A Short Introduction to Grammar, Subpart 1 – Subpart 19

A Short Introduction to Grammar · Subpart 1 – Subpart 19

The caſe of the Relative.

WHen there cometh no nominative caſe between the relative and the verb, the relative ſhall be the nominative caſe to the verb: as, Miſer eſt ^a qui nummos ^b admiratur, Wretched is that perſon which is in love with money.

But when there cometh a nominative caſe between the relative and the verb, the relative ſhall beſuch caſe as the verb will have after him: as, Felix, ^b quem ^aa faciunt aliena ^a pericula cautum. Happy is he whom other mens harins do make to beware.

As the relative may be the nominative caſe to the verb, ſo it may be the ſubſtantive to the adjective that is joyned with him, or that cometh after him: as, Divitias amare noli, ^a quod omnium eſt ^b ſordidiſſimum, Love not thou riches, which to do is the moſt beggerly thing in the world.

Nouns interrogatives and indefinites follow the rule of the relative: as, Quis, uter, qualis, quantus, quotus, &c. which evermore come before the verb, like as the relative doth: as, Hei mihi! qualis erat? Talis erat, ^b qualem nunquam ^• vidi.

Yet here is to be underſtood and noted, that the relative is not always governed of the verb that it cometh before, but ſometime of the infinitive mood that cometh after the verb: as, ^b Quibus voluiſti me gratias ^a agere, egi, What perſons thou wouldeſt me to thank, I have thanked.

Sometime of a participle: as, ^b Quibus rebus ^a adductus feciſti? With what things moved didſt thou it?

Sometime of the gerund: as, ^b Quae nunc non eſt ^a narrandi locus, Which things at this preſent is no time to tell.

Sometime of the prepoſition ſet before him: as, ^b Quem ^a in locum deducta res ſit, vides, VntoUnto what ſtate the matter is now brought, thou ſeeſt.

Sometime of the ſubſtantive that it doth accord with; as, Senties ^b qui ^a vir ſiem Thou ſhalt perceive what a fellow I am. Albeit in this manner of ſpeaking, qui is an indefinite, and not a relative.

Sometime of a noun partitive or diſtributive: as, ^b Quarum rerum ^a utram minùs velim, non facilè poſſum exiſtimare, Of the which two things, whether I would with leſs will have, I cannot eaſily eſteem.

Sometime it is put in the genitive caſe, by reaſon of a ſubſtantive coming next after him: as, Ego illum non novi, ^b cujus ^a cauſâ hoc incipis, I knew him not, for whoſe cauſe thou beginneſt this.

Sometime it is otherwiſe governed of a noun ſubſtantive: as, Omnia tibi dabuntur, ^b quibus ^a opus habes. All things ſhall be given thee which thou haſt need of.

Sometime of an adverb: as, ^b Cui utrùma obviàm procedam nondum ſtatui, Whom whether I will go to meet with, I have not yet determined.

Sometime it is put in the ablative caſe with this ſigne then, & is governed of the comparative degree coming after him: as Utere virtute, ^b quâ nihil eſta melius, Vſe vertue, then the which nothing is better.

Sometime it is not governed at all, but is put in the abla…ive caſe abſolute: as, Quantus erat Julius Caeſar. ^ab quo Imperatore, Romani primùm Britanniam ingreſſi ſunt! How worthy a man was Iulius Ceſar, under whoſe conduct the Romans firſt entred into Britain!

Alſo when it ſignifiith an inſtrument where with a thing is to be done, it is put in the ablative caſe: as, Ferrum habuit, ^b quo ſea occideret, He had a knife, wherewith he would have ſlain himſelf.

When a relative cometh between two ſubſtantives of divers genders, it may indifferently accord with either of them: as, ^a Avis, ^b quae paſſer appellatur; or, Avis, ^b qui ^a paſſer appellatur, The bird which is called a ſparrow. Yea, though the ſubſtantives be of divers numbers alſo: as, Eſtne ea ^a Lutetia, ^b quam nos Pariſios dicimus? Is not that called Lutetia, that we do call Paris? or elſe, Eſtne ea Lutetia, ^b quos nos ^a Pariſios dicimus?

