Observations Upon the Old Testament, Commentary · Leviticus
Leviticus.
LEVITICUS takes up onelyonly the time of one monethmonth; viz: the first monethmonth of the second year of their coming out of Egypt; whiles yet they stayed at Mount Sinai: Compare together, Exod. XL. 2, 17. Levit. I. 1. and Chap. XXVII. 34. and Num. I. 1. And this was in the 2509 year of the world; thus, 1656. to the Flood. Thence to Abrams birth, in the 130 year of Terah, 352. Thence, to Isaac's birth, 100. Thence, to Jacob's birth, 60. Thence, to Jacob's going down into Egypt 130. Thence to the coming out of Egypt 210: and one year after their coming forth; in all 2509. And not in the year of the world 2455. or 2514. This Book contains principally the Function and Offices of the Levites; And Ceremonials concerning Sacrifices, and Feasts, Rites, and Purifications: Delivered by God to Moses out of the Tabernacle of the Congregation when it was newly reared, Levit. I. 1. And accordingly is that, Levit. XXV. 1. to be expounded.
The monethmonth of this Book may seeme to be thus spent, taken up, and subdivided, viz:
1. Day; The Tabernacle, Altar, and all other things belonging to the Sanctuary, reared, placed, anointed, Exod. XL. Levit. VIII.
The Consecration of Aaron, and his sonnes, Commanded, Exod. XXIX. Begun, Exod. XL. fully finished, Levit. VIII. in the space of seven dayes.
And seven dayes to make an Atonement for the Altar, and sanctifie it, Exod. XXIX. 37.
8. Day; The Princes Offerings of six Waggons, and twelve Oxen, for carriage and service of the Tabernacle. Their Offerings at the Dedication of the Altar; each Prince on his day: which so continued twelve dayes, Num. VII. And likely during that time of twelve dayes, Moses received from the Lord, out of the Tabernacle of the Congregation, those Lawes for Sacrifices, and Offerings, Levit. Ch. I,—VII.
8. Day; The Consecration of Aaron, and his sonnes, being ended, Aaron doth first Sacrifice, Levit. IX.
In the sacrifices and offerings Levitically are considerable; Principally, and more
Generally: The
Persons,
Offerer or
Bringer, Lev. 1. 4. and 3. 2. and 7. 30.
Sacrificer,
Priests, Lev. 1. 6. 2 Chron. 29. 24. Now wine or strong drink, When, &c. Lev. 10. 9.
Levites, in some part, and in some cases, 2 Chron. 29. 34. and ch. 35. 11▪—14.
Place, Lev. 17. 3.—9. Deut. 12. 5,—14. and ch. 16 5, 6.
Fire
Came down from Heaven, Lev 19. 24. See further, 1 Kings 18. 38. 1 Chron. 21. 26. 2 Chron. 7. 1.
Must never be suffered to go out, Lev. 6. 12, 13. notwithstanding their journeys in the wildernesse, Numb. 4 13.
Fat in
Sacrifices, alwayes to be burnt, and what fat, Lev. 3. 16, 17.
Other cases, when
Not to be eaten, Leviticus 7. 23, 25.
To be eaten, Leviticus 7. 23, 25. Nehemiah 8. 10.
To be used otherwise, Liviticus 7. 24.
Oile, L…viticus 2. and 14. Exod. 29. Ezra 7. 22.
Salt, Levit. 2. 13. Ezek. 43. 24. Mar. 9. 49. Ezra 6. 9. and 7. 22.
Blood
Never to be eaten, Gen. 9. 4. Lev. 7. 26, 27. and 17. 10,—14. 1 Sam. 14. 13. Deut. 12. 16 23, 24, 25.
In sacrifices,
Sprinkled, sometimes
Before the vail of the Sanctuary, and upon the hornes of the Altar of incense, Lev. 4. 6, 7, 17, 18.
Upon the hornes of the Altar of burnt-offerings, Lev. 4. 25, 30. 34.
Round about upon the Altar of Burnt-offering, Lev. 1. 5, 11. and 3, 2, 8, 13. and 7, 2.
Wrung out at the side of the Altar, Lev. 1▪ 15. and 5. 9.
Poured out at the side of the Altar, or at the bottome of the Altar, Leviticus 4 7, 18. 25, 30, 34, and 8 15.
