Practical Reflections on the Late Earthquakes, Chapter 1
CHAP. I.
The Method of the following Diſcourſe. Inſtances of Divine Severity on others are not to be overlook'd; whether in former times, or of later Date; on Strangers, Neighbours, Friends or Enemies. They are proper to affect us with an awful Fear of God: Earthquakes eſpecially of all other Judgments. The Terror of ſuch a Judgment in part deſcribed: that it is the Effect of Sin.
THE Ground of my following Diſcourſe will therefore be this, That the Inſtances of Divine Severity upon Others, ſhould affect the ſerious Obſervers of them, with an awful Fear of God and his Judgments.
Firſt; It is here implied, that we are not ſlightly to overlook the Examples of God's Severity upon others, but ſeriouſly to obſerve and conſider them.
Secondly; That ſuch Inſtances are proper to affect us with an awful Fear of God: eſpecially the Deſolations that are made by terrible Earthquakes.
Thirdly; That this Awe of God, and Fear of his Judgments, upon ſuch Examples of Divine Severity, is matter of Duty unto all, that do obſerve and conſider them.
Fourthly; How this may be applied, and improved by us, with reference to this City and Nation.
Firſt; It is here implied, That we are not ſlightly to overlook the Examples of God's Severity upon Others. How often has God threatned, and puniſhed the ſecure and careleſs Frame of ſuch, as regard not the Works of the Lord, nor the Operation of his Hands? Iſa. 5.11. Pſal. 28.5. He ſhall, for this Reaſon, deſtroy them, and not build them up. We are bid to remember, conſider, and improve the ancient Judgments of God upon the old World, and upon Sodom and Gomorrah: And 2 Pet. 2.4, 5. to remember the Example of Lot's Wife, and the ſeveral Calamities that befel the Jews in the Wilderneſs, and after their Settlement in Canaan: The Inſtances of God's Juſtice upon them for their ſeveral Provocations, are recorded as Types and Warnings unto us, on whom the Ends of the World are come, who live in theſe latter Days, under the Goſpel-Diſpenſation, 1 Cor. 10.6, 11. that we ſhould not luſt as they luſted, and murmur as they, tempt Chriſt as they. It is ſaid of them whoſe Carcaſes fell in the Wilderneſs for their many repeated Provocations, that they are our Examples. God's Severity againſt them is recorded for our Uſe, Heb. 3.18. Chap. 4.11. God made them foreign, an expreſs Example, and Repreſentation of what ſhould be done in others. Some ſhall ſmart, that others may fear. God hath further Ends in the Execution of Judgments than we imagine: He intends them not only for Acts, but Patterns: Every Judgment is a new Leſſon; and God doth not intend to puniſh only, but to teach, and warn, and inſtruct: He warns when he wounds, and ſtrikes ſome, that others may be ſpared by taking Warning. When a Scorner is puniſh'd, ſaith Solomon, the Simple is made wiſe, Prov. 2.11. And we are more apt to be impreſs'd by what we ſee executed, than by what is only pronounc'd in a Threatning.
The Judgments of God on neighbouring Countries and People are mentioned to this purpoſe for our Improvement; Zeph. 3.6, 7, 8. I have cut off Nations, ſays God, (I have hanged them up as on a Gibbet, to inſtruct and warn you by their Ruine.) Their Towers are deſolate, their Streets are waſte; ſo that no Man paſſeth by; their Cities are deſtroyed, that there is no Inhabitant. Hereupon I ſaid, Surely thou wilt fear me, ſurely thou wilt receive Inſtruction.
This therefore does ſuppoſe the obſerving, and laying ſuch things to Heart.
We ought not eaſily to paſs over, and forget the Works of God, eſpecially when by the Terribleneſs and Severity of them, he has made them fit to be remembred, Pſal. 111.4. They are Teſtimonies to a Divine Providence, and as ſuch ſhould be recorded. It is taken notice of to this purpoſe by *Verulam de Augment. Scient. l. 2. c. 11.a learned and great Man, as a Defect among Chriſtians, that there is not yet extant an Hiſtoria Nemeſews, a Judicious, Impartial, and well-atteſted Hiſtory of the Divine Vengeance, containing the moſt remarkable Monuments of God's Juſtice in the World.