Conſtructions of nouns Subſtantives.

WHen two ſubſtantives come together betokening divers things, the latter ſhall be the genitive caſe: as, ^a Facundia ^b Ciceronis, The eloquence of Cicero. ^a Opus ^b Virgilii, The work of Virgil. ^a Amator ^b ſtudiorum, A lover of ſtudies. ^a Dogma ^b Platonis, The opinion of Plato. But if they belong both to one thing, they ſhall be put both in one caſe: as, ^a Pater meus ^b vir amat ^a me ^b puerum, My father being a man loveth me a child.

When the Engliſh of this word res, is put with an adjective, ye may put away res, and put the adjective in the neuter gender, like a ſubſtantive: as, ^ab Multa me impedierunt, Many things have letted me. And being ſo put, it may be the ſubſtantive to the adjective: as, ^a Pauca his ^b ſimilia, A few things like unto theſe. ^a Nonnulla ^b hujuſmodi, Many things of like ſort.

An adjective in the neuter gender, put alone without a ſubſtantive, ſtandeth for a ſubſtantive, and may have a genitive caſe after him, as if it were a ſubſtantive: as, ^a Multum ^b lucri, Much gain. ^a Quantum ^b negotii? How much buſineſs? ^a Id▪ operis, That work.

Words importing indument of any quality or property, to the praiſe or diſpraiſe of a thing, coming after a noun ſubſtantive, or a verb ſubſtantive, may be put in the ablative caſe, or in the genitive: ſtate the matter is now brought, thou ſeeſt.

Sometime of the ſubſtantive that it doth accord with; as, Sentiesb quia vir ſiem Thou ſhalt perceive what a fellow I am. Albeit in this manner of ſpeaking, qui is an indefinite, and not a relative.

Sometime of a noun partitive or diſtributive: as, ^• Quarum rerum ^a utram minùs velim, non facilè poſſum exiſtimare, Of the which two things, whether I would with leſs will have, I cannot eaſily eſteem.

Sometime it is put in the genitive caſe, by reaſon of a ſubſtantive coming next after him: as, Ego illum non novi, ^b cujus ^a cauſâ hoc incipis, I knew him not, for whoſe cauſe thou beginneſt this.

Sometime it is otherwiſe governed of a noun ſubſtantive: as Omnia tibi dabuntur, ^b quibus ^a opus habes. All things ſhall be given thee which thou haſt need of.

Sometime of an adverb: as, ^b Cui utrùm ^a obviàm procedam nondum ſtatui, Whom whether I will go to meet with, I have not yet determined.

Sometime it is put in the ablative caſe with this ſigne then, & is governed of the comparative degree coming after him: as Utere virtute, ^b quâ nihil eſt ^• melius, Vſe vertue, then the which nothing is better.

Sometime it is not governed at all, but is put in the abla ive caſe abſolute: as, Quantus erat Julius Caeſar. ^ab quo Imperatore, Romani primùm Britanniam ingreſſi ſunt! How worthy a man was Iulius Ceſar, under whoſe conduct the Romans firſt entred into BritIin!

Alſo when it ſignifiith an inſtrument wherewith a thing is to be done, it is put in the ablative caſe: as, Ferrum habuit, ^b quo ſe ^a occideret, He had a knife, wherewith he would have ſlain himſelf.

When a relative cometh between two ſubſtantives of divers genders, it may indifferently accord with either of them: as, ^a Avis, ^b quae paſſer appellatur; or, Avis, ^b qui ^a paſſer appellatur, The bird which is called a ſparrow. Yea, though the ſubſtantives be of divers numbers alſo: as, …ſtne ea ^a Lutetia, ^b quam nos Pariſios dicimus? Is not that called Lutetia, that we do call Paris? or elſe, Eſtne ea Lutetia, ^b quos nos ^a Pariſios dicimus?

Conſtructions of nouns Subſtantives.

