A Short Introduction to Grammar, verb

A Short Introduction to Grammar · verb

Of a Verb.

A Verb is a part of ſpeech declined with mood end tenſe,A verb. and betokeneth doing, as, Amo, I love: or ſuffering, as, Amor, I am loved: or being; as, Sum, I am.

Of verbs,Verbs Perſonals. ſuch as have perſons be called perſonals: as, Ego amo, tu amas. And ſuch as have no perſons, be called imperſonals: as, Taedet, It irketh; Oportet, it behoveth.

Of verbs perſonals there be five kinds; Active, paſſive, neuter, deponent, and commune.

A verb active endeth in o, Active.and betokeneth to do: as, Amo, I love; and by putting to r, it may be a paſſive: as, Amor.

A verb paſſive endeth in or, Paſſive.and betokeneth to ſuffer: as, Amor, I am loved; and by putting away r it may be an active: as, Amo.

A verb neuter endeth in o or m, Neuter.and cannot take r to make him a paſſive: as, Curro, I run; Sum, I am. And it is Engliſhed ſometime actively: as, Curro, I run: and ſometime paſſively; as, Aegroto, I am ſick.

A verb deponent endeth in r like a paſſive and yet in ſignification is but either active;Deponent. as, Loquor verbum, I ſpeak a word: or neuter; as, Glorior, I boaſt.

A verb commune endeth in r, Commune.and yet in ſignification is both active and paſſive: as, Oſculor a te, I kiſs thee; Oſculor à te, I am kiſſed of thee.

Moods.

THere be ſix moods:Moods ſix. The indicative, the imperative, the optative, the potential, the ſubjunctive and the infinitive.

The indicative mood ſheweth a reaſon true or falſe,Indicative. as, Ego amo, I love: or elſe asketh a queſtion: as, Amas tu? Doſt thou love?

The imperative biddeth or commandeth:Imperative. as, Ama, Love thou.

The optative wiſheth or deſireth,Optative. with theſe ſigns, Would God, I pray God, or God grant, as Utinam amem, I pray God I love: and hath commonly an adverb of wiſhing joyned with him.

The potential mood is known by theſe ſigns,Potential. May, can, might, would, ſhould, could, or ought: as, Amem, I may, or can love: without an adverb joyned with him.

The ſubjunctive mood hath evermore ſome conjunction joyned with him:Subjunctive. as, Cùm amarem, When I loved. And it is called the ſubjunctive mood, becauſe it dependeth of another verb in the ſame ſentence, either going before, or comming after: as, Cùm amarem, eram miſer; When I loved, I was a wretch.

The infinitive ſignifieth to do,Infinitive, to ſuffer, or to be, and hath neither number nor perſon, nor nominative caſe before him: and is known commonly by this ſigne, To: as, Amare, To love. Alſo when two verbs come together without any nominative caſe between them, then the latter ſhall be the infinitive mood: as, Cupio diſcere, I deſire to learn.

Gerunds.

THere be moreover belonging to the infinitive mood of verbs,Gerunds three; Di, Do, dum. certain voices called Gerunds ending in di, do, and dum: which have both the active and paſſive ſignification: as, Amandi, Of loving, or of being loved: Amando, In loving, or in being loved: Amandum, To love, or to be loved.

Supines.

THere be alſo appertaining unto verbs two ſupines:Supines two, in um, and u. the one ending in um, which is called the firſt ſupine, becauſe it hath the ſignification of the verb active; as, Eo amatum, I go to love: And the other in u, which is called the latter ſupine, becauſe it hath for the moſt part the ſignification paſſive; as, Difficilis amatu, Hard to be loved.

Tenſes.

THere be five tenſes or times:Tenſes five. the preſent tenſe, the preterimperfect, the preterperfect, the preterpluperfect, and the future tenſe.

The preſent tenſe ſpeaketh of the time that now is:Preſent tenſe. as, Amo, I love.

The preterimperfect tenſe ſpeaketh of the time not perfectly paſt:Preterimperfect. as, Amabam, I loved, or did love.

The preterperfect tenſe ſpeaketh of the time perfectly paſt,Preterperfect. with this ſigne Have: as, Amavi, I have loved.

The preterpluperfect tenſe ſpeaketh of the time more then perfectly paſt,Preterpluperfect. with this ſigne Had: as, A maveram, I had loved.

The future tenſe ſpeaketh of the time to come,Future. with this ſigne Shall or will: as, Amabo, I ſhall or will love▪

Perſons.

