The Art of Logic, Book 3 · Part 11 – Part 14
Of the loosing or soluting of Fallacies.
The Detection and loosing of Fallacies,
Is either
True. a
Apparent, b
True Solution, is the shewing of the deceit used by the Sophister.
And it is either
Direct. a
Indirect. b
Direct, is when answer is made directly to the Syllogisma Shewing, and naming the Fallacie.
And it is either of the
1 Forme.
2 Matter.
Solution of the Form, is the rejecting of the Syllogism; by shewing some Syllogisticall Canon against which the form of it sinneth.
Solution of the matter, is either of the
Word.
Thing.
Solution of the word, is, when the ambiguitie of simple words, and the amphiboly of joyned words is shewed and distinguished.
Solution of the Thing, is, either of the
Question.
Proof.
Solution of the Question, is, when the state of the controversie is rightly constituted, the manifold question discerned, and the fault of evil opposition shewed.
Solution of the proof, is either about the
1 Finding of the Mean.
2 Disposition with the Extreams.
About the finding of the Mean, is either the shewing, and denying of a vicious consequence in the Major, or a limitation: when there is a fault by omitting a limitation.
So there are in all, five direct Solutions and answers to the matter.
1 Distinction or explication of a word simple or conjoyned.
2 Information and distinction of the conclusion or question,
3 Denyal of one of the Premises.
4 Rejection of a naughty consequence. And
5 Limitation.
Of these three be three Canons.
1 When the form is plain, straightwayes we must think of the conclusion of the proposed Syllogisme▪ and see whether it be constituted rightly, or opposed to our position.
2 When the conclusion is plain, We must answer to the Premises either by distinguishing and limiting, or by denying.
3 We must never answer by denyall when the argumentb may be soluted by distinguishing and limiting.
Indirect Solution, is when we answer indirectly, and thwartly to the Syllogism proposed.
And that is either unto the
Thing. †
Person. *
Indirect answer unto the thing, is either
1 By Retortion.
2 By Contrary objection.
3 By shewing contradiction.
4 By opposition of equal or lesse private† authority.
5 By comparison, &c.
1 Answer by Retortion, is, when we shew that the mean or proof brought by the adversary maketh for us, or overthroweth the same conclusion which he would prove by it, or at least other assertions of the adversary: As, Christ is first begotten before the creature: therefore he is a creature. Answer, Nay, therefore he is not a creature, because he was begotten before any creature was.
2 Solution by contrary objection (foreign) is when the objection is not solved, but another stronger objection is propounded to the adversary: So Christ answered them that would have the Oyntment sold and given to the poor, by opposing a stronger reason: The poor ye have alwaies with you, but me not.
3 Shewing of contradiction, foreign, is when we shew contradiction in our adversaries words▪ As, when the Papists except that in their Mass, Christ is not crucified again, because the sacrifice is unbloody; it is foreign: for a Sacrifice and unbloody are contradictory.
4 Opposition of equall authority, is, when to an humane Testimony we oppose another Testimony as good, or better.
5 Comparison with like absurd, is when we compare our adversaris argument with the like absurd.
Indirect answer unto the person, is either* *
A Blame.
A Comparison.
A Blam or chiding (foreign) is, when we blame the adversary for that he disputeth against Piety and Honesty, or against manifest sense and Experience.
A Comparison of the like, or greater, is, when we put away any thing objected against our or an others person, with an other personall objection: As, Christ, when the Pharisees blamed his Disciples for eating with unwashed hands, answered, Why do you also transgresse Gods Commandments by your traditions?
Apparent Solutions, are, by which nothing is fitly answered;b OnelyOnly in shew something is said.
Of this Solution there be five sorts.
1 The first, when nothing is answered to the Syllogisme propounded: But somewhat is said of the thing generally, lest the Answerer should seem to say nothing.
2 When generall and ill understood Fallacies are applied, which pertain not to the Syllogism proposed.
3 Provocation unto wrath.
4 Is a setting at naught (foreign) when we mock the adversaries reasons as light.
5 Is running aside (foreign) and leading from the matter in hand (foreign)
And thus much touching the Doctrine of Syllogisme.
A Type of the whole Doctrine of the Fallacies.
The finding out of the Fallacies; For it is either of the
Form
In the word
Simple of
Want of use.
Ambiguity.
Compound, wherein is Amphiboly by the
Construction. Phrase.
Composition. And division.
Matter & that
Out of the word, and that either about.
The conclusion or question.
Many questions.
Ignorance of the Elench.
The proof and that either
The Mean
Begging of the question.
Taking a false Mean.
The premises as the Fallacie
Of consequence.
From spoken after a sort. to spoken absolutely.
The resolution, which is either
True.
Direct
Of the Form.
Of the matter.
1 True constitution of the state of the controversie.
2 Distinction and Explication of doubtfull words and phrase.
3 Deniall of false premises.
4 Rejection of a naughty consequence,
5 Limitation.
Indirect; which is either unto▪
The thing
Retortion.
Contrary Objection.
Shewing contradiction.
Opposition of Authority.
Comparison.
The person
Blame.
Comparison.
Apparent,
1 When nothing is answered to the matter.
2 Applying of a fallacie ill understood.
3 Provoking of the Adversary.
4 Setting at naught.
5 Running aside.
A Type of the Doctrine of Syllogisms.
A Syllogism is to be considered.
Commonly
Primary of the Figure, First, Second, and Third,
Secondary either
Indirect,
Prima.
Secondary.
Both which are
Simple.
Compound:
Conditional
Disjunctive.
Vniform.
Biform, or
Dilemma.
Diarect,
Enthymeme.
Consecution of sentences.
Induction.
Sorites.
Speially under condition of some certain matter, and it is either.
True
Reall which is either,
Contingent wich is either
Notionall
Of the word
Definition.
Conjugates.
Of things which is either
Artificial, which is either
First,
Inward
Caused caused.
Subject, Accident.
Whole, part.
Outward
Adjacent
Object.
Concomitant,
Risen of the First from
Description.
Comparison.
Consentany.
Even.
Example,
Like.
Dissentany
Vneven.
Vnlike.
Great.
Lesse.
Inartificiall, Humane Testimony.
Apparent of which see before,
Necessary.
Monstrative from places.
Artificial.
First.
Arisen.
Definition.
Opposites.
Inward
Genus, Species.
Matter, Form,
Proper Subject.
Proper accident.
Whole, parts.
Outward.
Circumstances.
Objects concomimitants.
Demonstrative, or Apodictike. which is either
Inartificiall or testimony,
Of God.
Of the Senses.
Perfect
The efficient.
The End,
Principal.
Lesse principal.
foreign Imperfect foreign from the place of the effects.