WHen two ſubſtantives come together betokening divers things, the latter ſhall be the genitive caſe: as, ^a Facundia ^b Ciceronis, The eloquence of Cicero. ^a Opus ^b Virgilii, The work of Virgil. ^a Amator ^b ſtudiorum, A lover of ſtudies. ^a Dogma ^b Platonis, The opinion of Plato. But if they belong both to one thing, they ſhall be put both in one caſe: as, ^• Peter meus ^b vir amat ^a me ^b puerum, My father being a man loveth me a child.

When the Engliſh of this word res, is put with an adjective, ye may put away res, and put the adjective in the neuter gender, like a ſubſtantive: as, ^ab Multa me impedierunt, Many things have letted me. And being ſo put, it may be the ſubſtantive to the adjective: as, ^a Pauca his ^b ſimilia, A few things like unto theſe. ^a Nonnulla ^b hujuſmodi, Many things of like ſort.

An adjective in the neuter gender, put alone without a ſubſtantive, ſtandeth for a ſubſtantive, and may have a genitive caſe after him, as if it were a ſubſtantive: as, ^a Multum ^b lucri, Much gain. ^a Quantum ^b negotii? How much buſineſs? ^a Id ^b operis, That work.

Words importing indument of any quality or property, to the praiſe or diſpraiſe of a thing, coming after a noun ſubſtantive, or a verb ſubſtantive, may be put in the ablative caſe, or in the genitive: as, ^a Puer ^b bona-indole; or, ^a Puer ^b bonae-indolis. A child of good towardneſs. ^a Puer ^b boni-ingenii, or, ^a puer ^b bono-ingenio. A child of a good wit.

Opus and Uſus, when they be Latine for need, require an ablative caſe: as: ^a Opus eſt mihi tuo ^b judicio, I have need of thy judgement. Viginti ^b minis ^a uſus eſt filio, My ſon hath need of twenty pounds.

Conſtructions of Adjectives.

The Genitive caſe.

ADjectives that ſignifie deſire, knowledge, remembrance, ignorance, or forgetting, and ſuch other like require a genitive caſe: as, ^a Cupidus ^b auri, Covetous of money. ^a Peritus ^b belli, Expert of warfare. ^a Ignarus ^b omnium, Ignorant of all things ^a Fidens ^b animi, Bold of heart. ^a Dubius ^b mentis, Doubtful of mind. ^a Memor ^b praeteriti, Mindful of that is paſt. ^a Reus ^b furti, Accuſed of theft.

Nouns partitives and certain interrogatives, with certain nouns of number, require a genitive caſe: as, Aliquis, uter, neuter, nemo, nullus, ſolus, unus, medius quiſque, quiſquis, quicunque, quidam, quis for aliquis, or quis an interrogative: Unus, duo, tres. Primus, ſecundus, tertius, &c. as, ^aAliquis ^bnoſtrûm, ^aPrimus ^bomnium.

When a queſtion is asked, the anſwer in Latine muſt be made by the ſame caſe of a noun, pronoun, or participle, and by the ſame tenſe of a verb that the queſtion is asked by: as. ^a Cujus eſt fundus? ^b Vicini. Quid ^a agitur in ludo literario? ^b Studetur. Except a queſtion be asked by Cujus, ja, um: as, ^a Cuja eſt ſententia? ^b Ciceronis. Or by a word that may govern divers caſes: as ^b Quanti ^a emiſti librum? ^bb Parvo. Or except I muſt anſwer by one of theſe poſſeſſives, Meus, tuus, ſuus, noſter, veſter, as, ^a Cujus eſt domus? non ^b veſtra, ſed ^bb noſtra.

Nouns of the comparative and the ſuperlative degree, being put partitively, that is to ſay, having after them this Engliſh of, or among, require a genitive caſe: as, ^b Aurium ^a mollior eſt ſiniſtra, Of the ears the left is the ſofter. Cicero ^b Oratorum ^a eloquentiſſimus, Cicero the moſt eloquent of Oratours.

Nouns of the comparative degree, having then or by after them, do cauſe the word following to be the ablative caſe: as, ^a Frigidior ^b glacie, More cold then ice. ^a Doctior ^b multo, Better learned by a great deal. Uno ^• pede ^a altior▪ higher by a foot.

The Dative caſe.

