verbs in o. of the firſt and fourth Coniugation in the ſecond perſon ſingular, and the ſecond and third plurall of the Preter tenſe, in the Indicative, and in all perſons of both numbers in all other tenſes derived thence may be Syncopated, as, amaſti amaſtis amarunt amaram amarim amaro amaſſem amaſſe, ſo audiſti audiſtis audierunt audieram, &c. …nterii, and perii are Syncopated in all perſons ſaving the firſt plurall and in Imitation thereof, ſome Verbs of the thir'd Coniugation, as, petii, &c. And other Verbs are Syncopated moſtly of i Poets in the ſecond perſon ſingular, as extinxti dixti for dixiſti. Edim duim auſim axim faxim for ederim dederim auſerim egerim fecerim, likewiſe ſurpucram for ſurripueram, ſubmoſſem for ſubmoviſſem, produxe for produxiſſe, diviſſe for diviſiſse. And the future of the Subiunctive is changed with old Authors, amavero to amaſſo, prohibuero to prohibeſso, petivero to peteſso, with ſuch like in the three firſt Coniugations▪ and in the Infinitive for levaturumeſſe levaſſere, &c.
Verbs in or whether Paſſive or Deponent in the Infinitive of the preſent tenſe will Paragogically take er thereto, as, monſtrarier optat, caepit dilabier orbis.
Participles of the ſecond future in the third and fourth Coniugation admit Antitheſis, as faciundus experiundus for faciendus experiendus. Others of the firſt future are oft irregular, as, ſonaturus for ſoniturus, naſciturus for naturus, pariturus for parturus. And others of the preter tenſe like the Supine are Syncopated, as, pinſitus and piſtus, potatus and potus.
The variation of Tenſes.
The Preterpluperfect tenſe of the Indicative is uſed often for the future, as, perieras niſi fugiſses, for periturus eras. And the preter tenſe for the future of the Subiunctive, called with ſome an exact tenſe, as, molam ſi le redemerim for redemero. Laſtly the Preſent and Imperfect tenſe thereof paſſe for a future called the ſimple, nil refert ſi poſt cladem ſapias or ſaperes, for ſapies.
Of the Number and Perſons of VERBS.
The Numbers equally belonging to Nounes and Verbs being two, the ſingular and plurall, are ſpoken of already as alſo the three Perſons, which being more genuine to Verbs, as Gender to Nouns, muſt like the Genders be underſtood Phyſically, and ſtrictly where the nature of things afford it, that is when rationall creatures are ſpoken of, and otherwiſe may be taken at large Grammatically, being three in both Numbers, whereof before.
In the language taught of God, the third Perſon being the radicall hath precedence, and the firſt as doth become Civility, ſpeaking of it ſelfe, is laſt in place.
The future uſed in that tongue for the Imperative beginneth with the firſt Perſon, implying that who make Laws, ſhould firſt take them; but as Jews and Gentiles are uſed ordinarily in oppoſition, ſo is their forme of ſpeaking, all Nations conſtantly beginning with the firſt Perſon in both Numbers of all Moods and Tenſes, leaving the next place flatterers like to the ſecond perſon ſpoken to, quite neglecting the third Perſon ſpoken of, as abiect.
Of the CONJƲGATIONS.
As Tenſes anſwer unto Caſes, ſo do Coniugations of Verbs to Declenſions of Nouns, being foure diſtinct wayes w…ereby a… regular Verbs end uniformly in the ſame Voice, Mood, Tenſe, Number and Perſon.
The Coniugation of every Verb is known by the termination of the ſecond Perſon ſingular in the preſent tenſe of the Indicative mood, where all Verbs ending in as, or having a. in aris long, are of the firſt Coniugacion. And ſuch as end in es, or have e. in eris long, are of the ſecond. And ſuch as end in is ſhort, or have o. in eris ſhort b… of the third: And ſuch as end in is long, or have the firſt i. in iris long be of the fourth.
Annotations.
It may be noted that all Verbs of the ſecond Coniugation do end in eo and eor, but beo calceo enucleo meo laqueo creo ſcreo nauſeo bee of the firſt Coniugation; and eo queo veneo, be of the fourth.
Likewiſe all Verbs of the fourth Coniugation except thoſe three laſt mentioned do end in io, which ending few of the firſt Coniugation have, as faucio repudio hio concilio ſatio, but many of the third end in cio dio gio pio rio tio, as facio fodio fugio capio pario percutio.
