The Latin Grammar, Part 1 · Subpart 122 – Subpart 134
Of alterations in words by compoſition.
A ſyllable is ſometimes inſerted in the compound, as in concipilo reciproco recupero, Sometimes a letter only as in comburo redimo, both for Euphonie. Sometimes the ſimples are impaired, either both as aucupor cogo malo, or the Verb is only entire, as, poſſum credo trano ampu…o aufero aſſero, or only maimed, as prebeo dego pergo. And in ſome Compounds both are intire, as manumitto ſatiſdo. Some Verbs in compoſition change a. to u. as conſulo inſulto exculpo inculco. Some change o. to u. as occulo, ſome caſt away a. as excludo percutio diluo, ſome change a. to e. as gradior making egredior, ſo patior fatiſcor damno lacto ſacro follo arceo tracto partio ſcando patro candeo carpo ſpargo pario, ſo compeſco diſpeſc… thoſe two from paſco, ſome Verbs change the firſt vowel into i. through all Moods and Tenſes as caedo making p…aecido praeci…i, ſo laedo egeo quaero tene…, cado cano ſalio except in conſulo, ſo patior rapio ſapio ſtatuo tango taceo and placeo, except in complaceo and perplaceo, ſo habeo except in poſthabeo, ſo maneo compounded with e. in pre and pro, ſo pango ſaving in compoſition with circum de ob and re. Other Verbs change the firſt vowell into i. in all Tenſes, except the preter tenſe, and ſuch other as be derived thence, as fateor making confiteor, but confeſſus, ſo capio frango iaeio premo and emo, except coemo, ſo rego except pergo ſurga, ſo ago, except perago ſatago dego cogo, ſo facio compounded with prepoſitionall Adverbs, ſo lego compounded with e de con inter di and nec, which three laſt make intellexi dilexi neglexi, but all other like the ſimple. Laſtly by compoſi…ion, ſome change the figure only, as, verto revertor, ſome only the Coniugation, as do das, making addo addis, ſome both, as ſperno making aſpernor, ſome change the coniugation and forme, as candeo making accendo, ſome the forme and figure, as ſacro making execror, ſome all three together, as frango making ſuffragor.
Of the proper affections of Verbs.
The proper affections of Verbs are foure, Moods, Tenſes, Perſons and Coniugations.
Of Moods.
Moods are diſtinct wayes of uſing verbs in the ſame ſenſe and ſtructure being ſeven. The Indicative, Imperative, Subiunctive, Participle, Infi…itive, Gerund and Supine.
Of the Indicative.
Verbs of the Indicative, whence all other Moods are formed, either aske a Queſtion or give a reaſon of doing or ſuffering, as Quo vadis? Oxoniam peto.
Of the Imparative.
Verbs Imperative either 1 Command by authority, or 2 Adviſe as a duty, or 3 Grant to importunity, or 4 Crave as curteſſe. 1. Paeni Sicilia excedunto. 2. Fraus omnis abeſto. 3 Re… tuas tibi habe. 4. Dil caeptis aſpirate.
Of the Subjunctive.
A verb Subiunctive doth commonly interpret another principall verb, being allwayes the Indicative or Imperative, and therefore hath a precedent Coniunctive adverb cauſall or conditionall put thereto, or implyed therewith, being familiarly reſolved to the Infinitive, as, Jubeo valeas, or ut valeas, or te valere, ſo cave facias, or ne facias, or cave facere.
Otherwiſe the Subiunctive by Enallage ſtandeth for the Imperative, called either permiſſive and potentia…l reſolvible to the Infinitive with poſſum volo debeo, or with the Imperſonalls, licet libet oportet, as vitiis aeque omnibus abhorreas, or te vitiis aeque omnibus abhorrere oportet. Or elſe an Optative being then ioyned with an Adverb of wiſhing and reſolvible to the Infinitive with quaeſo, precor, opto, as utinam dictis Al…ane maneres, or te dictis manere opto.