When he afflicts and plagues any of our Neighbours or Brethren, or but Strangers, in an eminent manner, we are called to conſider his Doings, that we may learn Righteouſneſs, when the Judgments of God are abroad in the Earth, Iſa. 26.9. It is but fit that the Puniſhment of ſome ſhould make other Sinners tremble. As when Ananias and Saphira were ſtruck dead, it is ſaid, Great Fear fell upon all that heard theſe things, Acts 5.11. It is mentioned as a Fault, that when the Hand of God is lifted up, Men will not ſee and conſider it: And for this Stupidity God often expreſſeth his Diſpleaſure, Pſal. 10.5. Pſal. 28.4, 5. Iſa. 5.12, 13. Job 34.26. Micah 6.9. We are commanded to take notice of his powerful Juſtice in ſuch Examples; Rev. 6.1. Pſal. 66.3. Come and ſee the Works of God, he is terrible in his Doings towards the Children of Men. He is ſaid to viſit us, and come nigh to us in Judgment as well as in Mercy: And ſhall he viſit us, and we not take notice of it, or obſerve him? We cannot otherwiſe make a due Improvement of them, in order to ſuitable Duty.
Eſpecially ſhould it be thus, when any of our Brethren, of the ſame Nation with us, meet with any more than ordinary Rebuke of Providence, as is the caſe of Jamaica: Not but that we ought to eye and own God, tho the Inſtances of his Severity be more remote, as in the late extraordinary Earthquakes in Sicily. Yea, the Execution of God's righteous Judgments on the Wicked, will make the Righteous that ſee it, to fear and tremble, Pſal. 52.6. The Righteous doth wiſely conſider the Houſe of the VVicked, how God overthroweth the Wicked for their Wickedneſs, Prov. 21.12. All the great Diſplays of God's Juſtice in the World, are fit to be regiſtred and remembred by us, as Teſtimonies to us of his Being, Holineſs, and Righteous Government. Come hither, ſays God, and behold the Works of the Lord, what Deſolation he has made in the Earth, Pſal. 46.8.
Secondly; As we muſt obſerve, and conſider theſe Inſtances of God's Severity upon others, ſo they are very proper to affect us with an holy Awe and Fear of God. He owns himſelf the Author of all the Deſolations wrought in the Earth. Earthly Princes will have Matters of Favour deriv'd from themſelves, but all Acts of Severity they put off to ſubordinate Agents. But God will not ſtand on ſuch Points, he rather profeſſeth to lay claim to all the memorable Acts of Vengeance upon ſinful Nations and People. It is He that ſhakes terribly the Earth, and rends the Rocks, and makes the Mountains tremble; who overturns Cities and Countries, as in an Inſtant; who ſwallows up many hundreds and thouſands of Perſons, and Families at once: And ſhall not we who hear of it, ſtand in a we of him? We ſhould ſay on ſuch an Occaſion, Who hath an Arm like God? We ſhould conſider, Who can ſtand before him, when he is angry? Who can contend with him? Who would not tremble in his Preſence? He who can caſt Soul and Body into Hell in a moment, can as ſoon cauſe his Earth to open, and ſwallow up the ſtrongeſt, the largeſt, the moſt populous City upon Earth, and turn it into a Heap of Aſhes, or a Pool of Water: Ought not this God to be feared?
When his right Hand does teach him terrible things, ſhall not the Queſtion then be put, as Job 12.9. Who knoweth not that the Hand of the Lord has wrought this? When he ſhakes the Heavens, and melts the Mountains, and cleaves the Valleys, as Wax before the Fire, and as VVaters poured down a ſteep Place, Mich. 1.4. he ſeemeth to ſay, I will work, and who ſhall let? I will deſtroy, and who ſhall ſave? I will lay my Hand, ſays God, upon Egypt, and I will bring my People thence by my great Judgments. And it follows, The Egyptians ſhall know that I am the Lord, Exod. 7.4, 5. The Greatneſs and Terribleneſs of the Calamity, in ſuch caſes, beſpeaks God to be the Author of it. Man cannot but take notice of His Hand, and inquire, Wherefore has the Lord done this, and what means the Heat of this great Anger? Deut. 29.24. With God is terrible Majeſty; he is Almighty, we cannot find him out.—Men do therefore fear him, Job 37.22, 23, 24.
