A Short Introduction to Grammar, participle – interjection
Of a Participle.
A Participle is a part of ſpeech derived of a Verb: and taketh part of a Noun, as Gender, caſe, and declenſion: and part of a Verb, as Tenſe and ſignification: and part of both, as Number and figure.
There be four kinds of Participles:Four kinds of participles. one of the Preſent tenſe, another of the preter tenſe; one of the Future in rus, & another of the Future in dus.
A Participle of the Preſent tenſe hath his Engliſh ending in ing; Preſent tenſe.as Loving: & his Latine in ans or ens; as Amans, docens. And it is formed of the preterimperfect tenſe of the Indicative Mood by changing the laſt ſyllabe into …s: as, Amabam, amans. Audiebam, audiens. Auxiliabar, auxilians. Poteram, potens.
A Participle of the Future in rus betokeneth to do,The firſt Future tenſe in rus. like the Infinitive mood of the Active voice: as, Amaturus, To love, or about to love. And it is formed of the latter Supine, by putting to rus: as doctu, docturus.
A Participle of the Preter tenſe hath his EngliſhPreter tenſe. ending in d, t, or n; as loved, taught, ſlain: and his Latine in tus, ſus, xus; as, Amatus, viſus, nexus; and one in uus, as Mortuus. And it is formed of the latter Supine, by putting to s: as, Lectu, lectus; except Mortuus
A Participle of the Future in dus betokeneth to ſuffer,The ſecond Future tenſe in dus. like the Infinitive mood of the paſſive voice: as, Amandus, To be loved. And it is formed of the Genitive caſe of the Participle of the preſent tenſe by changing tis into dus▪ as, Amantis, amandus; Legentis, legendus. And it is alſo found to have the ſignification of the Participle of the Preſent tenſe: as, Legendis veteribus proficis, In reading old authours thou doſt profit.
Of a verb Active,Of an active come two participles. and of a verb Neuter which hath the Supines, come two Participles: one of the Preſent tenſe, and another of the Future in rus; as of Amo, cometh Amans, amaturus: of Curro, Currens, curſurus.
Of a verb Paſſive,Of a paſſive come two. whoſe Active hath the Supines, come two Participles: one of the Preter tenſe, and another of the Future tenſe in dus: as of Amor cometh amatus, amandus.
Of a verb deponent come three Participles:Of a deponent three. one of the Preſent tenſe, one of the Preter tenſe, and another of the Future in rus: as of Auxilior, cometh auxilians, auxiliatus, auxiliaturus.
And if the verb Deponent do govern an Accuſative caſe after him, it may form alſo a participle in dus: as of Loquor, loquendus.
Of a verb Commune come four participles:Of a commune four. as of Largior, cometh largiens, largiturus, largitus, largiendus.
Participles of the preſent tenſe be declined like Nouns adjectives of three articles: as,Participles declined like Adjectives. Nominativo hic, haec & hoc amans, Genitivo hujus amantis, Dativo huic amanti, &c.
Participles of other tenſes be declined like Nouns adjectives of three divers endings: as, Amaturus, amatura, amaturum: Amatus, amata, amatum: Amandus, amanda, amandum.
Of an Adverb.
AN Adverb is a part of ſpeech ioyned to the Verbs to declare their ſignification.
Adverbs ſome be of Time: as, Hodie, cras, herî, perendie, olim, aliquando, nuper, quando.
Some be of Place: as, Ubi, ibi, hìc, iſtìc, illìc, intùs, forís.
Some be of Number: as, Semel, bis, ter, quater, iterum.
Some be of Order: as, Indè, deinde, denique, poſtremó.
Some be of Asking or doubting: as, Cur, quare, unde, quorſum num nunquid.
Some be of Calling: as, Heus, ô, ehodum.
Some be of Affirming: as, Certè, nae, profectò, ſanè, ſcilicet, licèt, eſtó.
Some be of Denying: as, Non, haud, minimè, neutiquam, nequaquam.
Some be of Swearing: as, Pol, aedepol, hercle, medius-fidiús.
Some be of Exhorting: as, Eia, agè, agitè, agedum,
Some be of Flattering: as, Sodes, amabó▪
Some be of Forbidding: as, Nè.
Some be of Wiſhing: as, Utinam, ſi, ô ſi, ô.
Some be of Gathering together: as, Simul, unà, pariter, non modò, non ſolúm.
Some be of Parting; as, Seorſum, ſigillatim, vicatim.
Some be of Chooſing: as, Potiùs, imó.
Some be of A thing not finiſhed: as, Penè, ferè, propè, vix, modò, non.
Some be of Shewing▪ as. En, ecce.
Some be of Doubting: as, Forſan, forſitan, fortaſſis, fortaſſe.
Some be of Chance: as, Fortè, fortuitó.
Some be of Some be of
Some be of Likeneſs: as, Sic, ſicut, quaſi, ceu, tanquam, velut.
Some be of Qualitie: as, Bene, malè, doctè, fortiter.
Some be of Quantity: as. Multùm, parùm, minimùm, paululùm. plurimúm.
