The Latin Grammar, Part 1 · Subpart 172 – Subpart 183
Examples of the Exceptions in the third Conjugation.
Bibis bibi bibitum, lambis lambi wanting a Supine, decumbis decubui decubitum, ſcribis ſcripſi ſcriptum, laberis lapſum, as if it were from labis lapſi.
Icis ici ictum, parcis peperci parcitum, and parſi parſum, dicis, dixi dictum, from obſolet lacio elicio doth make elicui elicitum, but all other Compounds thence make lexi and lectum, noſcis novi notum, but noſciturus and agnovi agnitum, eognovi cognitum, paſcis pavi paſtum, but compeſcui compeſcitum, and diſpeſcis diſpeſcui doth want the Supine, adipiſceris adeptum, as if it were from adipis adepi, and that from the obſolet ſimple apo, whence cometh aptus, comminiſceris commentum, as if it were from cominis comini, expergeris expergitum, and experrectum, as if it were from expergis expergi or experrexi, itaſceris iratum, as if it were from iras iravi, nanciſceris nactum, as if it were from nancis nanci, obliviſceris oblitus, from oblivis oblivi, paciſceris pactum, as if it were from pacis paci, profleiſceris profectum, from proficis profeci, defetiſceris defeſſum, as if it were from defeteo defetis defeſſi, ulciſceris ultum, for ulcitum, as if it were from ulcis ulcivi, claud…s clauſi clauſum, edis edi eſum, but comedis comedi comeſum, or comeſtum, graderis greſſum, as if it were from gradis greſſi, ſo cedis ceſſi ceſſum, findis fidi fiſſum, cadis cecidi caſum, whoſe Compounds want Supines, occaſum and recaſum, with incaſurus, being excepted, pedis pepedi peditum, tendis tetendi tenſum, & tentum tundis tutudi tuſum, and tunſi tunſum, pandis pandi paſsum, for panſum, by Antitheſis.
Fugis fugi fugitum, regis rexi rectum, frigis frixi frixum, and frictum, frangis fregi fractum, pungis pupugi and punxi punctum, vehis vexi vectum, but convehis convexi convectum and convexum.
Alis alui altum, for alitum ſo colis colui cultum, excellis excellui excelſum, vellis velli and vulſi vulſum.
Gemis gemui gemitum, premis preſſi preſſum, comis compſi comptum, the labiall m affecting the cognate… (p) for its companion, ſo emis emi, and of old empſi emptum, ſinis ſivi hath no Supine, ſitus is uſed for poſitus by Aphaereſis, ſpernis ſprevi ſpretum, by Metatheſis, for ſpervi ſpertum, ſo decernis with ſuch other Compounds, crevi cretum, for cerni, the ſimple doth want the Preter Tenſe and Supine likewiſe, temnis wanteth both, but contemnis contempſi contemptum, gignis genui genitum from obſolet genis, ponis poſui poſitum, canis cecini cantum, but ſuccinis with ſome others make cinui centum, ſtrepis ſtrepui ſtrepitum, rumpis rupi ruptum, carpis carpſi carptum, ſapis ſapai or ſapivi ſapitum, coquis coxi coctum, linquis wanting Preter Tenſe, and Supine hath Compounds that make liqui lictum, loqueris locutum, ſequeris ſecutum, as if it were from loquis loqui, ſequis ſequi, Teris trivi tritum, by Metatheſis, moreris making mortuus, for moritus, whence is moriturus, likewiſe oreris ortum, whence is oriturus, quaeris quaeſivi quaeſitum, quereris queſtum, Syncopated, ſeris ſevi ſatum, but conſeris conſevi conſitum, with ſuch other changing in the ſupine a to i, conſeris conſerui doth make conſertum, the firſt coming from the Greek Verb ſpeiro, the laſt from eiro, geris geſſe geſtum, verris verri verſum.
Arceſſis arceſſivi being of the fourth Conjugation now obſolet, and by Syncope arceſsii, by Apocope, arceſſi, pinſis pinſui pinſitum pinſum and piſtum Syncopated, depſis depſui, whence cometh depſititius, and viſis viſi, without Supine.
