Plea for the Lords and House of Peers, Treatise · Section 2 (1 of 2)

Plea for the Lords and House of Peers · Treatise · Section 2 (1 of 2)

p. 163SECTION II. Wherein the Lords Houſe ſole Right of Judicature in Parliament, without the Commons, is fully cleared by Preſidents, Hiſtories, Records in all ages, and undeniable Reaſons, and that both in Criminal, Civil, Eccleſiaſtical Cauſes of all ſorts, as well in caſes of Commoners, and Clergymen, as Temporal Peers, & perſons of the highest degree, proper for Parliament.

IT is the General confeſſion, reſolution, aſſertion both of (a)(a)7 H. 6.16. m. 19 H. 6.63, 64 30 H. 6.26. a. 33 H. 6.18. a. 21 H. 7.1. Br. Parliament 28. 14 H. 8.9 b. Dyer, f. 60. St. Germin, l. 1. c. 26. Plowden, f. 126.388, 389. & 398. Cook 8 Rep. f. 120.9 Report in the Epiſtle, 1 Inſtitute, f. 109, 110.4. Inſtit. c. 1. Cromptons Jurisdiction of Courts, f. 1, 2. Aſhes Tables Parliament, ſect. 15. Cowels Interpreter, Minſhawes Dictionary, tit. Parliament, Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Angl. l. 2. c. 1, 2. Vowel, Cambdens Britannia, Juſtice Doderidge, Mr. Tate, Mr. Agar.Lawyers, Law-books, the Parliament and Statute of 31 H. 8. c. 10. and all who have written of our Parliaments; That the Parliament of England is the antienteſt, honourablest, higheſt Court and Supremeſt Judicature in the Realm; to whoſe Judicature all other Courts, Perſons, Subjects of the Realm are ſubject & accountable for all Injuries, Oppreſſions, Crimes, Wrongs, Corruptions, Errors, Abuſes▪ Grievances, Miſdemeanors, Treaſons, Contempts, Frauds, falſe Judgments, and matters of publike or privat concernment not properly triable, remediable, or puniſhable in other inferior Courts of Justice, and that Court to whom all Appeals concerning Misproceedings, Errors, or Injuſtice in other Courts or places ought to be made, and from whoſe Injuſtice and Sentence there is no appeal, but only to another Parliament; as in the caſe of General Councils (as Divines aſſert) there is no appeal but to another general Council in Eccleſiaſtical affairs concerning the Univerſal Church, or matters of Faith. This being p. 164an unqueſtionable Principle and Truth, the ſole Queſtion will be, in what Houſe or Perſons in Parliament this Supreme Judicatory, or judicial power reſides? Whether in the King alon…? or Lords alone? or King and Lords jointly? or in the Houſe of Commons alone? (never made a queſtion …il now, by Lilburn and Overton) or in the King and Houſe of Peers, not ſeparate from, but joyntly with the Commons Houſe? And for my part I conceive, it reſides wholly and ſolely in the King and Houſe of Lords, not in the Houſe of Commons; which hath no part nor ſhare therein ſingly conſidered in it ſelf, nor yet joyntly with the King and Lords, but only in ſome ſpecial caſes and proceedings, as when and where the King and Lords voluntarily require their concurrence, or where the judgement and proceedings in Parliament are by way of Bill or Act of Parliament; or when a judgement paſſed or confirmed by Bill or Act to which the Commons conſent was requiſite, is to be altered or reverſed, but in no caſes elſe, that I can find. To make this ou… beyond contradiction; it muſt be neceſſarily granted by all, and cannot be gainſaid or diſproved by any, that this Supreme power of Judicature hath been veſted in our Great Councils and Parliaments even from their beginning and original inſtitution, it being the antienteſt, as well as higheſt and honourableſt of all other Courts: That it had this Soveraign Juriſdiction veſted in and exerciſed by it, both under our Britiſh, Saxon, Daniſh and Norman Kings, I have elſewhere evidenced, and ſhall anon make good by undeniable preſidents. Now the Great Parliamentary Councils under them, conſiſted only of the King, the Eccleſiaſtical and Temporal Lords, Earls, Barons, Nobles, without any Commons Houſe, or Knights of Shires, Citizens or Burgeſſes elected by the people; as I have already touched, and manifeſted more fully in (b)(b)My Hiſtorical Collection of the antient Parliaments of England, And 2. & 3. Part of my Legal Vindication, and Hiſtorical Collection of the Fundamental Laws of England.other Treatiſes: yea the moſt, beſt Antiquaries and Engliſh Hiſtorians I have p. 165ſeen who Treat of our Parliaments (except that Groſs Impoſtor who compoſed that ridiculous Treatiſe ſtiled Modus tenend… Parliamentum, when there was never any Parliament held in any age in England or Ireland, in ſuch manner as …e there relates & preſcribes, with Sir Edward Cook, and ſome other injudicious Antiq…aries ſeduced by this pretended, forged Antiquity) have not preſumed to derive the Antiquity of the Knights, Citizens, and Burgeſſes ſummons to, and ſi…ting in our Parliaments higher than the Parliament held under Henry the 1. at Salisbury, Anno Dom. 1116. the 16 year of his reign. To which Polydor Virgil, Hiſt. Angl. An. 1116. Judge Dodridge and others in the Antiquity of the Parliamen…s of England, p. 18, 19, 20, 40, 80, 86, 87. Holinſhed in his Chronicle, vol. 3. p. 38, 39. John Speed in his Hiſtory of Great Britain p. 438, 439. referre their Original, if not the beginning of Parliaments themſelves. But under theſe learned mens correction (who produce no warrant from hiſtories or records in that age for proof of what they affirme) I dare confidently aſſert, that there is nothing to be found in Hiſtory or Record to warrant this their fancy; but many direct evidences againſt it, which I ſhall briefly clear, being very pertinent to the preſent controverſie, and judicature of the Lords Houſe.