Particularly: The
Kindes and sorts of them.
Burnt-offering, or Holocaust, Lev. 1.
Matter of
Cattel,
Herd, Oxen or Bullocks. Males.
Flock,
Sheep. Males.
Goates. Males.
Fowle,
Tuttle-Doves.
Young Pigeons.
Manner and Law of it, Lev. 1 and ch. 6. 9,—13. and ch. 7. 8. Numb. 10. 10. and ch. 15. 5, 8, 11, 12.
Meat-offering, Lev. 2.
Matter of
Fine flower. No
Honey.
Leaven.
v. 11.
Oile, No
Honey.
Leaven.
v. 11.
Incense. No
Honey.
Leaven.
v. 11.
Salt. No
Honey.
Leaven.
v. 11.
Or of first-fruits in the eare. No
Honey.
Leaven.
v. 11.
No
Honey.
Manner, and Law of it, Lev. 2. and ch. 6. 14—18. and 7. 9, 10 and 10. 12, 13. Numb. 15. 1,—16. and 18. 9, 10.
Drink-offering.
Matter, wine.
Manner, Measure and Law of it, Lev 23. 13, 18, 37. Numb. 6. 15, 17 and ch. 15. 5, 7, 10, 24. and ch. 28. 7,—31. and ch. 29. 6, 11,—39. 1 Chron. 9. 29. and 29. 21. 2 Chron. 29. 35. Ezra 7. 17. Ezek. 45. 17. Jer. 44. 17. 2 Kings 16. 13, 15. Deut. 32 38. Ezra 7. 12.
Meat and drink-offerings ever joyned together, Numb. 16. 35,—12. And joyned almost to all other sacrifices, Numb. 6. 15, 17. 1 Chron. 21. 23. and 29. 21. 1 Kings 8. 64. Ezra 7. 17. 2 Chron. 29. 35,
Peace-offerings; Or Gratulatory of Thanksgiving, Lev. 3.
Matter of
Herd; Oxe or Bullock. male or female.
Flock.
Lambe. male or female.
Goate. male or female.
Manner and Law of it, Lev. 3. and ch. 7. 11,—34. and 10. 14, 15. and ch. 22. 23, 29, 30. Numb. 10. 10. touching the wave-breast and heave-shoulder. See, Lev. 7. 30,—34.
Sin-offering of ignorance, Lev. 4. Of the
High-Priest; the matter and manner of it, Lev. 4. 1, - 12. and 6. 30. and 10. 16, 17, 18.
Whole Congregation; the matter and manner of it, Lev. 4. 13,—21. and 6. 30. Numb, 15. 22,—26.
Ruler; the matter (a male) and manner of it, Lev. 4. 22,—26. and ch. 6. 25,—29.
Vulgar; the matter, (a female) and manner of it, Lev. 4. 27,—35. and 6, 25,—29. Num. 15. 27, 28. and 18 9, 10
Trespasse-offering, for sins of
Ignorance, Lev. 5. in
Divers things, ch. 51,—13. And therein after confession, both the matter (female) and manner of it.
Holy things Lev. 5. 15.-19. by
Diminution or Sacriledge; matter and manner of it, adding the fifth part, with thy estimation.
Otherwise; matter and manner of it, with thy estimation.
Knowledg, by
Weaknesse in divers cases, with the matter (a Ram) and manner of it, Lev. 6. 1.—8. Numb. 5. 6, 7, 8. adding a fifth part with thy estimation.
Presumption; there is no sacrifice for it but death, Num. 15. 30,—36.
As the sin-offering is, so is the trespasse-offering; there is one law for them, Lev. 7. 1,—7. And in some things they are hardly distinguishable. And the trespasse-offering seems to be for the greater offences.
Times, wherin several sorts of them were to beused. And so some were
Voluntary free-will-offerings,
At pleasure; as many times the whole burnt-offerings, and peace-offerings; See those at the
Deduction of the Ark, 1 Kings 8. 5. 2 Sam. 6. 13, 17.
Dedication of the
Temple, 1 Kings 8. 63.
Walls of Jerusalem, Nehem. 12. 43.
Upon voluntary Promise by Vow, Lev. 22. 23. and Deut. 12. 17, 26. and 23. 21. See here the Law of the Nazarites, Numb 6.