THere be alſo in verbs three perſons in both numbers: Perſons three.as, Singulariter, Ego amo, I love; Tu amas, Thou loveſt; Ille amat, He loveth. Pluraliter, Nos amamus, We love; Vos amatis, Ye love; Illiamant They love.

Conjugations.

VErbs have four conjugations,Conjugations four. which be known after this manner.

The firſt conjugation hath a long before re and ris: 1as, Amāre amāris.

The ſecond coniugation hath e long before re and ris: 2as, Docēre, Docēris.

The third conjugation hath e ſhort before re and ris: 3as, Legĕre, legĕris.

The fourth conjugation hath i long before re and ris: 4as, Audīre, audīris.

Verbs in O, of the four Conjugations be declined after theſe examples.

Indicative Mood, Preſent tenſe

Imperative Mood.

Optative Mood.

Potential Mood.

Subjunctive Mood.

Infinitive Mood.

Before we decline any verbs in or, for ſupplying of many tenſes lacking in all ſuch verbs, we muſt learn to decline this verb Sum in this wiſe following,

Sum, es, fui, eſſe, futurus: To be.

Indicative Mood.

Imperative Mood.

Optative Mood.

Potential Mood.

Subjunctive Mood.

Infinitive Mood.

Verbs in Or of the four Conjugations be declined after theſe examples.

AMor, amâris vel amâre: amatus ſum vel fui, amâri: amatus, amandus. To be loved.

Doceor, doc…is vel docêre: doctus ſum vel fui, doceri: doctus, docendus. To be taught.

Legor, legeris vel legere: lectus ſum vel fui, legi▪ lectus, legendus. To be read.

Audior, audîris vel audîre; auditus ſum vel fui, audiri: auditus, audiendus. To be heard.

Indicative Mood.

Imperative Mood.

Optative Mood.

Potential Mood.

Subjunctive Mood.

Infinitive Mood.

Of Certain Verbs going out of Rule, which are declined and formed in manner following.

POſſum potes, potui, poſſe: potens: To may or can Volo, vis, volui, velle: volendi, volendo volendum: ſupinis caret, volens: To will, or to be willing.

Nolo, non vis, nolui, nolle: nolendi, nolendo, nolendum: ſupinis caret, nolens: To nill, or to be unwilling.

Malo, mavis malui, malle: malendi, malendo, malendum: ſupinis caret, malens: To have rather, or to be more willing.

Edo, edis vel es, edi, edere vel eſſe: edendi, edendo, edendum: eſum eſu, vel eſtum, eſtu: edens, eſurus, vel eſturus: To eat.

Fio, fis, factus ſum vel fui, fieri: factus, faciendus: To be made, or to be done.

Fero, fers, tuli ferre: ferendi, ferendo, ferendum: latum latu: ferens, laturus: To bear, or ſuffer.

Feror, ferris vel ferre, latus ſum vel fui, ferri: latus, ferendus: To be born or ſuffered.

Indicative.

Imperative Mood. Preſent tenſe ſingular,

Optative Mood.

The Potential and the Subjunctive mood be formed like the optative in voice, and do differ onelyonly in ſignification and ſigne of the mood.

Infinitive Mood.

Eo and Queo make Ibam and Quibam in the preterimperfect tenſe of the Indicative mood, and Ibo and Quibo in the future tenſe: and in all other moods, and tenſes are varied like verbs in o of the fourth Conjugation; ſaving that they make their gerunds, Eundi, cundo, eundum. Queundi, quendo, queundum.

Of the preterperfect tenſe of the Indicative mood,Tenſes formed of the preterperfect tenſe. be formed the preterpluperfect tenſe of the ſame mood; the preterperfect tenſe, the preterpluperfect tenſe, and the future tenſe, of the Optative mood, the Potential mood, and the Subjunctive mood; the preterperfect tenſe, and the preterpluperfect tenſe of the Infinitive mood: as of amavi, are formed Amaveram, amaverim, amavero, by changing i into o ſhort: and, Amaviſſem, amaviſſe, keeping i ſtill.

IMperſonals be declined throughout all Moods and Tenſes in the voice of the third perſon ſingular onelyonly: Imperſonals.as, Delectat, delectabat, delectavit, delectaverat, delectabit. Decet, decebat, decuit, decuerat, decebit, decere. Studetur ſtudebatur, ſtuditum eſt vel fuit, ſtuditum erat vel fuerat, ſtudebitur, &c.

And they have commonly before their Engliſh, this ſigne It: as, It delighteth, Delectat. It becometh not, Non decet.