ADjectives that betoken profit or diſprofit, likeneſs or unlikeneſs, pleaſure, ſubmitting, or belonging to any thing, require a dative caſe: as, Labor eſt ^a utilis ^• corpori, Labour is profitable to the body. ^a Aequalis ^b Hectori, Equal to Hector. ^a Idoneus ^b bello, Fit for war. ^a Jucundus ^b omnibus, Pleaſant to all perſons. ^b Parenti ^a ſupplex, Suppliant to his father. ^b Mihi ^a Proprium, Proper to me.

Likewiſe nouns adjectives of the paſſive ſignification in bilis, and participials in dus: as, ^a Flebilis, ^aa flendus ^b omnibus, To be lamented of all men. ^a Formidabilis, ^aa formidandus ^b hoſti, To be feared of his enemy.

The Accuſative caſe.

THe meaſure of length, breadth, or thickneſs of any thing, is put after adjectives in the accuſative caſe, and ſometime in the ablative caſe: as, Turris ^a alta ^b centum-pedes, A Tower an hundred foot high. Arbor ^a lata ^b tres-digitos, A tree three fingers broad. Liber ^a craſſus ^b tres-pollices, vel ^bb tribus-pollicibus, A book three inches thick.

The Ablative caſe.

ADjectives ſignifying fulneſs, emptineſs, plenty, or wanting, require an ablative caſe, and ſometime a genitive: as, ^b Copiis ^aabundans. Crura ^bthymo ^aplena. ^aVacuus ^birâ, ^bbirae, ab irâ. Nulla epiſtola ^ainanis ^bre aliquâ. ^aDitiſſimus ^bagri, ^bStultorum ^aplena ſunt omnia. Quis niſi ^bmentis ^ainops, oblatum reſpuat aurum? ^aInteger ^bvitae, ^bſceleríſque ^apurus, non eget Mauri jaculis, nec arcu. ^aExpers ^bomnium. Corpus ^ainane animae.

Theſe Adjectives, Dignus, indignus, praeditus, captus, contentus, with ſuch others, will have an ablative caſe: as, ^aDignus ^bhonore. ^aCaptus ^boculis. ^bVirtute ^apraeditus. ^bPaucis ^acontentus.

Where note that Dignus, indignus, and contentus, may in ſtead of the ablative caſe have an infinitive mood of a verb: as, ^a Dignus ^b laudari, worthy to be praiſed. ^a Contentus in pace ^b vivere. Content to live in peace.

Conſtruction of the Pronoun.

THeſe genitive caſes of the primitives, Mei, tui, ſui, noſtrâ and veſtri, be uſed when ſuffering or paſſion be ſignified: as, ^a Pars tui. ^a Amor ^b mei. But when poſſeſſion is ſignified, Meus, tuus, ſuus, noſter, and veſter, be uſed, as, ^a Ars ^b tua. ^a Imago ^b tua.

Theſe genitive caſes, Noſtrûm, veſtrûm, be uſed after diſtributives, partitives, comparatives, and ſuperlatives: as, ^a Nemo ^b veſtrûm. ^a Aliquis ^b noſtrûm. ^a Major ^b veſtrûm. ^a Maximus natu ^b noſtrûm.

Conſtruction of the Verb: and firſt with the Nominative caſe.

SUm, forem, fio, exiſto, and certain verbs paſſives, as, Dicor. vocor, ſalutor, appellor, habeor, exiſtimor, videor, with other like, will have ſuch caſe after them, as they have before them: as, ^a Fama ^aa eſt ^b malum, Fame is an evil thing. ^a Malus culturâ ^aa fit ^b bonus, An evil perſon by due ordering or governance is made good. ^a Croeſus ^aa vocatur ^b dives, Creſus is called rich. ^• Horatius ^aa ſalutatur ^b Poeta, Horace is ſaluted by the name of a Poet. Malo ^a te ^b divitem ^aa eſſe, quàm haberi, I had rather thou wert rich indeed then ſo accounted.