1. It is moſt clear, that to this Parliamentary Council held at Salisbury, Anno 16 H. 1. No Commons, Knights Citizens, elected by the people were called by this Kings Writs, as ſome of theſe Authors, with the Manuſcript of Canterbury poſitively aſſert, and others of them ſeem to incline unto; but only the Lords ſpiritual and temporal of the Realm, as (c)(c)Chron. vol. 3. p. 38.Holinſhed himſelf relates, whom (d)(d)Hiſt. of Great Britain p. 438.Speed ſtileth the Eſtates both Spiritual and Temporal. This is evident by (e)(e)Hiſt. Novor. l. 5. p. 117.Eadmerus who then lived, and thus records the proceedings of that convention under this King, 13 Kal. Aprilis, factus eſt Conventus Epiſcoporum Abbatum, et Principum totius regni apud Serberiam, cogente eos illuc ſanctione Regis …enrici: Which (f)(f)Annal. pars prior, p. 473▪Rog. de Hoved. thus ſeconds, Comites et Barones totius. p. 166Angliae apud Salisberiam convenerunt ;(g)(g)Mat. Par. Anno 1114. p. 63. Mat. Weſtm. p. 28. who as Mat. Paris and Mat. Weſtminſter, with them, relate, Jurarunt fidelitatem Willielmo filio ſuo. (h)(h)De Geſt. Reg. Angl. col. 237.Simeon Dunelmenſis …iles it, Conventus Optimatum et Baronum totius Angliae, wherein juſſu Regis omnes Comites et Barones cum Clero totius Regni, ſwore fealty to him and his Son, as the (i)(i)Col. 1005.Chronicle of Brompton alſo relates: not any of our antient Hiſtorians making mention of any Commons, Knights, Burgeſſes, but only of Biſhops, Abbots, Earls, Lords and Barons of the Realm there preſent at it.