Flectis flexi flexum, plectis plexi to puniſh, plexui, to fold, have plectum, and piexum, pectis pexi and pexui pexum, and pectum, or pectitum, by Epentheſis, metis meſſui meſſum, mittis miſi miſſum, vertis verti verſum, ſtertis ſtertui Supineleſſe, niteris niſum or nixum, uteris uſum, pateris paſſum, from obſolet patis paſſi, vivis vixi victum, ſolvis ſolvi ſolutum. Statuis ſtatui ſtatutum, ruis rui ruitum, but diruis dirui dirutum, with ſuch other, caſting away i from the Supine reſumed in the firſt Future, as, diruiturus, frueris whence fruitus, and by Epentheſis fruintus, by Craſis fretus; likewiſe fructus, as if it were from fruis fruxi, ſtruis ſtruxi ſtructum, fluis fluxi fluxum; whence alſo come, fluctus and fluitus, luis lui, and of old luvi, whence is diluvium, ſo pluis plui & pluvi whence is pluvia, both wanting Supines, but having Derivatives thence, as, luitu…us.
Texis texui textum, nexis nexui nexum, &c. Calueris whence is calumnia with cluis, furis, reminiſceris, veſceris, vergis, metis, tollis, ambigis, liqueris, with many other want Preter Tenſe and Supine.
Examples of the Exceptions in the fourth Conjugation.
Cambis campſi campſum.
Sancis ſanxi ſanctum, and ſan…ivi ſancitum, farcis farci fartum, and ſarcivi farcitum; and farctum, and fartum Syncopated, raucis rauci rauſum, amicis ami…u… and amixi amictum.
c Ordiris orſum, as if it were from ordis ordi and orditum, as from ordis ordivi.
Salis ſalii and ſalui ſaltum, but exilis exilii, or exilui exultum, with ſuch other Compounds changeing a of the ſimple Supine unto u, Venis veni ventum.
Sepis ſepſi ſeptum, and ſepivi ſepitum, whence is ſepimentum, ſepelis ſepelivi ſepelitum, and ſepultum, by Syncope and Antitheſis.
Hauris hauſi hauſtum or hauſum, whence is hauſurus, aperis and operis, make perui and pertum, and all other Compounds peri and pertum, from paris peperi partum, changing a to e, Sentis ſenſi ſenſum, metirismenſus, but demetiris demenſus and demetitus.
Feris with ſome other want Preter Tenſes and Supines, Compertum eſt, the Imperſonall Paſſive hath only a Preter tenſe, and ſuch as are derived thence.
ANNOTATIONS.
Some Verbs in o, as do, ſto, and others of the ſecond and third Conjugacion will Greek-wiſe double t…e firſt Conſonant in the Preter tenſe for the moſt part with e, and in ſome Verbs with i, o, and u, as ded…, ſteti, didici, popoſci, cucurri, pupugi, which ſix commonly have the ſame ſyllable doubled in their Compounds, as addidi, conſtiti, changing e, to i, perdidici, de po poſci, praecucurri, repupugi, but all other Compounds from ſimples doubling the firſt ſyllable, reject any ſuch increaſe, as pendes hath pependi penſum, but dependes dependi depenſum; Likewiſe the former Verbs both ſimple and compounds caſt of the increaſe in Supines, ſo cucurri curſum, and praecurri praecucurſum.
Diverſe Verbs concurre in the ſame Pretertenſe, and others in the ſame Supine, as, fulges, and fulcis make fulſi, luces and luges luxi, paves and paſcis pavi Likewiſe manes and mandis make manſum, tenes and tendis tentum, vincis and vivis victum, verris and vertis verſum.
Many Verbs compounded have a Preter tenſe, or Supine, or derivatives thence, whoſe ſimples are therein defective, And contrariwiſe: as from liquas defective in the Pretertenſe and Supine come liquamen liquatio liquabilis and deliquatus: So from nuis nuinutum numen being regular, there be compounds defective, as, abnuis, and moreover irregular ſupines have many derivatives from the regular wanting, as, adiuvamen adiuvaturns, from adiuvi adiutum, whereof more inſtances are in the ſeverall Coniugations: Some Compounds with changing the firſt vowell of their ſimples differ hence in the Preter tenſe, and others in the Supine. So emines hath eminui from manes manſi: thus cantum, captum, carptum, factum, fartum, iactum, partum, raptum, ſparſum, change a, to e, as concentum deceptum, with many other changes notified in the Conjugations.
Of Verbs Anomalous.
There be three ſorts of the Verbs irregular, the Heteroclitous the Redundants, and the Defectives.
Of Hetereclites.