When he makes the Mountains tremble, and the Earth ſhake, our Hearts ſhould tremble too. Fear ye not me, ſays the Lord? and will ye not tremble at my Preſence? Jer. 5.22. Will ye not fear me, who can open the Cataracts of Heaven above, or break up the Fountains of the great Deep below, and pour forth whole Floods of Vengeance when I pleaſe; who can rain Hell out of Heaven, or kindle thoſe Exhalations and Steams that are in the Bowels and Caverns of the Earth, (as I cauſe Thunder by giving Fire to thoſe in the Clouds) and make them force their way, to the Overthrow and Deſtruction of Villages, and Towns, and Cities, and Countries, whenever I will; who can thus ſuddenly turn a fruitful populous Land, into an amazing Spectacle of Deſolation and Ruine?
If God but write bitter things upon the Wall againſt Belſhazzar, his Loins are looſed, and his Knees knock one againſt another. The great Emperour Caligula runs under the Bed at the noiſe of God's Tabernacle, his thundring Voice. And certainly God's ſhaking the Earth, in ſo terrible a manner as of late, may much more make us tremble. To this purpoſe it is elegantly deſcribed by the Prophet, Iſa. 24.17, 18, 19, 20. Fear, and the Pit, and the Snare are upon thee, O Inhabitant of the Earth. And it ſhall come to paſs, that he who fleeth from the noiſe of the Fear, ſhall fall into the Pit; and he that cometh up out of the midſt of the Pit, ſhall be taken in the Snare: for the Windows from on high are open, and the Foundations of the Earth do ſhake. The Earth is utterly broken down, the Earth is clean diſſolv'd, the Earth is mov'd exceedingly; the Earth ſhall reel to and fro like a Drunkard, and ſhall be removed like a Cottage; and the Tranſgreſſion thereof ſhall be heavy upon it; and it ſhall fall, and not riſe again. Upon ſuch Manifeſtations of Divine Power and Juſtice, we may well cry out, Great and marvellous are thy Works, O Lord God Almighty! VVho would not fear thee, and glorify thy Name, when thy Judgments are thus manifeſt? Rev. 15.3, 4.
Such a Judgment as this of Earthquakes, is eſpecially proper to affect us with an awful Fear of God, of his Majeſty and Power, his Greatneſs and Dominion, his Soveraignty and Juſtice. He cauſed the Mountain to quake at the Delivery of the Law, when he would prove to the Jews that he was their Lord and Soveraign. When the Centurion obſerved the Earthquake, at the Death of Chriſt, He, and others feared greatly, ſaying, Truly this was the Son of God.
To this purpoſe we may conſider the Earthquake that did hinder the Attempt of rebuilding the *Amm. Marcell. Hiſt. l. 23. Chryſoſt. Orat. 2. c. Jud. Socrates, l. 3. c. 17. Sozomen, l. 5. c. 21.Jewiſh Temple, which the Emperour Julian ſet afoot to ſpight the Chriſtians, and to contradict the Prophecy of our Saviour, and to oppoſe Moſes unto Chriſt. He gave all Encouragement to the Jews, he provided them with all Materials at his own charge. They with great Joy and Readineſs ſet about it. But when they began to ſearch the Ground, in order to the laying of the Foundation, the Earth round about trembles with a horrible Earthquake, and the Flames on a ſudden break out, which not only conſumed the Undertakers, but a multitude of Spectators too, and the Materials prepared for the Building. This made an univerſal Aſtoniſhment, and ſtruck Julian himſelf with ſome Fear; ſo that he gave over the Attempt, and many of the Jews were perſwaded to receive the Faith of Chriſt. About the ſame time, the Pagan Temple at Delphos was deſtroyed by Earthquakes, Thunder and Lightning. Such Manifeſtations of his Power challenge our Fear. He looketh on the Earth, and it trembleth; he toucheth the Hills, and they ſmoak, Nahum 1.5. The Mountains quake before him, and the Hills melt; he removeth the Mountains, and overturneth them in his Anger; he ſhaketh the Earth out of its place, and the Pillars thereof tremble, Job 9.5.