In this Parliament, after the Earls, Barons, and Great men had done homage to William the Kings Son, and ſworn allegiance to him; the Cauſe and complaint between Ralph Archbiſhop of Canterbury and Thurſtan elected Archbiſhop of York, was there heard and debated, which had been agitated between them a whole year before. **Mat. Paris Anno 1115. p. 62. Hen. Huntindon, Hiſt. l. 7. p. 380. Antiq. Eccleſ. Brit. p. 112, 113. Radulph. de Diceto. Anno 1115. col. 502, 504. Gervaſius Actus Pontif. Cantuar. col. 1661. Thomas Stubs Actus Pontif. Eboracenſium, col. 1714. Henry de Knighton de Event. Angl. l. 2. c. 8. col. 2379. Will. Malmsbury de Geſtis Pontif. l. 1. p. 232.Thurſtan being admoniſhed by Ralph to make his ſubjection to the See of Canterbury, and to receive his conſecration from him after the eccleſiaſtical and uſual manner: Anſwered, That he would willingly receive his conſecration from him, but he would by no means make that profeſſion of ſubjection to the See of Canterbury, which he exacted, but only that which Pope Gregory, and after him Pope Honorius the 6. had ordained, who made this agreement between the two Archbiſhops of England, Ut neuter alteri ſubjectionis profeſſionem faceret, niſi tantum ut qui prior ordinatus eſſet quamdiu viveret prior haberetur: quod proprium eſt ſervorum Dei, ut verahumilitate ſibi invicem acclives ſint, & nullus ſuper alium primatus ambitionem exercere debet: Sicut Dominus noſter Verae humilitatis praedicator & amator diſcipulos ſuos, de hac re litigantes redarguens, dixit eis, Qui major eſt veſtrum erit omnium miniſter; Nullus ſiquidem poſt beatum Augu…inum … qui non tam Archiepiſcopus quam Apoſtolus Anglorum dicendus eſt) Archiepiſcoporum Cantuarienſium primatum totius Angliae ſibi vendicare praeſumpſit, uſque ad Theodorum Archipraeſulem, cui propter ſingularem in Eccleſiaſtica Diſciplina ſolertiam, omnes Angliae Epiſcopi ſubjici conſenſerunt, ſicut Beda in Eccleſiaſtica p. 167Hiſtoria Angliae teſtatur: Quamobrem Turſtinus nullam aliam ſubjectionis profeſſionem Cantuarienſi Pontifici facere voluit, niſi quam beatus Papa Gregorius inſtitui…: Ralph on the other ſide pleaded, the ſubjection of his predeceſſors made to his Predeceſſors; Rex autem Henricus, ubi adv…rtit Turſtinum in ſua ſtare pervicatia, aperte proteſtatus eſt, illum aut morem anteceſſorum ſuorum, tam in profeſſione facienda, quam in aliis dignitatis Eccleſiae Cantuarienſis, ex antiquo jure competentibus executurum, aut Epiſcopatu Eboracenſi cum benedictione funditus cariturum. His auditis ille ſuo cordis conſilio inpraemeditatus credens, renunciavit Pontificatui; spondens Regi & Archiepiſcopo, ſe dum viveret illum non reclamaturum, nec aliquam calumniam inde moturum, qui cunque ſubſtitutus fuiſſet. But Thurſtan afterwards repenting of his raſhneſs, contrary to his agreement in Parliament, going to the Pope, againſt the Kings command, to the Council at Rhemes, was there conſecrated Archbiſhop of York by Pope Calixtus himſelf; contrary to his promiſe to the Kings agent, and Canterburies, who there publikely proteſted againſt his conſecration, without making any ſubjection to the See of Canterbury. Whereupon the King prohibited Thurſtan to return into England, or any of his Dominions, ſwearing, that he ſhould never return whiles he lived, unleſs he would make his ſubjection to the See of Canterbury: Which Oath he refuſed to violate at the Popes perſonal requeſt to him, (though he then abſolved him voluntarily from this Oath) ſaying, **Eadmerus, l, 5. p. 125, 126.Quod dicit ſe quoniam Apostolicus eſt, me à fide quam pollicitus ſum, abſoluturum: Si contra eandem fidem Thurſtinum Eboraci recepero, non videtur regiae honeſtati convenire hujuſmodi abſolutioni conſentire. Quis enim fidem ſuam cuivis pol…c…ntii amplius crederetur, cum eam meo exemplo tam facile abſolutione annihilari poſſe videret.

As in this famous Parliamentary Council of Salisbury, ſo in all precedent and ſubſequent Great Councils and Conventions during the whole reign of king H. 1. the Prelates, Earls, Barons, ſpiritual and temporal Lords were only ſummoned as Members, not any Knights, Citizens, p. 168Burgeſſes, or Commons elected by the people, which I ſhall next make good.