Verbs ſwarving from the regular Coniugations (beſides Sum) are theſe following, volo and his compounds, making vis vult volumus vultis, for volis volit volimus volitis, and noli for nole nolito, velim for volam, vellem for volerem, vellefer volere, ſo fers fert fertis, for feris ferit feritis, fer ferto ferte fertote, for fere ferito ferite feritote, ferrem ferre for fererem ferere, from fero; being both of the third Coniugation. Likewiſe fierem fieri for firem fire from fio of the fou…th coniugation. Where may be noted that facio being defective in the figure to be made a paſſive hath the neuter fio, inſtead thereof, not only in the ſimple, but alſo in all compounds which keep facio intire, as, calefacio calefio, but other compounds changing a, to i, will be made paſſives, as, afficio afficior Likewiſe the neuter, E… ▪ as it hath all three perſons will not be made paſſive, but Compounds thence being Verbs Active will forme a Paſſive voice, as, adeor, ambior, which laſt doth forme all tenſes regularly, but Eo in the Preter imperfect tenſe maketh Ibam for iebam, and ibo for iam in the future. And ſo do other compounds thence. Likewiſe iens out of uſe doth make euntis, ſo abiens with other compounds thence in uſe make abeuntis. Queo and nequeo make alſo quibam and quibo, whence are (though ſeldome) found queundus quitus and nequitus. Edo hath es eſt and eſtis redundant with edis edit and editis, ſo ede edito edite editote, or es eſto eſte eſtote, ſo ederem or eſsem, edere or eſſe. Laſtly dic duc fer and fac are apocopated with all compounds thence excepting ſuch from facio which change a, to i, as afficio making affice.
Of Redundants.
Redundant futures being Imperatives or Infinitives of Verbs in o, and or, (except fito and ſcito, with all compounds thence as calefito, reſcito, admitting no redundance) And the ſecond perſon ſingular of Verbs in or, redundant in the Indicatives preſent, preterimperfect and future tenſe, and in the Subjunctives preſent and preterimperfect tenſe together with Verbs redundant in Conjugation are notified in their proper places. Other Verbs redound in forme or ſundry ſenſes according to their ſundry ſtructure, being either Active or Neuter, as audio vocem, or bene audio faſtidio te, or tui, Rus habitat, or ſecum, offendit gemmam, or caeſpite, co…unt ſocietatem, or una, glacies aquam durat, or durare nequit, incipit diem, or a die, vos man mus, or vobiſcum, huc ruit, or ru…t, aeris acervos, ſufficit ira animos, or dies non ſufficit, virtus aetatem ſuperat, or …e dum ſuperat, terram vertimus, or res bene vertit. Nos, quoties variant animi, variabimus artem, me mi…e…um occidis. Occidit ſpes noſtra, Rem ad Senatum re…ert, or de his rebus refert, ſapit culinam, or ad Genium, omnino depereat, qui opes deperit. Nugas non moror ſub dio moraturus.
Other Verbs are Active or Neuter and Deponent, as comito and comitor, ſo comperio, fabri…o, impertio mereo munero populo punio: Likewiſe aſſentio, vergo, lachrymo modero vago.
Of Verbs defective in Moods.
The Verbs called Imperſonalls have no Imperative mood, but inſtead thereof are uſed to the Subiunctive. And both they and other Verbs ſpoken of before want Supine, Gerund, and Participle Moods; for ſuch of that kinde as they do retaine become Nounes, admitting no caſes of their Verbs, as, vis paenitendi for paenitentiae, id nego liciturum, for legitimum ſore.
Of Verbs defective in Tenſes.
In the firſt Conjugation Verbs Denominatives and diminutives, beſides others ſpok…n of already do want the Pretertenſe, and Derivatives thence together with all their compounds, as, cortico, cornicor ſorbillo pitiſſo. And d…cortico, &c.
In the ſecond Conjugation moſt Verbs neuters want the Pretertenſe, & other Derivatives thence, as aveo, clueo, denſeo, flaveo, glabreo, liveo, with others before mentioned.
In the third Coniugation all Verbs inchoative or augmentative ending in ſco, as augeſco, with others before notified want alſo the Preter tenſe, and its Derivatives.
In the fourth Conjugation few Verbs do want the Preter tenſe excepting meditative, whereof two only have it, to wit, parturio parturivi, and eſurio eſurivi eſuritum.
All Verbes in or of any Coniugation, and Verbs neuter paſſive want the Preter tenſe, ſaving in the Participle Mood whence the reſt are ſupplyed by circumlocution as hath been aforeſaid.
Verbs in o and or want the Future in the Infinitive as it is before inſtanced, ſueſco and ſoleo want all futures, as repugnant to their ſignification.
