Abstract of Logic, Book 1 · Chapter 28
CHAP. XXVIII. Of Enunciation Pure and Modal.
Ax. 1. A Pure Enunciation is that in which it is not expreſs'd how the Parts cohere.
Ax. 2. Modal, in which it is.
COMMENTARY.
1. §. For Inſtance: This Enunciation, Man is an Animal, or, Man is not a Stone, is Pure; becauſe it not only declares the Predicate Animal to convene with Man, and Stone to diſagree; but alſo without Expreſſing the Manner how. But theſe Enunciations, viz. It is neceſſary that Man ſhould be an Animal; or impoſſible he ſhould be a Stone, are Modal; becauſe they not only denounce the Predicate to agree or diſagree with the Subject, but alſo declare the Manner how they both agree and diſagree, &c.
Ax. 3. The Modes are four, viz. Neceſſary, Impoſſible, Poſſible, Contingent.
1. §. Now of Modes ſome are Material, and others Formal. The Material Modes affect the Matter of the Enunciation, viz. either Subject or Predicate. For Example: In this Enunciation, A good Shepherd lays down his Life for his Sheep. The Word Bonus or Good, is the Mode of the Subject. In this, A Rhetorician ſpeaks Ornately and Copiouſly. The Adverbs Ornately, and Copiouſly, are the Modes of the Predicate. The Formal affect, the Form, or Diſpoſition of the Enunciation. And theſe, it is we have ſaid to be four, viz. Neceſſary, Impoſſible, Poſſible, Contingent. To which alſo ſome add True and Falſe, but very unskilfully: For True and Falſe affect not Affirmation or Negation: For he that ſays it is true, a Man is an Animal; or it is falſe, he is a Stone, ſays no more than if he ſhould ſay, a Man is an Animal, or that a Man is not a Stone, &c.
Ax. 4. Modal Enunciation conſiſts of a Dictum and Mood: The Dictum of which is as it were the Subject, and the Mood the Predicate: And this Modal Enunciation
1. §. Is either, Adverbially expreſs'd, as, when I ſay, Man is neceſſarily an Animal; or Nominally, as, when I ſay, it is neceſſary that Man ſhould be an Animal, &c. When Adverbially, it differs not in Specie, from a Pure: When Nominally, it makes up a new Species, or Form of Enunciation, in which the Dictum is, as it were the Subject, and the Mode the Predicate. The Dictum in this is an Oration, conſiſting of the Caſe of a Noun and Verb of the Infinitive Mood; as, here, it is neceſſary that God be good… That is, Deum …eſſe bonum; the Dictum is, that God be good; the Mode, Neceſſary. That the Mode is the Predicate; or as the Predicate in a Modal Enunciation, is to be collected from the Copula: For the Copula is one Part of the Predicate; and therefore that is the Predicate to which the Copula coheres; But the Copula coheres with the Mode. And therefore the Mode muſt either be or have the Ratio of the Predicate, &c. The ſame is evident in a Mutation of a Modal Enunciation into a Pure. For this Enunciation, It is neceſſary the Fire ſhould be hot, is converted into a Pure, in this Manner, viz. To the Fire Heat is neceſſary. By which it appears that the Mode Neceſſary was the Predicate in that Enunciation.
Ax. 5. To this ſort of Enunciation are revok'd all Enunciations Excluſive, Exceptive and Reſtrictive.
1. §. An Excluſive is that in which an Excluſive Particle; ſuch as only, or the like, is added to the Subject or the Predicate: As, The Elect only ſhall be ſaved: The Devils act only evilly. Exceptive, in which an Exceptive; as, beſides, but, except, or the like: As, All Men were ſwept away in the Flood, but Noah and his Family. Reſtrictive, in which a Reſtrictive; as, ſo far as, in reſpect of, &c. As Man feels ſo far as he is an Animal: Chriſt is every where in reſpect to h… Divine Nature. Such Enunciations as theſe in a Syllogiſm, are to be chang'd and expounded by ſome clearer Form of Speech. And hence they are called by the Schoolmen, Exponible or Expoundible. And thus far of Species's and Enunciations.