In a Parliamentary (k)(k)Mat. Paris, p. 53, 54. Eadmerus, Hiſt. Novor. l. 3. Chron. Johan. Bromton, col. 1201, 1202. Malmsbury de Geſt. Regum, l. 5. p. 156. See Holinſhed, Speed, Daniel.Council in the 1. year of his reign Anno 1100. he was elected and crowned King of England, aboliſhed ill Laws, confirmed King Edwards Laws, and the Great Charter of Liberties under his Seal, Communi Concilio Baronum regni: Archiepiſco…is, Epiſcopis, Comiti…u…, Proceribus, Magnatibus et Optimatibus totius Regni Angliae, there ſubſcribing to his Charter then granted, as witneſſes; See here, p. 58▪ 59. The ſame year, (l)(l)Simeon Dunelmenſis, col. 226. Chronicon Johannis Bromton, col. 998. Hovede…, annal. pars 1. p. 408.Majores natu Angliae et Magnates terrae congregavit Londonii, by whoſe advice h… maried Mawde, daughter of the King of Scots, right heir to the crown of the Saxon line, and anointed and crowned her Queen: there being a great debate, (m)(m)Eadmerus Hiſt. Novorum, l. 3. page 56, 57, 58.whether ſhe might lawfully marry, having worn a veil …n a Monaſte…y whiles ſhe was young? which was reſolved in a Council at Lambeth, where Epiſcopi, Abbates, Nobiles quique, ac religioſi ordinis viri, were a…embled …o de…cide i…; who upon debate reſolved ſhe might lawfully marry: as Eadmerus records at large.

The next year, Anno 1001. (n)(n)Eadmerus l. 3. p. 58, 59. Will. Malmsburienſis de Geſtis Pontif. l. 1. p. 124, 125.Duke Robert returning from the holy Land, and laying claim to the Crown of England as right heir and eldeſt Brother, thereupon King Henry, PRINCIPES ſuſpectos habentes, ne à ſe inſtabili ut ſit fide diſſilirent, and they ſuſpecting him, ne undique pace potitu, in ſe legibus efferatis deſaeviret, actum ex conſulto eſt, ut certitudo talis exinde fieret, quae utrin que quod verebatur excluderet. Sed ubi ad ſponſionem fidei ventum eſt, TOTA REGNI NOBILITAS, (aſſembled in a Parliamentary Council) cum populi numeroſitate (who depended on their advice) Anſelmum inter ſe & regem medium fecerunt, quanta ei vice ſui manu in manum porrecta promitteret. Iuſtis et Sanctis Legibus ſe totum regnum quo…d viveret in cunctis adminiſtraturum. After which, when as upon the p. 169report of Duke Roberts arival, Statim MAJORES REGNI, quaſi ſuae ſponſionis immemores ad illum relicto Rege, ſemet transferre parabant. Whereupon Anſelm AD UNATIS PRINCIPIBUS CUNCTIS, ſhewed to them, and after that to the whole multitude of the Army who came about them, quam execrabiles Deo et omni bono homini forem, qui fidem quam Principi ſuo debebant quoquo modo …iolarent. Whereupon cuncti ilico spretâ vita non ſequius eligerent morte procumbere, quam violata fide ſua Regem ſeducere: After which, (o)(o)Mat. Paris p. 55. Chronicon Johan. Bromton, col. 998.PRINCIPES utrinque fratrum non ferentes diſſidium colloquium inierunt, pio & circumsp…cto conſilio MƲTUUM ET GENERALE, and by the (p)(p)Matth. Weſtm. Mat. Paris, Hoveden, Huntindon, Simeon Dunelmenſis, Chronicon Johan. Bromton, an. 1101. Henry de Knyghton de Eventib. Angl. l. 2. c. 8.Mediation of the NOBLES on both ſides an accord was made between the King and his Brother Robert, propter manifeſtum jus quod habuit ad regnum poſſidendum, that Robert ſhould receive 3000 marks yearly from England, and that the longeſt liver of them ſhould be heir to the other, if he died without iſſue male. Hoc autem PER 12 MAGNATES juratum fuit utrinque. (q)(q)Eadmerus, Hiſt. Novorum, l. 3. p. 61, 62. Malmsburien. de Geſtis Pontif. l. 1. p. 225.Anno 1202. there fell out a difference between the King and Anſelm, touching inveſtitures of Biſhops, Anſelm refuſing to conſecrate any Biſhop, Abbot or Clerk who received inveſtitures from the King or the hand of any Layman, being againſt the Decree of the General Council of Rome: whereupon the King ſent for him to his Court; where this buſineſs was at large debated EPISCOPIS, REGNI PROCERIBUS QUE, verba hinc inde ferentibus, & in ſingulis Regiae voluntati parere certantibus, imo ne Romanae Pontificis obedientiae ſubderetur ſummopere …inſiſtentibus. Not long after the King by other Letters ſummons Anſelm to appear at Winchester to compoſe this difference; Ubi EPISCOPIS TERRAE QUE PRINCIPIBƲS ſub uno coactis, COMMUNI ASSENSU apud Anſelmum actum eſt; Nuncii prioribus excellentiores ex utraque parte Romam mitterentur, Romano Pontifici viva voce expoſituri, illum aut à ſententia deceſſurum, aut Anſelmo, cum ſuis extra Angliam pulſo, totius regni ſubjectionem et commodum quod p. 170in…e ſingulis annis habere ſolebat, perditurum. Which being accordingly purſued, and (r)(r)Eadmerus l. 3. p. 66.faventibus ſimul et incitantibus Regem Epiſcopis, regnique Proceribus, he commanded Anſelm to promiſe to doe him homage, and conſecrated all thoſe to whom he had given inveſtitures without retractation. The ſame year 1102. (ſ)(ſ)Eadmerus, l. 3. p. 67. Wi…l. Malmsbury de Geſtis Pontif. Angl. l. 1. p. 228. Hoveden An. 1. p. 469. Mat. Par. p. 56. Matthew Weſtm. p. 23. Simeon Dunelm. Hiſt. col. 227, 228. Abbrev. Chron. col. 499. Chron. Johan. Bromton, col. 1000. Antiquitates Eccleſ. Brit. p. 104, 106. Seldens Titles of Honour, p. 763.Celeb…atum eſt generale Concilium Epiſcoporum et Abbatum totius Regni, at St. Peters Church on the Weſt ſide of Lo… don: rege annuente huic conventui affuerunt, Anſelmo Archiepiſcopo petente a Rege, Primates Regni, quatenus qui qu d…ejuſdem Concilii authoritate …ecernectur utriuſque ordinis concordi, cura et ſollicitudine ratum ſervaretur: Sic enim neceſſe erat, &c. In which Council there were many Laws and Canons made for regulating the Church, Monks and Clergy▪ communi conſenſu Epiſcoporum, et Abbatum, et Principum totius Regni, Principes Regni omnes tam Eccleſiaſtici quam ſecularis ordinis▪ being preſent at it; as the marginal Authors atteſt, but no Commons, Knights or Burgeſſes.