Of Defectives in Perſon.
Dor and for be never uſed ſaving in compoſition as, addor affor and the firſt perſon both ſingular and plural, is defective in all Verbs of the Imperative. Likewiſe Verbs called Imperſonalls, are never uſed in the firſt or ſecond Perſon of either number or in the third plurall, except onelyonly few Verbs neuter with a Nominative of the thing, as, libet, licet, liquet, decet, pudet, taedet, piget, paenitet miſeret oportet, all of the ſecond Coniugation, but in other Coniugations, or in any of the paſſive voice, ſuch Verbs are never uſed in the plurall, as benefit, malefit, ſatisfit ſtatur ſedetu…, curritur, itur, and others in the Preter tenſe only, and Derivatives thence, as, puditum, pigitum, libitum, licitum, pertaeſum benefactum eſt vel fuit.
Other Verbs are moſt improperly called Imperſonalls being found familiarly to be Verbs Perſonall, though more frequently uſed to the third perſon, as delectat, attinet, accidit, &c. dapibus te delectas, or tu delectaris. And ſuch are Verbs of exempt power, as, fa…ſte dies veſperaſcis murmure ſaevo verberibuſque tonas: which are indeed more commonly read in the third Perſon ſingular, the rect being uſually underſtood, as, …luceſcit ſupply dies fulminat, ſupply Jupiter, pluit, ſupply Caelum.
Of Defectives in ſeverall affections.
All Verbs are defective being uſed adverbially, whether as Adverbs of intreating, as▪ te quaeſo, or quaeſumus, ſo vos amabo, ſodes for ſi audes, or as Adverbs of exhorting, age agedum, or of ſhunning, as lites apagite, or of granting, as dextram cedo, for cedito and cette for cedite. Likewiſe ſis ſultis, for ſivis ſi vultis, with their compounds, apageſis capſis caveſis, vide ſis, or of explaining, ilicet, ſcilicet, videlicet, for ire, ſcire, videre, licet.
Other Verbs are alſo defective in ſundry affections, whether they be of reioycing, as, ovat ovans ovatus, or of greeting: ave aveto avete avetote, avere. Salvebis ſalve ſalveto ſalvete ſalvetote ſalvere. valebis vale valeto valete valetote valere, or of affirming, aio ais ait aiunt, aiebam aiebas aiebat aiebatis aiebant, aias aiat aeiatis aiant aiens, inquam inquis inquit inquitis inquint, inquiebam inquiebas inquiebat inquiebatis inquiebant, inquiſti inquiſtis, inquies inquiet inque inquito, inqutas inquiat inquiatis inquiant inquiens.
Theſe Verbs of the preter tenſe have the reſt derived thence, fui tuli ſenui odi caepi memini, &c. moreover odi hath oſurus, and exoſus peroſus, Caepio and caepiam are ſeldome uſed but caeptum and cepturus, from caepi are very common. Memini hath memento and mementote with the Supine, mentum, whence is mentio: defit for deeſt hath defiet defiat defieri, Iufit for incipit, is ſingle, going alone, auſim from abſolet auſi of andes, duim from dui for dedi, axim and faxim from axi faxi, for egi feci, factus faciendum from abſolet facior, latum latus laturus from …lao a Greek Verb.
Laſtly it ſhould be remembred what was before advertiſed in the Nounes, that no ſimples be joyned in Conjugation that are not formed a like in compoſition, as, Sum may be coniugated with fui forem fore, becauſe abſum hath abfui abforem abfore fio hath factus and faciendus, becauſe tepefie hath tepefactus and tepe faciendus, fero hath tuli and latus, becauſe defero hath detuli, and delatus, which formes other Verbs will not imitate.
Of ADVERBES.
The Adverbs (being invariable, ſaving by a different figure) is ſo called becauſe it referreth to ſome other word, whether Noune, Verb, or other Adverb for a clearer declaration of their meaning in ſundry circumſtances, as, Vos autem ſocioſque omnes Dii quam diutiſſime conſervent incolumes.
The formes of Adverbs.
There be three kinds of Adverbs.
1. Some abſolutely ſignificant of themſelves vulgarly called Adverbs
2. Some reſpectively ſignificant, as uniting words or ſentences called Coniunctions.
3. Some meerely ſubſervient to oblique caſes of the Subſtantives, notifying either reſt, wherein reſideth ſome Act or paſsion, or motion whereto, or whence the ſame do tend.