Injoyned upon
Fixt Times;
Daily, morning and evening, Exod. 29, 38. Numb. 28. 3,—8,
Weekly, on the Sabbath-day, Numb. 28. 9, 10.
Monethly, on the first day, Numb. 28. 11,—15. and 10. 10. Ps. 81. 3 Esay 1. 13.
Yearly
at
Feasts
3. Solemn, of
Passeover, and Unleavened bread Lev. 23.
Weeks. Deut. 16.
Tabernacles. Deut. 16.
Others for one day, viz. of
First-fruits, Lev. 23 9.—15.
Blowing of trumpets, Lev. 23. 24, 25.
Fast of expiation, Lev. 16. and ch 23, 27.—32.
Incident occassions; more
Extraordinary; as at the
Consecration of
Aaron, and his sonnes, Lev. 8. Exod. 29. and ch. 40. See Aarons first-offerings, Lev. 9.
Levities, Numb. 8.
Dedication of the Altar, Numbers 7. 10,—88.
Ordi…
Purification and cleansing of
Women after childe-birth. Lev. 12. 13, 14, 15. chapters.
Leper. Lev. 12. 13, 14, 15. chapters.
Men, in their issues. Lev. 12. 13, 14, 15. chapters.
Women in theire … Lev. 12. 13, 14, 15. chapters.
9. Day; Nadab, and Abihu offer Incense with strange fire; and are slaine, Levit. X.
11, 12, 13. Dayes
Seeme those Lawes given from the Lord, to
Moses and Aaron, touching Beasts, Fishes, Fowles, clean and unclean, Ch. XI.
Moses, for Purification of Women in child-birth, Ch. XII.
Moses and Aaron; for Leprosies, & their cleansings, Ch. XIII. XIV.
For issues of men and women, & their cleansings, Ch. XV.
14. Day; Celebration of the Passeover, Num. IX. whether the Feast of unleavened Bread, for seven dayes, was added hereunto, is not expressed.
After the death of Nadab and Abihu, Moses receives Lawes from the Lord, touching the
High Priests coming into the most Holy Place, once a year, to make an Atonement, on the tenth day of the seventh monethmonth. And the maner of it, Ch. XVI.
Place of Sacrificing. And touching Blood, Ch. XVII.
Unlawful mixtures, and Lusts; and other sins. And the Punishments of them, Ch. XVIII, XIX, XX.
Priests; their Holinesse; Honour: and cleansing, Ch. XXI, XXII.
Feasts, Ch. XXIII.
Oile, and Lamps. And Shew-bread, Ch. XXIV. 1,—9.
Shelomiths sonne blasphemeth, Ch. XXIV. 10,—14.
Thereafter, Moses receiveth Lawes from the Lord; touching
Blasphemy, and Murder, Chap. XXIV. 15—23.
Sabbath-year: and Jubile; Ch. 25.
Idolatry, and Religiousnesse: with Blessings and Curses, Ch. XXVI.
Vowes and Tythes, Chap. XXVII.
For the better understanding, and remembring of this Book; And specially of the Offerings, and Sacrifices therein contained, The Table ensuing, and the Directions thereof, may give some part of help and furtherance; though the same be not in all points perfect and compleat.
Sacrifices then are of a Divine Institution. And were indeed practised by Adam, and his children; and in all ages. But by Moses enlarged with many Observations, Circumstances, and Prefigurations contained in them. Yet not principally commanded; nor so much as Morall duties of Piety, and Honesty, 1 Sam. 15. 22. Psal. L. 5,—16. Marke XII. 33. Hos. VI. 6. Matth. XII. 7. as Joel II. 13. Esay I. 11. and Jer. VI. 20. Amos V. 21. Jer. VII. 21, 22, 23.
Of the Cattell] The kindes of Beasts and Birds, verse 2 for Sacrifices, were Oxen, Bullocks, Sheep, Lambs, Rams, Goats, Turtle-Doves, & young Pigeons. The Sparrow, or living Bird, mentioned, Levit. XIV. 4. in the cleansing of the Leper, was not properly a Sacrifice. These Creatures for Sacrifice, were of common use for mans sustenance & maintenance; And so were lawfull to be eaten in civill and common use, Deut. XIV. 4, 26. and Ch. XII. 15, 21. And they were easie to be had. As also Bread, Flower, Cakes, Wafers, Wine, Salt, Oile, Frankincense, used most in the Meate, and Drink-offerings; And such likewise are Water, Bread and Wine, in our Sacraments. See Levit. I, II, III, IV. Ch. and Ch. VII. v. 11, 12, 13.