Not long after the ſame year, Anſelm peremptorily refuſing to conſecrate thoſe Biſhops whom the King inveſted with a paſtoral Staff and Ring, and ſome of them reſigning them as unlawfull, and publikely refuſing to be conſecrated by ſuch an inveſtiture from the king, to his great diſhonour, and prejudice of his royal right and prerogative; the (t)(t)Eadmerus Hiſt. Nov. l. 3. p. 69, 70. Wil. Malmsbury de Geſt…s Pontif. l. 1. p. 226. Antiq. Eccleſ. B…it. p. 105, 106. Godwins Cat. of Biſhops in the life of Anſelm. Radulph. de Diceto col. 499 Chron. Gervaſii col. 1658, 1659. Chron. Jo. Bromton. col. 999. Hoveden annal pars 1. p. 47.king thereupon repaired to Canterbury, where Anſelm and he had a ſharp conteſt; At laſt he requeſted An elm to goe in perſon to Rome to procure the Pope to reverſe his decree againſt inveſtitures, ne ipſe perdendo ſuorum jura Anteceſſorum, eis vilior fiat, who deſired that this buſineſſe might be deferred till Easter, ut audito p. 171Epiſcoporum Regnique Primatum Conſilio, qui modo non aſſunt, reſpondeam hinc: Which being granted, Anſelmus in Paſcha Curiam venit, regni ingenuitatem de negotio praeſens conſuluit, COMMUNIS CONCILII Vocem unam accepit (ſo Eadmerus) Convenitur a Rege, & EPISCOPIS ET MAGNATIBUS (ſo Malmesbury relates it) ut ipſe Romam dignatur proficiſci, quod alii minus egerant ſua praeſentia ſuppleturus, who thereupon conſented to goe, NE CUCTORUM VOLUNTATI DEESSET. (u)(u)Mat. Weſtm. anno 1103. p. 232. Mat. Paris, p. 56. Chron. Gervaſiii col. 1659. Eadmerus l. 4. p. 76.Mat. Paris, Matthew Weſtminſter and others write, that he was then baniſhed out of England for his obſtinacy, Regis injuſto judicio, and all his temporalties ſeiſed, which Eadmerus and others write, was not done nor executed till after the Popes Decree againſt the Right of inveſtitures paſſed againſt the King and Anſelms departure from Rome towards England; when the King prohibited him to return into England, unleſs he would ſubmit to doe him homage, and conſecrate Biſhops by his investiture, as all our Hiſtorians accord.