And the rather ſhould we fear in ſuch Caſes, becauſe they are often ſet forth as God's Judicial Act. Theſe fiery Meteors are turned by God's Counſel, for Correction and Judgment, Job 37. The Earth ſhook and trembled, the Foundations of the Hills were moved and ſhaken, *See more of this in the following Chapters.BECAƲSE HE WAS WROTH. There went up a Smoak out of his Noſtrils, and Fire out of his Mouth devoured; Coals were kindled by it; Pſal. 18.7, 8. I will ſhake the Heavens, and the Earth ſhall remove out of its place, in the VVrath of the Lord of Hoſts, and in the Day of his fierce Anger; Iſa. 13.13. This is brought in, after God had ſaid, ver. 11. I will puniſh the VVorld for their Evil, and the VVicked for their Inquity. I will cauſe the Arrogancy of the Proud to ceaſe, and will lay low the Haughtineſs of the Terrible. Again, Tremble thou Earth at the Preſence of the Lord, at the Preſence of the God of Jacob, Pſal. 114.7. VVho can ſtand before his Indignation, or abide the Fierceneſs of his Anger? His Fury burns like Fire, and the Rocks are thrown down by him, Nahum 1.6. Thou ſhalt be viſited by the Lord of Hoſts, with Thunder and with Earthquakes, Iſa. 29.6. that is, penally, and judicially viſited.
There are other Conſiderations, that ſhould make this Judgment of Earthquakes the more affecting: As, the little Warning they are commonly attended with; and the ſurprizing Effects that follow, able to aſtoniſh the moſt valiant Men of War, and make the moſt couragious Spirits ſink and fall: For ſo they are repreſented, as trembling on this Account, 1 Sam. 14.15.
When the Judgment comes unexpectedly, as a Thief in the Night: When God viſits a People by terrible things in Righteouſneſs, and ſuch as they looked not for: When, to uſe the Prophet's words, Iſa. 5.14. Hell has enlarged it ſelf, and opened her Mouth without meaſure; and their Glory, and their Multitude, and their Pomp, and he that rejoiceth deſcends into it. When there is no Time to flee, or Method to eſcape, or Poſſibility to reſiſt; when no Sanctuary, or Refuge remains; no Shelter is to be found in the higheſt Towers, or the loweſt Cellars; when the Earth opens on a ſudden, and becomes the Grave of whole Families, Streets, and Cities; and effects this in leſs time than you are able to tell the ſtory of it; either ſending out a Flood of Waters to drown, or vomiting out Flames of Fire to conſume them; or cloſing again upon them, that they die by Suffocation, or Famine, if not by the Ruins of their own Dwelling. When Parents and Children, Husbands and Wives, Maſters and Servants, Magiſtrates, and Miniſters, and People, without difference or diſtinction, in the midſt of Health, and Peace, and Buſineſs, are buried in a Common Ruin, and paſs All together into the Eternal World; and there is only the difference of a few Hours or Minutes between a famous City and none at all; They that have been in the Neighbourhood of ſuch Tragedies, and beheld the diſmal Effects of ſuch a Judgment on Others, and yet have been preſerved, cannot but conſider it with trembling. Our own ſerious Thoughts may help to affect us in like manner. Thus the late Earthquake at Jamaica happened in a clear Day, without Warning or Suſpicion; and in the ſpace of three minutes, the Town of Port-Royal was ſhaken and ſhattered to pieces, and ſunk into the Sea, and the greateſt part of it under Water.
Now if it be dreadful to have our Country the Seat of VVar, as they, whoſe Caſe that is, will tell us, and we muſt preſently grant; this is yet more diſmal, that in the midſt of Peace brings a worſe Ruine than the Extremity of War. If a raging Peſtilence be dreadful, that ſweeps away thouſands in a Day, and ten thouſands in a Night, as ſome of you can remember; If a conſuming Fire be an amazing Judgment, which you of this City have experienced; an Earthquake is not leſs, but more ſo; when Houſes and Inhabitants, Towns and Cities, and Countries are all deſtroyed at one Stroke, in a few Minutes. Dat ſignum Ruina; Death is the only Preſage of ſuch a Judgment; without giving Leiſure to prepare for another World, or Opportunity to look for any Shelter in this.