A Burnt-Sacrifice] In all Burnt-Offerings; verse 3 and in such Sin-Offerings, whereof any of the Blood was to be brought into the Tabernacle of the Congregation to reconcile withall in the holy place; and also in Meat-Offerings of and for a Priest; all was to be burnt to the Lord; There was nothing left to be eaten by any, Levit. I. and Ch. VI. 22, 23, 30.
In all other Sin-Offerings; and Trespasse-Offerings; besides the fat, and kidneys, burnt to the Lord: All the Flesh was the Priests, and to be eaten by him, and his. And so in all other Meat-Offerings, Levit. VI. 16, 17, 18, 26, 29. and Ch. VII. 6, 7, 9, 10, 14.
In the Peace-Offerings, the Wave-breast; and heave, or right shoulder, were the Priests, to be eaten by him, and his: And the rest of the Flesh belonged to the bringer of the Peace-Offering, to be eaten by him and his, Levit. VII. 31, 32, 33, 34. and v. 15,—21.
The Levites had no part in any Offerings.
Burnt-Offerings used for Sinne-Offerings, in Jobs time; Job XLII: 8.
At the doore] Killed there. Because thither it was lawful for the Offerer or Bringer of it to come, that he might put his hand upon the head of the Sacrifice, Lev. I. 3, 4. and III. 2, 8, 13. and IV. 15, 24, 29, 33.
Leaven] Leaven generally forbid in Meat-Offerings; chapter II verse 11 except in those two mentioned, Lev. VII. 13. and Ch. XXIII. 17.
Confesse] chapter V verse 5 This Confession of sinne differeth altogether from the Popish Sacramentall Confession.
That soul shall be cut off from his people] This Punishment as it is awarded here against the eating of the flesh of the Peace-Offering, chapter VII verse 20 for him who hath any Legal pollution upon him; so it is against such who are not circumcised, Gen. XVII. 14. who eate leavened bread during the Feast of the Passeover, Exod. XII. 15, 19. who do any work on the Sabbath-day, Exod. XXXI. 14. who eate of the fat of Beasts of which men offer Sacrifices, Levit. VII. 25. who eate Blood, v. 27. and Ch. XVII. 10, 14. who bring not the Sacrifice to the doore of the Tabernacle, to be killed there, not elsewhere, Levit. XVII. 4, 9. who eate of the Sacrifice of Peace-Offering on the third day, Levit. XIX. 8. who give of their Seed to Moloch, Levit. XX. 2, 3. or kill not such a sinner, v. 4, 5. who go a whoring after Wizzards, and such as have familiar spirits, v. 6. who commit incest, v. 17. or lie with a woman in her sicknesse, v. 18. who goeth unto the holy things which the children of Israel hallow unto the Lord, having his uncleannesse upon him, Levit. XXII. 3. who doth any work, or is not afflicted on the Fast-day of Atonement, Levit. XXIII. 29, 30. who keep not the Passeover, Num. IX. 13. who sinne presumptuously, Num. XV. 30, 31. who being unclean, do not purifie themselves, Num. XIX. 13, 20. who being idolaters, come to a Prophet to enquire concerning the Lord, Ezek. XIV. 8. This kinde of punishment hath variation of phrases in the expressions in Scripture, thus, shall be cut off, utterly cut off, cut off from Israel, from the Congregation of Israel, from among the Congregation, in the sight of their people, from the midst of my people, cut off from the earth; cut off from my presence: which likely do import various kindes, and degrees of punishments, according to the nature of the sinnes spoken to in them. How farre this phrase advanceth the Jewish Excommunication, I leave to further consideration.
The unclean might eate of common meats; as the child-bed-woman, Levit. XII. But in no case of Sacred meats, as, Leviticus VII. 20.