Of the Participle.
The Participle an amphibious kind partaketh with Nouns in Declenſion, by Caſe and Gender, and with Verbs in Coniugation, by tenſe, ſignification, and conſtruction; and with both in number and perſon. Wherefore the two futures, retaining conſtantly both tenſe and ſtructure, are conſtant Moods of verbs, as Mulier Graios viſura Penates: or Cui Graiorum Penates viſendi The preſent and preterperfect tenſe then only are Moods, when they keep expreſſe mention of time, and the ſame ſtructure, as vinum amans, or qui amat, ſegnitiem exoſus, or qui odit polenta pranſus, or qui pranſit. Elſe words of either tenſes become Nounes, deſiſting to be Moods of verbs by depoſing the tenſe & ſtructure, as Vini amans, or amator, which alwayes happeneth when ſuch words admit a different Figure from the verbs whence they ate derived, either by compoſition, as, impatiens operis, indoctus lyrae, or a Comparative intenſion, as, quanto reverentior ille deorum, tanto ſit reliquis ornatior, unus habetur prae reliquis longe cultiſſimus.
Of the Infinitive.
Verbs of the Infinitive Mood are conſtrued regularly with adiectivall nouns or verbs, as miles audax eſt, or audet occidere et occidi. But irregularly and figuratively by Enallage, they ſometimes ſtand for a Nominative Aptote, as, humanum eſt iraſci, ſometimes for a Genitive of the Gerund, as, m…tere tempus erat, for metendi, ſometime for the Indicative, as, Tum pius Aeneas as humeris abſcindere veſtem for abſcindebat, or Elliptically another verb may be underſtood therewith, as abſcendere caepit.
Of Gerunds.
Gerunds being the ſecond future put Subſtantively are uſed in the ſingular number only, to expreſſe the adminiſtration of affairs. And being Genitives are accordingly conſtrued with a former Subſtantive either expreſſed, as, vivendi ratio, or underſtood with adiectivall nouns or verbs, as, Id fecit aſſentandi, potius quam quod gratum haberet, ſupply cauſa, which conſtruction is ſometimes found of Gerundivalls, as, Inſtituitur imperium reipublicae augendae, ſupply gratia. And the Genitives of Gerund, are ſometimes uſed for the Gerundivalls by Enallage, as licentia diripiendi pomorum, for diripiendorum pomorum, ſometimes alſo by Enallage the Infinitive doth come in place thereof, as, Non datur ad Muſas currere lata via for currendi.
In the Dative acquiſitive Gerunds are conſtrued either with verbs, as, operam navat exorando nec flendo modum facit, or flendi, where the latter of two Subſtantives is changed to a Dative; or with Adiectives, as, tundendo inhabile ferrum, ſcribendo papyrus inutilis, and the Adiectives are ſometimes underſtood, as, Non ſunt aes alienum ſolvendo, ſupply pares, idonei, and ſuch like.
In the Dative Ablativall Gerunds are conſtrued with prepoſitionall Adverbs, expreſſed or underſtood, as, in judicando criminoſa celeritas, cantando rumpitur anguis.
In the Accuſative Gerunds are conſtrued with Prepoſitions conſtantly expreſſed, as, locus ad agendum ampliſſimus.
The Nominative is commonly a gerundival, keeping the conſtruction of the paſſive voice, as, vobis bibendum aut abeundum, where the Acquiſitive is commonly underſtood, But by a Grec…ſiue ſeldome uſed in the latine, it will admit Caſes of the verb, as, armorum ſi nobis carendum, pugnent alii, amicos tibi demerendum, reſolved by oportet, aut opus eſt amicos te demereri, or ut demerearis.
Of Supines.