Some be of Compariſon: as, Tam, quàm, magìs, minùs, maximè.
Certain adverbs be compared: as, Doctè, doctiús, doctiſſimé. Fortiter, fortiùs, fortiſſimé. Propè▪ propiùs, proximé.
Alſo the voices of Prepoſitions, if they be ſet alone, not having any caſuall word to ſerve unto joyned with them, be not prepoſitions, but are changed into adverbs: as, Qui antè non cavet, pòſt dolebit, He that bewareth not afore, ſhall be ſorry afterward. Coràm laudare, & clàm vituperare, inhoneſtum eſt, In preſence to commend one, and behinde the back to diſpraiſe, is an unhoneſt part.
Of a Conjunction.
A Conjunction is a part of ſpeech that joyneth words and ſentences together.
Some be Of Conjunctions ſome be Copulatives: as, Et, que, quoque, ac, atque, nec, neque.
Some be Disjunctives: as, Aut, ve, vel, ſeu, ſive.
Some be Diſcretives: as, Sed, quidem, autem, verò, at, aſt.
Some be Cauſals: as, Nam, namque enim, etenim, quia, ut, quòd, quum, quoniam, and quando ſet for quoniam.
Some be Some be
Some be Conditionals: as, Si, ſin, modò, dum, dummodo.
Some be Exceptives: as, Ni, niſi, quin, alioquin, praeterquam.
Some be Interrogatives: as, Nè, an, utrùm, necne, anne, nonne.
Some be Illatives: as, Ergò, ideo, igitur, quare, itaque, proin.
Some be Adverſatives: as, Etſi, quanquam, quamvìs, licèt, eſtó.
Some be Redditives to the ſame: as, Tamen, attamen.
Some be Electives: as, Quàm, ac, atque.
Some be Diminutives: as, Saltem, vel.
Of a Prepoſition.
A Prepoſition is a part of Speech moſt commonly ſet before other parts, either in Appoſition, as Ad patrem; or elſe in Compoſition: as, Indoctus.
Theſe Prepoſitions following ſerve to the Accuſative caſe.
Ad,
To.
Apud,
At.
Ante,
Before.
Adverſus,
Againſt
Adverſum,
Againſt
Cis,
On this ſide.
Citra,
On this ſide.
Circum,
About.
Circa,
About.
Contra,
Againſt.
Erga,
Towards.
Extra,
without.
Intra,
within.
Inter,
Between.
Infra,
Beneath.
Juxta,
Beſide, or night ….
Ob.
For.
Pone,
Behinde.
Per,
By or through.
Prope,
Nigh.
Propter.
For.
Secundum,
After.
Poſt,
After.
Trans,
On the further ſide.
Ultra
Beyond.
Praeter,
Beſide.
Supra,
Above.
Circiter,
About.
Uſque,
Vntil.
Secus,
By.
Verſus,
Towards.
Penes,
In the power.
Where note, that Verius, is ſet after his caſual word: as, Londinum verſus, Towards London. And likewiſe may Penes be ſet alſo.
Theſe Prepoſitions following ſerve To the Ablative caſe.
A ab, abs,
From or fro.
Cum.
with.
Coram,
Before, or in preſence.
Clam,
Privily.
De,
Of or fro.
E,
Of or fro.
Ex,
Of or fro.
Pro,
For.
Prae,
Before, or in compariſon.
Palam,
Openly▪
Sine,
Without.
Abſque,
Without.
Tenus,
Vntil or up to.
Where note that if the caſual word joyned with Tenus be the plural number, it ſhall be put in the Genitive caſe, and be ſet before Tenus: as, Aurium tenus, Vp to the ears: Genuum tenus, Vp to the knees.
Note alſo, that the voices of Prepoſitions, being ſet alone without their caſual words be not Prepoſitions, but are changed into Adverbs: as is aforeſaid in the Adverb.
Theſe Prepoſitions following ſerve to both caſes.
In with this ſigne To, to the accuſative caſe: as, In urbem, Into the city. In without this ſigne To, to the ablative caſe: as, In te ſpes eſt, My hope is in thee. Sub noctem, A little before night.
Sub judice lis eſt, The matter is before the judge.
Super lapidem, VponUpon a ſtone.
Super viridi fronde, VponUpon a green leaf.
Subter terram, VnderUnder the earth.
Subter aquis, VnderUnder the water.
Of an Interjection.
AN Interjection is a part of ſpeech which betokeneth a ſudden paſſion of the minde; under an imperfect voice.
Some are of Mirth: as, Evax, vah.
Some are of Sorrow: as, Heu, hei.
Some are of Dread: as, Atat.
Some are of Marvelling: as, Papae.
Some are of Disdaining: as, Hem, vah.
Some are of Shunning: as, Apage.
Some are of Prayſing: as, Euge.
Some are of Scorning: as, Hui.
Some are of Exclamation: as, Proh deûm atque hominum fidem.
Some are of Curſing: as, Vae, malùm.
Some are of Laughing: as, Ha, ha, he.
Some are of Calling: as, Eho, oh, io.
Some are of Silence: as, Au. And ſuch others.