Alſo verbs that betoken bodily moving, going, reſting, or doing, which be properly called verbs of geſture: as, Eo, incedo, curro, ſedeo, appareo, bibo, cubo, ſtudeo, dormio, ſomnio, & ſuch other like, as they have before them a nominative caſe of the doer or ſufferer, ſo may they have after them a nominative caſe of a noun, or participle, declaring the manner or circumſtance of the doing or ſuffering: as, ^a Incedo claudus, I go lame. ^a Petrus ^aa dormit ^b ſecurus, Peter ſleepeth void of care. ^a Tu ^aa cubas ^b ſupinus, Thou lieſt in bed with thy face upward. ^a Somnias ^b vigilans, Thou dreameſt waking. ^a Studeto ^b ſtans, Study thou ſtanding. And likewiſe in the accuſative caſe, as, Non decet quenquam ^aa meiere ^• currentem, aut mandentem, It doth not become any man to piſs running, or eating.

And generally when the word that goeth before the verb, and the word that cometh after the verb belong both to one thing, that is to ſay, have reſpect either to other, or depend either of other, they ſhall be put both in one caſe, whether the verb be tranſitive or intranſitive, of what kind ſoever the verb be: as, ^a Loquor ^• frequens. I ſpeak often. ^a Taceo ^b multus, I hold my peace much. ^a Scribo epiſtolas ^b rariſſimus, I write letters very ſeldom. Nè ^a aſſueſcas ^aa bibere vinum ^b jejunus, Accuſtom not thy ſelf to drink wine next thy heart, or not having eaten ſomewhat before.

The Genitive caſe.

THis verb Sum, when it betokeneth or importeth poſſeſſion, owning or otherwiſe pertaining to a thing, as a token, property, duty or guiſe, it cauſeth the noun, pronoun, or participle following to be put in the genitive caſe: as, Haec veſtis ^a eſt ^b patris, This garment is my fathers. ^b Inſipientis ^a eſt dicere, non putâram, It is the property of a fool to ſay I had not thought. Extremae ^a eſt ^b demontiae diſcere dediſcēda, It is a point of the greateſt folly in the world, to learn things that muſt afterward be learned otherwiſe. ^b Orantis ^a eſt nihil niſi coeleſtia cogitare, It is the duty of a man that is ſaying his prayers, to have mind on nothing but heavenly things. Except that theſe pronouns, Meus, tuus, ſuus, noſter, and veſter, ſhall in ſuch manner of ſpeaking be uſed in the nominative caſe: as, Hic codex ^a eſt ^b meus. This book is mine. Haec domus ^a eſt ^b veſtra, This houſe is yours. Non ^a eſt mentiri ^b meum, It is not my guiſe (or property) to lie. ^b Noſtrum ^a eſt injuriam non inferre, It is our parts not to do wrong. ^b Tuum ^a eſt omnia juxtà pati, It is thy part (or duty) to ſuffer all things alike.

Verbs that betoken to eſteem or regard require a genitive caſe betokening the value: as, ^b Parvi ^a ducitur probitas, Honeſty is reckoned little worth. ^b Maximi ^a penditur nobilitas, Nobleneſs of birth is very much regarded.

Verbs of accuſing, condemning, warning, purging, quitting, or aſſoyling, will have a genitive caſe of the crime, or of the cauſe, or of the thing that one is accuſed, condemned, or warned of: or elſe an ablative caſe, moſt cōmonly without a prepoſition: as, Hic ^b furti ſe ^a alligat, vel ^bb furto. ^a Admonuit me ^b errati, vel ^bb errato. ^b De pecuniis-repe…undis ^a damnatus eſt.

Satago, miſereor, miſereſco, require a genitive caſe: as, Rerum ſuarum ^aſatagit. ^aMiſerere ^bmei Deus.

Reminiſcor, obliviſcor, recordor, and memini, will have a genitive, or an accuſative caſe: as, ^aReminiſcor ^bhiſtoriae. ^aObliviſcor ^bcarminis. ^aRecordor ^bpueritiam, ^aObliviſcor ^blectionem. ^aMemini ^btui, vel ^bbte, I remember thee. ^aMemini ^bde te, I ſpake of thee. ^aEgeo, or indigeo, ^btui, vel ^bbte, I have need of thee. ^aPotior ^burbis, I conquer the city. ^aPotior ^bvoto, I obtain my deſire.