(x)(x)Mat. Par. p. 59. Mat. Weſtminſter, Hoveden, Simeon Dunelmenſis.Anno 1106. Duke Robert coming to his Brother King Henry the 1. into England to Northampton, to de…ire him to reſtore his Brotherly affection to him, whereof he had deprived him, but could not obtain it. Rex itaque Henricus ſentiens conſcientiam ſuam in obtentu regni cauteriatam, erat quippe eleganter literatus, utpote a primaeva aetate praecepto patris addictus literis & jam in jure, quod audierat ſecreto expeditus, coepit in ſemetipſo impetus inſurgentium formidare, & Dei judicium in ipſum fulminare; eo quod fratri ſuo primogenito, cui jus regni manifeſte competebat, temere uſurpando, injuſte nimis abſtulerat. Sed plus timens homines quam Deum, regni Nobiles primo ſubdolis pollicitis inclinando conciliavit, cogitans poſtea per fundationem Abbatiae, quam conſtruere propoſnerat; de tanta injuria Deo ſatisfacere. Magnatibus igitur Regni, ob hoc Londonium edicto Regio convocatis, Rex talibus alloquiis ſuper mel & favum, oleumque, mellitis et mollitis blandiens, dixit; Amici & fideles p. 172mei indigenae ac naturales, noſtis veraci fama reference, qualiter frater meus Robertus electus, & per Deum vocatus eſt, ad regnum Hieroſolymitanum foeliciter gubernandum, & quam frontoſe illud infoelicirer refutaverit, merito propterea a Deo reprobandus. Noſtis etiam in multis aliis ſuperbiam & ferocitatem illius, quia Vir bellicoſus pacis impatiens eſt, voſque ſcientet quaſi contemptibiles, & quos deſides vocat & gluttones, conculcare deſiderat. Ego vero Rex humilis & pacificus, vos in pace, in antiquis veſtris libertatibus, prout crebrius jurejurando promiſi, geſtio confovere, & veſtris inclinando conſiliis, conſultius ac mitius, more manſueti principis, ſapienter gubernare, & ſuper his (ſi provideritis) ſcripta ſubarata roborare, & iteratis juramentis praedicta certiſſime confirmare: omnia videlicet, quae ſanctus Rex Edwardus, Deo inſpirante, provide ſancivit, inviolabiliter jubeo obſervari. Ut mecum fideliter ſtantes fratris mei, imo et mei, & totius regni Angliae hoſtis cruentiſſimi, injurias poten…er, animoſe & voluntarie propulſetis. Si enim fortitudine Anglorum roborer, innanes Normannorum minas nequaquam cenſeo formidandas, Talibus igitur promiſſis quae tamen in fine impudenter violavit, omnium corda ſibi inclinavit, ut pro ipſo contra quemlibet uſque ad capitis expoſitionem dimicarent. This Duke thereupon departing into N…rmandy, was followed thither by King Henry, who there taking him, together with the Earl of Morton, and other Nobles Priſoners, brought them over to England, where they were adjudged to perpepetual priſon by the BARONS, and Duke Robert to be put to death, as (y)(y)De Event. Angl. l. 2. c. 8. col. 2374.Henry de Knyghton thus relates, Robertus vero captus pudoroſae et immani, morti adjudicatus eſt, Henricus vero frater ejus non ſuſtinens ignominiam tantam protendere in ſanguine ſuo▪ inſtitit er go BARONES ſuos (who paſſed a ſentence on him in a Parliamentary Council) ET IMPETRAVIT AB EIS, quod praedictus Robertus debet exoculari, & ex…cari cum bacillo ardenti. Sicque apud Lincolniam perpetuo carceri mancipatus.