The Supine ſo called, as regardleſſe of affections, belonging thereunto, is conſtrued with verbs of motion, notifying the tearme or end thereof, as, tui miſertum venio, Graiis ſervitum matribus ibant, ſcitatum oracula miſſi, coctum, non vapulatum conducti ſunt, ire with the firſt, and iri with the laſt being underſtood, nolo Uxorem filio datum, aut has litteras ſibi renunciatum iri, de injuriis queſtum itur, Legantur ſocios rogatum, reſolved, rogaturi, rogare, or ut rogarent ſocios.
The Dative Ablativall of the Supine may be conſtrued with verbs of motion like other Subſtantives, but is no Mood of a verb, for it admitteth no caſuall word thereof, as, redit venatione, or venatu ferarum, not feras. And moreover will be conſtrued with Adiectives, which conſtruction the Supine will not admit as facile mirum arduum fas opus, turpe factu, or fieri, not factum or facere or factum ire.
Laſtly but few Deponents will forme this Ablati…all as, dignum imitatu.
Differences of the ſeven Moods.
The Indicative and Subjunctive are definite in time, perſon, and number, and likewiſe the Imperative in all three, but notwithſtanding it is defective in time preſent or paſt, nor lyable to command or counſell, and alſo in the firſt perſon, for all men do allow themſelves full liberty. The Participle is indefinite only in perſon.
The Infinitive in Perſon and Number. Gerunds and Supines, are indefinite in all three making no expreſſe mention of time, perſon or number, though Gerunds do participate with ſecond futures, and both Gerunds and Supines are ſingular. Laſtly, either of both admit a ſignification promiſcuouſly Active or Paſſive, being reſolvible to either voice, but the Supine more commonly to the Active, and Gerunds to the Paſſive, whence they are derived.
Of the variation of Moods.
The future of the Indicative is uſed for a moſt binding Imperative, as non occides for ne occidito, but ſpecially the Participle of the ſecond future, as, vincendum tibi aut moriendum, for aut omnino vince aut porſus morere, or in Hebraiſme moriendo morieris.
Participles of the preſent, or the Gerunds notifying the efficient cauſe, are reſolved to the Indicative with dum cum quia ſi poſtquam, as defetiſcor ambulans, ambulando, inter ambulandum, or dum ambulo, but the Participles of the preſent or pretertenſe put in the Dative ablativall, called the abſolute, are reſolved to the Subjunctive, as Imperante Auguſto, or cum imperaret, boſte ſuperato, or ſiſuperetur And ſo are Gerunds notefying a finall cauſe, conductus ad accuſandum, vel ob abſolvendum, or ut accuſes aut abſolvas. And all Gerunds are familiarly changed to Gerundivalls, differing only each from other, in that Gerunds notifie rather the office then the time, & Gerundivalls notifie the time rather then the office, as, nos Gramaticam docendi, vos illius ediſcendae cura tenet.
The Infinitive will be changed to the ſubjunctive with ut after verbs of command adviſe intreaty or ſuffrance, profit, &c. as iubeo moneo rogo ſino decet licet oportet refert expedit, &c. as volo te abire, or ut abeas: And to the Indicative with quod after verbs of common or particular ſenſe, or of paſſions ariſing thence, as, intelligo dubito reor audio video ſpero metuo gaudeo mereo iuvat dolet arridet allubeſcit diſplice…, &c. as conſtat te valere, or quod vales, which variation is neceſſary to be known for finding the ſtructure of the Accuſative between two verbs, whether it followeth the Verb Perſonall or cometh before the Infinitive. Other variations are inſtanced formerly in the ſeverall Moods.
Of Tenſes.
Tenſes directing when things do or ſuffer are five.
The 1. preſent notifying the time now with the ſignes doe or am.
2. The Preterimperfect tence, the time ſearſe paſt with ſignes did or was.
3. The Preterperfect tence the time lately paſt with ſignes have or have been.
4. The Preterpluperfect tence the time long ſince paſt with ſignes had or had been.
5. The future a time to come with ſignes ſhall and will, or ſhall and will be, or with the ſigne hereafter, and it is called the promiſing tenſe.