The Dative caſe.

ALl manner of verbs put acquiſitively, that is to ſay, with theſe tokens to or for after them, will have a dative caſe: as, Non ^b omnibus ^a dormio, I ſleep not to all men. ^b Huic ^a habeo, non ^b tibi, I have it for this man, and not for thee.

To this rule do belong verbs betokening

To Profit or diſprofit: as, Commodo, incommodo, noceo.

To Compare: as, Comparo, compono, confero.

To Give or reſtore: as, Dono, reddo, refero.

To Promiſe or to pay: as, Promitto, polliceor, ſolvo,

To Command or ſhew: as, Impero, indico, monſtro.

To Truſt: as, Fido, confido, fidem habeo.

To Obey, or to be againſt: as, Obedio, adulor, repugno.

To Threaten, or to be angry with: as, Minor, indignor, iraſcor.

Alſo Sum, with his compounds, except Poſſum: Alſo verbs compound with ſatìs, bene and malé: as, Satisfacio, benefacio, malefacio: Finally, certain verbs compound with theſe prepoſitions, Prae, ad, con, ſub, ante, poſt, ob, in, and inter, will have a dative caſe: as, Praeluceo, adjaceo, condono, ſuboleo, anteſto, poſthabeo, objicio, inſulto, interſero.

This verb Sum, es, fui, may oftentimes be put for habeo, and then the word that ſeemeth in the Engliſh to be the nominative caſe, ſhall be put in the dative, and the word that ſeemeth to be the accuſative caſe, ſhall be the nominative, as ^aEſt ^b mihi ^a mater, I have a mother. Non ^a eſt ^b mihi ^a argentum, I have no money. But if Sum be the infinitive mood, this nominative ſhall be turned into the accuſative, as, Scio ^b tibi non eſſe ^a argentum, I know thou haſt no money.

Alſo when Sum hath after him a nominative caſe and a dative, the word, that is the nominative caſe, may be alſo the dative: ſo that Sum may in ſuch manner of ſpeaking be conſtrued with a double dative caſe; as, ^a Sum ^b tibi ^bb praeſidio, I am to thee a ſafeguard. Haecres ^a eſt mihi ^bb voluptati, This thing is to me a pleaſure.

And not onelyonly Sum, but alſo many other verbs may in ſuch manner of ſpeaking have a double dative caſe; one of the perſon, and another of the thing: as, ^a Do ^b tibi veſtem ^bb pignori. ^a Verto hoc ^b tibi ^bb vitio. Hoc tu ^b tibi ^bb laudi ^a ducis.

The Accuſative caſe.

VErbs tranſitives are all ſuch as have after them an accuſative caſe of the doer or ſufferer; whether they be active, commune, or deponent: as, Uſus ^b promptos ^a facit. Foeminae ^a ludificantur ^b viros. ^a Largitur ^b pecuniam.

Alſo verbs neuters may have an accuſative caſe of their own ſignification: as, Endymionis ^b ſomnum ^a dormis. ^a Gaudeo ^b gaudium. ^a Vivo ^b vitam.

Verbs of asking, teaching, and arraying, will have two accuſative caſes; one of the ſufferer, and another of the thing, as, ^a Rogo ^b te ^bb pecuniam. ^a Doceo ^b te ^bb literas. ^bb Quod ^b te jamdudum ^a hortor. ^a Exuo ^b me ^bb gladium.

The Ablative caſe.

ALl verbs require an ablative caſe of the inſtrument, put with this ſigne with before it, or of the cauſe, or of the manner of doing: as, ^a Ferit cum ^b gladio. ^a Taceo ^b metu. Summâ ^b eloquentiâ cauſam ^a egit.

The word of price is put after verbs in the ablative caſe: as, ^a Vendidi ^b auro. ^a Emptus ſum ^b argento: Except theſe genitives, when they be put alone without ſubſtantives, Tanti quanti, pluris, minoris, tantivis, tantidem, quantivis, quantilibet, quanticunque: as Quanti ^• mercatus es hunc equum? Certè ^b pluris quàm ^a vellem. Saving that after verbs of price we ſhal always uſe theſe adverbs. Cariùs, viliùs, meliùs, and pejùs, inſtead of their caſuals.