Who doth not ſtart at the thought of ſuch a Trembling of the Earth? The more a Man knows, the more is his Aſtoniſhment. He hangeth the Earth upon nothing, Job 26.7. For a Man to feel the Earth, which hangeth upon nothing, (but as ſome vaſt Ball in the midſt of a thin yielding Air) totter under him, how can his Soul chuſe but be poſſeſs'd with a ſecret Fright and Confuſion? Methinks I tremble but to think of ſuch a Trembling. — I deſign not, ſaith Biſhop Hall *Sermon on Pſalm 60.2., to aſtoniſh you with the Relation of the fearful Effects which Earthquakes have produc'd in all Ages, as it were eaſy to do out of Hiſtories, and Philoſophical Diſcourſes, where you may ſee Rocks torn in pieces, Mountains not caſt down only but removed; Hills raiſed not out of Vallies only, but out of Seas; Fires breaking out of Waters, Stones and Cinders belched up, Rivers changed, Seas diſlodg'd, Earth opening, Towns ſwallowed up, and many other ſuch hideous Events. Of which kind our own Memory can furniſh us with maany at home, altho theſe colder Climates are more rarely infeſted with ſuch frightful Accidents.
In what Condition can a Man be ſafe, ſaith Seneca *Epiſt. 23. Nat. Quaeſt. lib. 5. c. 1., ſpeaking of Earthquakes, when the World it ſelf is ſhaken; and the only thing that paſſes for fixed and unmovable in the Univerſe, trembles, and deceives us? Whither ſhall we fly for Security, if whereſoever we are, the Danger be ſtill under our Feet? Upon the cracking of an Houſe, every Man takes himſelf to his Heels, and leaves all to ſave himſelf. But what Retreat is there, where that which ſhould ſupport us, fails us; when the Foundation not only of Cities, but even of the World it ſelf, opens and wavers? What Help, or what Comfort, where Fear it ſelf can never carry us off? An Enemy may be kept at a diſtance with a Wall; a Caſtle may put a ſtop to an Army; a Port may protect us from the Fury of a Tempeſt; Fire it ſelf doth not follow him that runs away from it; a Vault may defend us againſt Thunder; and we may quit the Place in a Peſtilence: There is ſome Remedy in all theſe Evils. Or however, no Man ever knew a whole Nation deſtroyed by Lightning. A Plague may unpeople a Town, but it will not carry it away. There is no Evil of ſuch an Extent, ſo Inevitable, ſo Greedy, and ſo publickly Calamitous, as an Earthquake: For it does not only devour Houſes, Families, and ſingle Towns, but ruines whole Countries and Nations; either overturning, or ſwallowing them up, without ſo much as leaving any Footſtep or Mark of what they were. Some People have a greater Horror for this Death than any other: To be taken away Alive, out of the number of the Living; as if all Mortals by what Means ſoever were not to come to the ſame End, Death.— And 'tis not a Pin matter, whether I am cruſh'd to pieces by one Stone, or by a whole Mountain; whether I periſh by the fall of an Houſe, or under the Burden of the whole Earth; whether I be ſwallowed up alone, or with a thouſand more for company.
We ſhould therefore arm our ſelves againſt that Blow, that can neither be avoided or foreſeen. And it is not the forſwearing thoſe Places that we find infeſted with Earthquakes, that will do our buſineſs; for there is no Place that can be warranted againſt them. What if the Earth be not yet moved? It is ſtill movable; for the whole Body of it lies under the ſame Law, and expos'd to Danger; only ſome part at one time, and ſome at another. As it is in Great Cities, where all the Houſes are ſubject to Ruin, tho they do not all fall together: So in the Body of the Earth; now this Part fails, and then that. Tyre was formerly ſubject to Earthquakes: In Aſia twelve Cities were ſwallowed up in a Night: Achaid and Macedonia have had their turns, and now Campagnia. The Fate goes round, and ſtrikes at laſt where it hath a great while paſſed by. It falls out oftner, 'tis true, in ſome Places than in others: But no Place is totally free and exempt. And it is not only Men, but Cities, Coaſts, nay the Shores, and the very Sea it ſelf, that ſuffer under the Dominion of Fate. And yet we are ſo vain as to promiſe our ſelves ſome ſort of Aſſurance in the Goods of Fortune; never conſidering that the very Ground we ſtand upon, is unſtable. And it is not the Frailty of this or that Place, but the Quality of every Spot of it; for not one Inch of it is ſo compacted, as not to admit many Cauſes of its Reſolution. And tho the Bulk of the Earth remain entire, the Parts of it may yet be broken.