Fat] the Fat of other cleane Beasts then of such as were fit for Sacrifice, verse 25 was allowed to be eaten, Levit. VII. 25. The Fat also of the flesh, or body of the beast sacrificed might lawfully be eaten, Neh. VIII. 10. Esay XXV. 6. and LV. 2. But the Fat or Suet that was about the flanck, and the kidneys, or about and upon the entrails, Levit. III. 3, 4. was reserved out of all Sacrifices as Gods portion, to be burnt upon his Altar, Levit. III. 15, 16. and IV. 8, 10. and XVII. 6. Deut. XXXII. 38. 1 Sam. II. 15, 16. And is forbidden therefore to be eaten by any, Levit. III. 17. and XVII. 23, 25.
Take Aaron] On the same day, chapter VIII verse 2,—36. that is, the first day of the first monethmonth of the second year, Moses began to consecrate, and anoint the Tabernacle, Altar, and all things belonging to them; As also Aaron and his sonnes, Exod. XL. 1,—17. Levit. VIII. 1,—36.
Anointed] Aaron and all his sons were at first anointed, verse 12 v. 30. Num. III. 3. XXXV. 25. Psal. CXXXIII. 2. Not the Levites. And duplicate page duplicate page the High-Priest onelyonly was anointed afterwards, Exod. XXIX. 29, 30. Levit. XVI. 32. We read oft of the Anointing of Kings, 1 Sam. X. 1. XVI. 13. 2 Sam. 11. 4. 1 Kings I. 39. 2 Kings IX. 6. XXIII. 30. Psal. LXXXIX. 20. But never of Prophets. That of Elisaeus, 1 Kings XIX. 16. seemes not to have beene done with material oile; see ver. 19. As neither that of Hazael to be King of Syria; compare 1 Kings XIX. 15. with 2 Kings VIII. 13. nor that of Absolon, 2 Sam. XIX. 10. nor that of Cyrus, Esay XLV. 1. there being no such custome of oiling Kings in his Countrey: But anointing in those places is taken simply, without that Ceremony, for designing them to their Offices.
Burned] Moses at the Consecration of Aaron, verse 1 and his sons, Sacrificed with Common Fire; See ver. 20. 21, 28. But upon Aarons first Sacrificing, fire came out from before the Lord, out of the Sanctuary, or came down from heaven rather, Levit. IX. 24. which must never after be suffered to go out.
Nadab and Abihu] Nadab and Abihu took Strange or Common Fire, chapter X verse 16 (and not fire from the Altar of Burnt-Offering, which was sent from heaven) to burne Incense therewith before the Lord, on the Altar of Incense; as the dayly duty required, at or before the dayly morning Sacrifice. But fire from the Lord, as, Num. XVI. 35. that is, from heaven, or the Sanctuary, or from the Altar of burnt-Offering, like lightning, strook them with sudden death; not consuming their bodies, or their coats, Levit. X. 4, 5.
Some Names of some Beasts, chapter XI and Birds, and Fishes; as also of some Trees, and Apparel; and some other Hebrew words, having no mate in Scripture, are to us now, and so to the modern Jewes, of uncertain signification. See also the Annotations on Esay III. 18,—23. and on Jer. XVII. 3.
Hoof] The Beasts, verse 3 dividing the hoof, that is, into two clawes; and also chewing the cud, were clean, and to be eaten; See ver. 26. Deut. XIV. 6.
Fins] Fish (here we meet with a phrase of a flesh of fish, verse 9 Levit. XI. 11. and, Num. XI. 22. as well as, 1 Cor. XV. 39.) that had Fins and Scales, were likewise cleane, and to be eaten, Deut. XIV. 9, 10.
Come not] The High-Priest must enter into the most Holy place but once in the year, chapter XVI verse 2 on the tenth day of the seventh monethmonth, Levit. XVI. 29, 34. Exod. XXX. 10. Heb. IX. 7. That is, for his Priestly Ministration and Expiation. And then he was to be cloathed, not with the glorious garments which were peculiar to the High-Priest; but with those which were Common to him with the inferiour Priests, Levit. XVI. 4. as being a day of Humiliation and Afflicting the soul, Levit. XVI. 29. Yet upon other necessary occasions, he might enter in at other times, as at the taking down, and setting up of the Tabernacle in their removals and journeys in the Wildernesse; And when they took thence the Arke, upon severall occasions, as Josh. VI. 4. 1. Sam. IV. 3.