Verbs of plenty or ſcarceneſs, filling, emptying, loading or unloading, will have an ablative caſe: as, ^aAffluis ^bopibus, ^aCares ^bvirtute. ^aExpleote ^bfabulis. ^aSpoliavit me ^b bonis omnibus. ^aOneras ſtomachum ^b cibo. ^a Levabo te hoc ^b onere, Likewiſe, Utor, fungor, fruor, potior, laetor, gaudeo, dignor, muto, munero, communico, afficio, proſequor, impertio, impertior.

Verbs that betoken receiving, or diſtance, or taking away, will have an ablative caſe, with, à, ab, è ex, or de: as, ^a Accepit literas ^b à Petro. ^a Audivi ^b exnuncio. Longè ^a diſtat ^b à nobis. ^a Eripui te ^b è malis. And this ablative after verbs of taking away may be turned into a dative: as, ^a Subtraxit ^b mihi cingulum. ^a Eripuit ^b illi vitam.

Verbs of comparing or exceeding, may have an ablative caſe of the word that ſignifieth the meaſure of exceeding: as ^a Praefero hunc multis ^b gradibus, I prefer this man by many degrees. ^b Paulo intervallo illum ^a ſuperat, He is beyond the other but a little ſpace.

A noun, or a pronoun ſubſtantive, joyned with a participle, expreſſed or underſtood, and having none other word whereof it may be governed it ſhall be put in the ablative caſe abſolute: as, ^a Rege ^b veniente, hoſtes fugerunt, The King coming, the enemies fled. ^a Me ^b duce, vinces, I being captain, thou ſhalt overcome.

And it may be reſolved by any of theſe words, Dum, cùm, quando, ſi, quanquam, poſtquam: as, ^aRege ^bveniente, id eſt, Dum veniret rex. ^a Me ^b duce; id eſt, Si ego dux fuero.

Conſtructions of Paſſives.

A Verb Paſſive will have after him an ablative caſe with a prepoſition, or ſometime a dative of the doer: as, Virgiliusa legitur ^b a me. ^b Tibi fama ^a petatur. And the ſame ablative or dative ſhall be the nominative caſe to the verb, if it be made by the active: as, ^a Ego ^b lego Virgilium. ^b Petas ^a tu famam.

Gerunds.

GErunds and Supines will have ſuch caſes as the verbs that they come of: as, Otium ^a ſcribendi ^b literas. Ad ^aconſolandum ^b tibi. Auditum ^b Poetas.

VVHen the Engliſh of the infinitive mood cometh after any of theſe nouns ſubſtantives, Studium, cauſa, tempus, gratia, otium, occaſio, libido, ſpes, opportunitas, voluntas, modus, ratio, geſtus, ſatietas, poteſtas, licentia, conſuetudo, conſilium, vis, norma, amor, cupido, locus. & others like, if the verb ſhould be of the active voice, it ſhall be made by the gerund in di: And the ſame gerund in di is uſed alſo after certain adjectives: as, ^a Cupidus ^b viſendi. ^a Cortus ^b eundi. ^a Peritus ^b jaculandi. ^a Gnarus ^b bellandi.

WHen ye have an Engliſh of the participle of the preſent tenſe, with this ſigne of or with, coming after a noun adjective, it ſhall in Latine making be put in the gerund in do: as, ^a Defeſſus ſum ^b ambulando. I am weary of walking.

Alſo the Engliſh of the participle of the preſent tenſe coming without a ſubſtantive, with this ſign in or by before him, ſhall in Latine making be put in the gerund in do: as, Caeſarb dando, ^b ſublevando, ^b ignoſcendo, gloriam ^a adeptus eſt. ^b In apparando totum hunc ^a conſumunt diem. And the ſame gerund in do is uſed either without a prepoſition, or with one of theſe prepoſitions, A, ab, de, è, ex, cum, in, pro: as, Deterrent ^a à ^b bibendo. ^a Ab ^b amando. Cogitat ^a de ^b edendo. Ratio bene ſcribendi ^a cum ^b loquendo conjuncta eſt.