Thus the Pagan Philoſophers prepared themſelves, and others, for theſe Accidents, as for Diſorders that were Inevitable; and did not trouble themſelves with the Thought of Divine Juſtice, which chaſtiſeth Men by theſe dreadful Puniſhments. But the Common People, whoſe Opinions were not ſo corrupted, reverenc'd the Anger of Heaven in theſe Calamities; and ſeeking for Safety in Superſtition, endeavour'd to appeaſe the Evil Spirits by Sacrifice, and ſo provoked the Indignation of God the more. Chriſtians who are inſtructed in a better School, own theſe Diſaſters as the Puniſhment of Sin.
And of all the Animadverſions that Divine Juſtice gives Men, there is none more Horrid, or leſs Evitable than this of *Senault, of the Corruption of Nature by Sin, Treat. 6th, Diſc. 7th.Earthquakes. For what Aſſurance can we hope for here below, if the Earth quake under our Feet? Where can we think to eſcape Danger, if the moſt ſolid thing of all the World do ſhake? if that which ſuſtains all other Things about us, threaten us with ſinking under our Feet? What Sanctuary ſhall we find to defend us from an Evil, that doth encompaſs us round? And whither can we withdraw, if the Gulphs, which open themſelves, ſhut up our Paſſages on all ſides? With what Horror are Men ſtruck, when they hear the Earth groan? when her Trembling ſucceeds her Complaints, when Houſes are looſned from their Foundations, when the Roofs fall upon their Heads, and the Pavement ſinks under their Feet? What Hope is there to be had in ſo General a Diſorder, when Fear cannot be fenc'd by Flight? In other Caſes there is ſome Outlet whereby to eſcape an Evil: An Enemy is beaten from the Bulwark he had poſſeſs'd himſelf of; Earthworks are oppoſed to the thundring Canon; Winds which raiſe Tempeſts, deliver us from 'em, and after having a long time toſs'd us to and fro, they caſt us on the Shore: Houſes ſerve us for Sanctuaries againſt the Injuries of the Air and Weather. —If a Man will reſign his Goods to the Fire, he may ſecure his Perſon. Thunder hurts not thoſe who hide themſelves in Caverns. When the Peſtilence infects whole Cities, we may ſhun the Contagion by going into the Country; and if it diſpeople Towns, it doth not throw down the Houſes. But an Earthquake incloſeth what it overthrows; and wages War, not with ſome few Houſes only, but whole Provinces; and ſometimes leaves nothing behind it, to inform Poſterity of its Outrages: more inſolent than Fire, which ſpares Rocks; more greedy than the Sea, which vomits up Shipwracks; more cruel than the Conqueror, who ſpares Walls: it ſwallows and devours whatſoever it overturns.—The Sea is ſubject to its Empire; and Mariners confeſs, that thoſe Storms are moſt dangerous, which are occaſioned by Earthquakes.—
This Misfortune is common to all Kingdoms, ſince Man became Criminal: all Parts of the Earth are become moveable; and Stedfaſtneſs muſt no longer be look'd for in the World, ſince Innocency is baniſh'd thence by Injuſtice. This Diſorder is the Puniſhment of our Sin; and Reaſon as well as Faith, doth ſufficiently aſſure us, that the Univerſe would never have been agitated with theſe furious Accidents, during the State of Original Righteouſneſs. Wherefore ſhould God's Anger have armed the Elements againſt his faithful and obedient Subjects? Wherefore ſhould he have overthrown all his Works, to deſtroy Innocent Men? Why ſhould it have overwhelm'd the Inhabitants of the Earth with the Ruines thereof, if they had not been ſinful? Why ſhould it have buried thoſe in the Bowels of the Earth, who were not to die? Let us then conclude that Earthquakes are the Effects of Sin.
Such ſudden Inſtances of Divine Judgment are threatned in Scripture as ſome of the moſt terrible; and therefore the higheſt Severity is expreſs'd by ſuch unexpected and ſudden Strokes: They are ſet forth ſometimes by the Breach of a Wall, that catcheth a Man 'ere he be aware, and cruſheth him in pieces, Iſa. 30.12, 13. Sometimes reſembled to a Whirlwind, that comes ſuddenly, and carries all before it. And therefore God threatens, that obſtinate and incurable Sinners ſhall be deſtroyed at once, or ſhall be ſuddenly deſtroyed, and that without Remedy, Prov. 29.1.