Some Verbs admit of two Coniugations, being either commonly of the firſt and ſeldom of the third, as, lavo lavas lavavi lavatum, and lavis lavi lavitum, or by Syncope lautum and by Antitheſis lotum, ſonoſonas and ſonis ſonui ſonitum, ſo tono tonas and tonis tonui tonitum; Or commonly of the ſecond, ſeldom of the third, as ſtrideo ſtrides, and ſtrido ſtridis ſtridi, fulgeo fulges, and fulgo fulgis fulfi, but tergeo terges, and tergo tergis terſi, are both common, ferveo ferves, and fervo fervis fervi, ſorbeo ſorbes ſorbui ſorbitum, and ſorbo ſorbis ſorpſi ſorptum, tueor tueris tuitus, and tuor tueris tutus, oleo oles olui oletum to grow, and olo olis olui olitum to ſmell. Or comonly of the ſecond, ſeldom of the fourth, as, cieo cies cievi citum, and cio cis civi citum, the laſt being moſt uſuall in compoſition, as the firſt being ſimple. Or commonly of the third and ſeldom of the fourth, as, fodio fodis fodi fodere, and fodire foſſum, orior oreris, and oriris ortus, and ſuch other.
Many Verbs being the ſame in Theme do differ as in ſignification, ſo either in Coniugation only, as, aggero appello compello colligo conſterno deligo effero fundo mando obſero volo. Or likewiſe in quantity, as dico lego with their compounds, being all both firſt and laſt of the firſt and third Coniugation.
Sum with his Compounds are wholly irregular among Verbs, as, Ego tu ſui among the Pronouns. But fui conjugated with ſum hath …ll tenſes regular which are derived thence. And both ſum and fui do require in order to be firſt declined by themſelves, as helps expedient to forme in the Infinitive the future tenſe of all other Verbs ending both in o. and or. And in the Indicative the preter tenſe of Verbs only that end in or, and of all other tenſes that are derived thence, which being otherwiſe Defective are to be ſupplyed by ſum and fui, joyned with the Participles of ſuch Verbs, whereof before.
Examples of Verbs to be declined.
Sum es fui eſſe ens futurus to be.
So, Abſum abes abfui abeſſe abſens abfuturus.
The Indicative Mood and preſent tenſe Singular.
Sum I am, es thou art, eſt he is.
Pluraliter.
Sumus we are, eſtis ye are, ſunt they are▪
The Preterimperfect tenſe Singular.
Eram I was, eras thou waſt, erat he was.
Pluraliter.
Eramus we were, eratis, yee were, erant they were.
The Preterperfect Tenſe ſingular.
Fui I have been, fuiſti thou haſt been, fuit he hath been,
Pluraliter.
Fuimus we have been fuiſtis yee have been, fuerunt vel fuere they have been.
The Preterpluperfect Tenſe ſingular.
Fueram I had been, fueras thou hadſt been, fuerat he had been;
Pluraliter
Fueramus we had been, fueratis yee had been, fuerant they had been.
The Future Tenſe ſingular.
Ero I ſhall or will be, eris thou ſhalt or wilt be, erit he ſhall or will be,
Pluraliter
Erimus we ſhall or will be, eritis yee ſhall or will be, erunt they ſhall or will be.
The Imperative and Future ſingular.
Es, or eſto, be thou hereafter, eſto be he, or let him be hereafter.
Pluraliter,
Eſte, o… eſtote, be yee hereafter, ſunto be they, or let them be hereafter.
The Subjunctive and Preſent Tenſe ſingular.
Sim, I may would or ſhould be, ſis, thou mayſt wouldſt or ſhouldſt be ſit, he may would or ſhould be,
Pluraliter.
Simus, we may would or ſhould bee, ſitis, yee may would or ſhould be, ſint, they may would or ſhould be.
The Preterimperfect Tenſe ſingular.
Eſſem, or forem, I might would or ſhould be, eſſes, or fores, thou mightſt wouldſt or shouldſt be, eſſet, or foret, he might would or ſhould be,
Plura…iter
Eſſemus, or foremus, we might would or ſhould be, eſſetis, or foretis, yee might would or ſhould be, eſſent, or forent, they might would or ſhould be.
The Preterperfect Tenſe ſingular.
Fuerim, I might would or ſhould have been, fueris, thou mightſt wouldſt or ſhouldſt have been, fuerit, he might would or ſhould have been.
Pluraliter
Fuerimus, we might would or ſhould have been, fueritis, yee might would or ſhould have been, fuerint, they might would or ſhould hauehave been.
The Preterpluperfect Tenſe ſingular,
Fuiſſem, I might would or ſhould had been, fuiſſes, thou mightſt wouldſt or ſhouldſt had been, fuiſſet, he might would or ſhould had been,
Pluraliter
Fuiſſemus we might would or ſhould had been, fuiſſetis yee might would or ſhould had been, fuiſſent they might would or ſhould had been,
The Future Tenſe ſingular.
Fuero I may would or ſhould be hereafter, fueris thou mayſt wouldſt or ſhouldſt be hereafter, fuerit he may would or ſhould be hereafter,
Pluraliter
Fuerimus we might would or ſhould be hereafter, fuerit…s yee might would or ſhould be hereafter, fuerint they might would or ſhould be hereafter.
The Participle Mood.
The preſent tenſe ens being, or eſſens obſolet, whence doth come eſſentia, the being.
The Future Tenſe, futurus about to be.
The Infinitive Mood.
The preſent, eſſe to be.
The preter tenſe, fuiſſe to have been.
The future fore, or futurum eſſe to be hereafter.