THe Engliſh of the infinitive mood, coming after a reaſon, and ſhewing the cauſe of a reaſon, may be put in the gerund in dum: as, Dies mihi ut ſatis ſit ^a ad agendum, vereor; I fear that a whole day will not be enough for me to do my buſineſs.

The gerund in dum is uſed after one of theſe prepoſitions, Ad, ob propter, inter ante: as. ^a Ad ^b capiendum hoſtes. ^a Ob (vel ^a propter) ^b redimendum captivos. ^a Inter ^b coenandum. ^a Ante ^b damnandum.

And when ye have this Engliſh muſt or ought in a reaſon, where it ſeemeth to be made by this verb oportet, it may be put in the gerund in dum, with this verb eſt ſet imperſonally, and then the word, that ſeemeth in the Engliſh to be the Nominative caſe, ſhall be put in the Dative: as, ^a Abeundum eſt ^b mihi, I muſt go hence.

Supines.

THe firſt Supine hath his active ſignification, and is put after Verbs and Participles, that bet…ken moving to a place: as ^a Eo ^b cubitum. ^b Spectatum ^a admiſſi, riſum teneatis amici?

The latter Supine hath his Paſſive ſignification, and is put after Nouns Adjectives: as, Dignus, indignus, turpis, foedus, proclivis, facilis, odioſus, mirabilis, optimus, and ſuch like. And the ſame Supine may alſo be turned into the Infinitive mood paſſive; as it may be indifferently ſaid in Latine, ^a Facile ^b factu, or ^a Facile ^b fieri, Eaſie to be done. ^a Turpe ^b dictu, or ^a Turpe ^b dici, Vnhoneſt to be ſpoken.

The Time.

NOuns that betoken part of time be commonly put in the ablative caſe: as, ^b Nocte ^a vigilas. ^a Luce ^a dormis. But nouns that betoken continual term of time, without ceaſing or intermiſſion, be commonly uſed in the accuſative caſe: as, ^b Sexaginta annos ^a natus. ^b Hyemem totam ^a ſtertis.

Space of Place.

NOuns that betoken ſpace between place and place, be commonly put in the accuſative caſe: as, ^b Pedem hinc nè ^a diſceſſeris, Go not thou a foot from this place.

A Place.

NOuns Appellatives, or names of great places, be put with a prepoſition, if they follow a verb that ſignifieth In a place, To a place, From a place, or By a place: as, ^a Vivo in Anglia. ^a Veni ^• per Galliam ^bb in Italiam. ^a Proficiſcor ^b ex urbe.

In a place, or At a place, if the place be a proper name of the firſt or ſecond declenſion, and the ſingular number, it ſhall be put in the genitive caſe: as, ^a Vixit ^b Londini. ^a Studuit ^b Oxoniae.

And theſe Nouns, Humi, domi, militiae, belli, be likewiſe uſed: as ^a Procumbit ^b humi bos. ^b Militiae ^a enutritus eſt. ^b Domi ^bb bellíque otioſi ^a vivitis.

But if the place be of the third declenſion, or the plural number, it ſhall be put in the dative, or in the ablative caſe, as, ^a Militavit ^b Carthagini, or ^bb Carthagine. ^b Athenis ^a natus eſt. Likewiſe we ſay, ^b Ruri, or ^bb Rure ^a educatus eſt.

To a place, if the place be a proper name, it ſhal be put in the accuſative caſe without a prepoſition: as, ^a Eo ^b Romam. Likewiſe, ^a Confero me ^b domum. ^a Recipio me ^b rus.

From a place, or By a place, if the place be a proper name, it ſhall be put in the ablative caſe without a prepoſition: as, ^a Diſceſſit ^b Londino. ^a Profectus eſt ^b Londino (vel per Londinum) Cantabrigiam. Domus and Rus be likewiſe uſed: as, ^a Abiit ^b domo. ^b Rure reverſus eſt.