Abstract of Logic, Book 1 · Chapter 29 – Chapter 30
CHAP. XXIX. Of Enunciations Ʋniverſal Particular, Indefinite and Singular.
Ax. 1. AFfections of Enunciations are either Abſolute, or Related.
Ax. 2. Abſolure, are Quantity and Quality.
Ax. 3. In Reſpect to Quantity an Enunciation is divided into Univerſal, Particular, Indefinite, and Singular.
Ax. 4. A Univerſal is that in which the Univerſal Subject is taken Univerſally; which then happens, when to the Univerſal is added a Note of Univerſality, as, every one, none, &c.
Ax. 5. Particular, in which the Subject is taken particularly, that is, when to the Univerſal is added a Note of an uncertain Party, or Particularity; as this, ſome one, ſome body. &c.
Ax. 6. An Indefinite is that whoſe Univerſal Subject is not defined by any Note of Quantity.
Ax. 7. A Singular is that whoſe Subject is ſingular, &c.
COMMENTARY.
1. §. In an Enunciation a Two-fold Quantity is to be coſider'd, viz. One of the Subject which is Number, and the other of the Predicate, which is Time, Place or Mood: The Quantity of Number is indicated by theſe Notes, viz. all, every one, whoſoever, every body, as many as, no one, no body, alſo, ſome, ſome body, the moſt, not one, ſome few, not every body, &c. Of which, thoſe affect the Univerſal, theſe the particular Enunciation; that of Place by theſe, viz. every where, in all Places, none, no where, ſomewhere, &c. Of Time, theſe, viz. whenſoever, at all times, no time, ſome time, moſtly, &c. Of Mode, theſe, viz. how, after what manner ſoever, &c. And altho' the Quantity of the Predicate be often in the ſame Place in thoſe Modes or Forms of Argumentation termed Syllogiſms with that of Number, yet is not that here to be conſidered. This Fourfold Diviſion, viz. of Univerſal, Particular, Indefinite, and Singalar, as abo…e not triſing from the Quantity of the Subject, but that of the Predicate, &c.
Now the Syncategoremes or conſignificative Terms, that is, thoſe that ſignifie nothing of themſelves but when join'd to other Words, as, every one, all, all that, &c. are taken, either Collectively or Diſtributively. Collectively, when the Predicate can neither be ſaid of the Species's, nor the Individuals of its Subject, as under; as in theſe Enunciations all the Planets are Seven, all the Parts are the ſame with the Whole, &c. Diſtributively, when the Predicate may alſo be attributed to them that are contained in the Subject; And if only to the Species's, then they are ſaid to be taken Diſtributively, into the Genera Singuiorum, that is, into the Genus's of Singulars; As, all living Creatures were ſaid to be in the Ark of Noah. Chriſt healed every Diſeaſe; that is, all Genus's or rather Species's of Diſeaſes, and all Genus's or rather Species's of living Creatures were in Noah's Ark: But if alſo to the ſingular Individuals, then they are alſo diſtributed into the Singula Generum, that is, the Singulars of the Genus's; as here in thisEnunciation, viz. Every Man is an Animal, &c. When they are taken Diſtributively into the Singulars of the Genus's, then is the Enunciation ſaid to be ſimply Univerſal, when into the Genus's of Singulars, then only in ſome Reſpect, or ſecundum quid. When Collectively, they ſeem to make up an Indefinite Enunciation; and the Reaſon of it, is this: When the Word All, or Every one, is taken Diſtributively, it is no other than a Syncategoreme or Conſignificative Term; But when Collectively, a Part of the Subject, &c. which brings us to the next Axiom, viz. this, That
Ax. 8. A Note of Univerſality is not to be added to the Predicate.
1 §. So Ariſtotle teaches, Cap. 3. of the Interp. And the Reaſon of it is this, viz. becauſe it denotes the Quantity of Number, which is, the Quantity of the Subject, as we have ſaid before, and not Predicate. And therefore is it truly ſaid, that every Man is an Animal; but not on the other ſide, that Man is every Animal, &c. But yet if the Term All coheres not immediately with the Predicate, as ſometimes is does not, but ſome other Word which circumſcribes and determines it, the Enunciation may not be falſe; as, God willeth that all Men ſhould be ſaved. Chriſt cured every Diſeaſe, &c. For here the Predicate is not Men, Diſeaſes; But Willeth, Cured; that is, willeth that all Men ſhould, &c. cured every, &c. and ſo we proceed to the next Chapter, viz. that,
CHAP. XXX. Of Enunciation Affirming, Denying, Finite and Infinite, and
Ax. 1. IN Regard of Quality, it is, that an Enunciation is divided in this manner; and firſt, into Affirming and Denying, and then True and Falſe.
Ax. 2. Affirming is that which conjoyns, Denying, that divides the Parts.
Ax. 3. Affirming is that which conjoyns, Denying, that divides the Parts.
COMMENTARY.
1. §. For Example: Enunciations Affirming are ſuch as theſe, viz. Every thing that lives is nouriſh'd. If there be a God, then the World is rul'd by a Providence. It is neceſſary that the Fire ſhould be hot. Whoſe Negatives are theſe: Every Living Creature is not nouriſhed. If there be a God, the World is yet not rul'd by a Providence. It is not neceſſary the Fire ſhould be hot, &c.
Ax. 4. Both theſe, that is, both Negative and Affirmative Propoſitions are divided into Finite and Infinite.
Ax. 5. Finite, is that which conſiſts either of a Subject or Predicate Finite.
Ax. 6. Infinite, which either of one or both Infinite.
1. §. Finite are ſuch as theſe, viz. Every body is in a Place. None can be at the ſame time in two Places. Infinite theſe; as, A Nonentity is excluded from Categories. Some Man is not Unlearned. Some, tho' not ſo Rich, are not ſo Sordid, &c.
I omit the 7th and 8th Rules, here about the Note of Negation in a ſimple Enunciation; becauſe I think 'em not ſo true in the Engliſh as they are in the Latin.
Ax. 9. A Compos'd Enunciation is then eſteem'd to be Denying, when the Negation coheres with the Ligament by which the ſimple Enunciations are ty'd together.
1. §. As thus, we may take an Example out of every Species: As, Socrates was both a Wiſe Man and an Honeſt. If you become Surety, you muſt be a Debtor: Either it is Peace, or it is War. Such as the Father is, ſuch is the Son, &c. Theſe are thus denyed; Socrates was not both a Wiſe Man and an Honeſt. If you become Surety, you will not yet become a Debtor. It is not either Peace or War. Such as the Father is, ſuch need not be the Son, &c. But it is to be obſerved that Adverſative Enunciations do not receive Affirmation or Negation on the Account of their Vinculum or Ligament, but only their ſingular Parts; as this, He is not learned but honeſt: For this Enunciation is ſo to be denyed, viz. He is learned, but he is not honeſt, &c.
Ax. 10. Excluſive and Reſtrictive Enunciations, are then ſaid to be Negatives, when a Note of Negation is placed, before the Excluſive Particles.
1. §. As, Man is not alone an Animal; Cicero was not only an Orator: Chriſt is not as to his Humane Nature everywhere, &c. And this brings us to the next Axiom, viz. That.
Ax. 11. Affirmation is before Negation and more known, &c.
1. §. Before it muſt be, becauſe to be, is before not to be: More known, becauſe a Negative Enunciation becomes Known by an Affirmative: For I therefore know a Man not to be a Stone, becauſe I know him to be another thing from a Stone, &c.