Abstract of Logic, Book 1 · Chapter 27
CHAP. XXVII. Of Ʋtterance or Enunciation in General, and that which is Simple, and Compoſed, in Special.
Ax. 1. NOw follows Complex Theme and its Interpretation, which is called Enunciation.
COMMENTARY.
1. §. An Enunciation in Greek is ſtiled foreign, from the Verb foreign, which is to ſhew or exhibit: It is alſo called Propoſition; notwithſtanding Propoſition ſeems to be different from it if not in the thing it ſelf, at leaſt in Reaſon and Uſe: For Propoſition that is call'd, which in Syllogiſm is pretended to be Concluſion, from the Verb Praetendo or Praetexo; but an Enunciation is conſiderd of it ſelf, and without Reſpect to Syllogiſm. Beſides, a Propoſition ſeems alſo to be in the Mind, but Enunciation is in the Words only, and brought forth in the Speech, &c. But to proceed to define it.
Ax. 2. An Enunciation is an Oration, Form of Speech or Declaration, in which ſomewhat true or falſe is pronounc'd of another.
1. §. Verity is either of Simple Theme or Complex; and as to Simple Theme, ſays the Philoſopher, So much every thing has of Truth, as it has of Exiſtence. That of Complex is not in Things, but the Judgment of the Mind or Speech. The Judgment of the Mind is ſaid to be true when it compoſes thoſe things which are really conjoyn'd, or divides thoſe things which are really diverſe. An Oration then alſo when it convenes with things, and alſo when it agrees with the Judgment of the Mind, altho' it may differ from things. A Convenience of Speech with things is call'd a Logical, the Judgment of the Mind an Aethical Truth.
Ax. 3. In Enunciation are to be conſider'd, firſt its Species's, and then Affections.
Ax. 4. Its Species's are, firſt Simple and compoſed, and then Pure and Modal.
Ax. 5. Simple Enunciation is that which cannot be reſolved into more.
Ax. 6. Compoſed, conſiſting of many Enunciations among themſelves coupled together: For,
1. §. Whether the Enunciation be Simple or Compoſed, is beſt to be underſtood from the Verbal Copula. For that which has but one, is a Simple; as Man is an Animal: That which more, whether Expreſs'd or Imply'd, compoſed; As, Et prodeſſe voiunt & delectare Poetae. That is, The Deſign of Poets is both to profit and delight us. Unà Euruſque Notuſque ruunt. That is, At once the Eaſt and South Wind blow. As much as if one had ſaid; The Eaſt-Wind rages, and the South-Wind rages, &c. Neither is it ſufficient to conſtitute a Compoſed Enunciation that it have many Verbal Copula's, but this alſo is neceſſary, that the Simple Enunciations of which it conſiſts be coupled amongſt themſelves; that is, either by a Grammatical Conjunction; as, if there be a God, there is no Fortune; or it is Day, or it is Night, &c. or elſe by a Relation of Parts; as, whilſt you are happy, you ſhall number many Friends, &c.
Ax. 7. Simple Enunciation conſiſteth of a Subject and a Predicate.
Ax. 8. A Subject's that to which ſomething in a ſimple Enunciation is attributed.
Ax. 9. A Predicate, that which is Attributed; and,
Ax. 10. Conſiſts in the Copula, and the Thing Copulated.
1. §. For Example: In this Enunciation, Man is an Animal, Man is the Subject, Animal the Predicate; and Is, the Verbal Copula; which is ſometimes diverſe from the Thing Coupled; as in the Inſtance given; and then the Enunciation is call'd a Trinary Enunciation; ſometimes included in the ſame Verb, with the Thing Coupled, as Socrates diſputes; and then the Enunciation is term'd a Binary Enunciation. When the Verb Subſtantive Is conſtitutes a Binary Enunciation, 'tis ſaid to be of the ſecond, when a Trinary of the Third Adject.
Ax. 11. Subject and Predicate, not by their Site, but the Senſe of the Enunciation are to be diſcerned.
1. §. As in this Enunciation, Nobilitas ſola eſt atque unica Virtus, That is, Nobility is the ſole and only Virtue. Nobility is the Predicate, and Virtue is the Subject: Which is to be gather'd only from the Senſe and Nature of Things.
Ax. 12. Compoſed Enuciation is Five-fold, viz. Copulative, Hypothetical, Disjunctive, Adverſative and Relative.
Ax. 13. Copulative, whoſe Parts are connected together by a Copulative Particle.
1. §. Such as, and, alſo, nor, neither, &c. As for Inſtance; the Sentence but now recited, viz. At once the Eaſt and South-Winds blew, and SouthWeſt big with Storms, &c. And this,
Abraham believed in God, and it was imputed to him for Righteouſneſs, &c.
Ax. 14. Hypothetical, that whoſe Parts are connected together by that Conjunction Conditional If.
1. §. As if there be no Prudence in the King, there is no Quiet in the People, &c. The firſt Part of which is call'd the Antecedent; the laſt, the Conſequent. In the Connexion of which conſiſteth the Truth, and and not in the Truth either of the one or the other. For Example; Tho' it be not true that an Aſs has Wings, or that he can fly; yet this is true, that if he does fly, he has Wings, &c.
Ax. 15. If the Condition be poſſible, then the Enunciation will be aequipollent to a Categorical, or one that is ſimply and without Condition denying: For,
1. §. When God ſays to Abraham, If the Duſt of the Earth may be numbred, then ſhall thy Seed be numbred: Is n't it as much as if he ſhould ſay, The Poſterity of Abraham ſhould be ſo numerous, as that it ſhou'd not be numbered? And the Lawyers tell us that this Formula of Promiſing, viz. I'll give thee my Daughter, if thou canſt touch Heaven, or the like, does not oblige, becauſe it's like to Negation, or a negative Form.
Ax. 16. An Enunciation Diſjunctive is that whoſe Parts are connected together by a Disj… ctive Conjunction.
1. §. Such as either, or, &c. as, Or we ſhall be juſtified by Faith, or by good Works. Either it is Day, or it is Night, &c.
Ax. 17. Theſe Parts muſt be immediately Oppoſed.
1. §. For if not Oppoſed, the Enunciation becomes nugatory; as, either he is a Man or an Animal. If not immediately, falſe; as, or it is Peace, or it is War: For there may be a Truce, &c. Sometimes a Mediate by its own Nature, has the Force of an Immediate, by Reaſon of ſome Compact, or Propoſition going before; as when Leander in Ovid ſays,
Aut mihi continget felix, audacia ſalvo,
Aut Mors ſolliciti finis amoris erit.
i. e. Or happy to me, ſhall this Boldneſs prove
If ſafe, or elſe it ends my anxious Love.
For he might neither have died nor have enjoyed his Love: But one of them was to be; becauſe before decreed.
Ax. 18. An Enunciation Adverſative, that whoſe Parts are connected together by Conjunctions Adverſative.
1. §. Such as theſe, viz. altho', yet, notwithſtanding, not this, but that, but, &c. as altho' God be Omnipotent, yet cannot he lye.
Ulyſſes was not Handſome, but yet he was Eloquent.
It is difficult I confeſs, but that Virtue enclines to hard things.
Ax. 19. An Enunciation Relative is that whoſe Parts are connected together by Relation,
1. §. And that is ſhewn by Nouns, Pronouns, Adverbs, and the other Parts of Speech, denoting Compariſon; as, thus: Such as the Magiſtrate is, ſuch is the People. That which is not Compoſed, is Immortal: Where the Carcaſs is, thither will the Eagles be gathered together: Whilſt I live, I hope, &c.