Not to the doore] No Sacrifices must be offered, chapter XVII verse 3,—9. but by Priests; nor killed by any but the Priests; except in some extraordinary Cases, by the Levites: but never by the Bringer for whom it was offered. Nor was it to be offered at any other place, but upon the Altar of Burnt-Offering, at the Tabernacle, Levit. XVII. 3,—9. Yet upon Extraordinary, and necessary Occasions, God commands, Deut. XXVII. 5, 6, 7, 8. And holy men of Prophetical spirits, though not Priests, did Sacrifice; and for a present time and use, did make and use other Altars; as Samuel, 1 Sam. VII. 9, 17. and Ch. XI. 15. and Ch. XVI. 2, 5. And David, 2 Sam. VI. 13. and XXIV. 18, 25. And Solomon, 1 King. VIII. 64. And Elijah, 1 King. XVIII. 32. And Gideon, and Manoah, See Judg. II. 5. and VI. 26. and XIII. 16, 19. and XXI. 4.
Blood] Blood, to make an atonement for their souls, Levit. XVII. chapter II 11. As a Type of the Messias his Blood, Rom. 3. 25. Ephes. I. 7. Col. I. 14, 20. Heb. IX. 12, 22. which is the principal cause of the prohibition of the eating of Blood.
Defiled] The dignity and estimation of the Priest, chapter XXI verse 11 and principaly of the High-Priest. See v. 4, 7, 8, 9—15. and v. 21, 23. is remarkable.
Burnt] The Capitall punishments among the Jewes, verse 9 were Burning, Gen. XXXVIII. 24. Levit. XXI. 9. Josh. VII. 15. Stoning, Levit. XX. 2, 27. and 24. 14, 16, 23. Hanging, Num. XXV. 4. Deut. XXI. 22. And in after-times, by example of the Romanes, Crucifying, and Beheading, as in our Saviour, and John Baptist.
Superfluous] In a Freewill-Offering, chapter XXII verse 23 the Sacrifice which had something Superfluous, or lacking in his parts, was accepted.
To the Feasts, chapter XXIII Levit. XXIII. are added, the Feasts of the New-Moones, Num. XXVIII. 11,—15. 1 Chron. 23. 31. 2 Chron. II. 4. and Ch. VIII. 13. The Feast of Purim, Esth. IX. 17, 19, 22, 26, 28. And of that Dedication, John X. 22.
Sabbath] Sabbath is called Sabbath of Rest, or Rest of Rest; and so, verse 3 v. 32. And Sabbath sometimes signifies besides the seventh day weekly, other Feast-dayes also, as Levit. XXIII. 11, 24, 32, 39. And sometimes the whole week; as Levit. XXIII. 15. Luke XVIII. 12. John XX. 1. Of the Sabbath-day, see the Annotations on Jer. XVII. 21, 22, 24, 27.
The seventh monethmonth] The seventh monethmonth had as many Feasts in it, verse 24 as all the year almost beside, Levit. XXIII. Deut. XVI. And the only set Fast-day.
Of blowing of Trumpets] The Feast of blowing Trumpets was the first day of the seventh monethmonth; Beside the Feast of the New-Moone, Levit. XXIII. v. 24. And the year of Jubile began with Blowing of Trumpets on the tenth day of that monethmonth; which also was the day of Expiation, Levit. XXV. 9. And the Feast of Tabernacles for seven dayes followed after in the same monethmonth.
Twelve Cakes] The twelve Cakes of Shew bread, chapter XXIV verse 5 each of an equall, and of a good bignesse, set in two rows, six on a row, seeme to be two rows in Longitude upon the Table, one by another; And so the Frankincense upon each Cake; rather then in Altitude one upon another; And so but one Frankincense upon either row; See v. 6, 7. The Table being two Cubits long, and one Cubit broad, Exod. XXV. 23. And the Frankincense being to be burned every Sabbath, Levit, XXIV. 7, 9. yet some make them to be two rows; six upon one another in either row, on heaps in height. In the Temple there were ten Tables of Shew-bread, five on the right hand, and five on the left; 1 Chron. 28. 16. 2 Chron. IV. 8.
A Jubile] The Jubile-year had all the priviledges of the Sabbath-year, chapter XXV verse 11 and more besides, Levit. XXV.
Fruit for three years] Viz: verse 21 the year before the Sabbath-year; and the Sabbath-year; and the year after it, till the plowing and sowing at the end of the Sabbath-year, came to an harvest in the end of the third year, Esay XXXVII. 10.