p. 173Anno 1107. The King and Anſelm by the Popes mediation and others coming to an accord; (z)(z)Eadmerus l. 4. p. 90.Hereupon the King returning into England; advenatis ad Curiam ejus in Paſcha Terrae Principibus, dilata eſt Eccleſiarum ordinatio quam Rex ſe facturum diſpoſuerat, by reaſon of the Popes coming into France to the Council of Trecis: But afterwards in Auguſt, (a)(a)Eadmerus l. 4. 91, 92. Mat. Weſtm. p. 25, 26. Mat. Paris, p. 60. Hoveden An. p. 471. Simeon Dunelm. Hiſt. col. 230. Radulph. de Diceto Abbrev. Chron. col. 500. Antiq. Eccl. Brit. p. 107, 108. Godw. in the life of Anſelm.Factus eſt Conventus Epiſcoporum et Abbatum, pariter & Magnatum (or Procerum) Regni Londoni…s in Palati… … ▪ where, per conſilium Anſelmi, & Procerum Regni, annuit Rex & ſtatuit, this accord and Decree was made; ut ab eo tempore in reliquum, nunquam per donationem baculi Paſtoralis, vel annuli quiſquam de Epiſcopatu vel Abbatia per Regem, vel quamlibet L…icam perſonam inveſtiretur in Anglia: Concedente etiam Archiepiſcopo, ut nullus ad Praelationem electus pro homagio quod Regi faceret, conſecratione ſuſcepti honoris privaretur; which being concluded, Coepit Anſelmus coram Rege Regnique Epiſcopis atque Principibus, exigere a Gerardo Archiepiſcopo Eboracenſi profeſſionem de ſua obedieutia & ſubjectione, quam non fecerat, ex quo de Epiſcopatu Herefordenſi ad Achiepiſcopatum Eboracenſem tranſlatus fuerat. Ad quae cum Rex ipſ… diceret, ſibi quidem non videre neceſſe, ut profeſſioni quam ordinationis ſuae tempore Gerardus fecerat, aliam ſuperadderet, praeſertim cum licet Eccleſiam mutaverit, idem tamen qui fuerat in perſona remanſit, nec a prima profeſſione abſolu…us extiterit. Anſelmus in praeſenti quidem Regiis verbis adquievit, ea conditione; ut Gerardus in manum ſibi daret, ſe eandem ſubjectionem in Archiepiſcopatu ei ſervaturum quam in Epiſcopatu profeſſus fuerat; Which Gerardus a…enting to, and preſently performing before them. Exin STATUTUM EST, ut qui ad Epiſcopatum electi erant, Cantuariam i…e…t, & ibi dignitatis ipſius benedictionem, ex more ſuſciperent.

In the year 1108.(b)(b)Eadmerus l. 4. p. 94 95. Simeon Dunelm. col. 231. Hoveden, p. 272. King Henry in the Feaſt of Pentecost, advenatis ad Curiam ſuam apud Londoniam, cunctis Magnatibus Regni, cum Anſelmo Archiepiſcopo, et caeteris Epiſcopis Angliae tractavit, concerning the chaſtity p. 174and againſt the mariage of Prieſts and Clergy-men… (concerning which ſeveral Laws and Canons were then made and publiſhed, with other good ſecular Lawes againſt theeves, clipping and falſifying of money, &c.) which were thus praefaced. Haec ſunt Statuta, &c. quae ſtatuerunt Anſelmus Cantuarienſis Archiepiſcopus, Thomas Eboracenſis Archieriſcopus electus cum eo, Omneſque alii Angliae Epiſcopi, in praeſentia glorioſi Regis Henrici Aſſenſu Comitum et Baronum ſuorum, ſtatutum eſt, &c.

(c)(c)Eadmerus l. 4. p. 101, 102, 103. Antiqu. Eccleſ. Brit. p. 107, 108, 110.Anno 1109. there ariſing a difference between Anſelm and Thomas the elect Archbiſhop of York, about his conſecration and ſubjection to Anſelm; thereupon Anſelm calling the reſt of the Biſhops to him, by their advice, ſummoned him by 2. Biſhops to come to Canterbury, there to receive his conſecration, and to make ſuch ſubjection to him as he required, unleſs he could prove he ought to be exempted from it. Whereupon the King ſent a Writ to Anſelm under his Seal, to adjourn the difference between Thomas and him till Eaſter. EGO enim ſi infra praedictum …terminum in Angliam rediero Conſilio Epiſcoporum et Baronum meorum, vos juſte & honorifice inde concorcabo, &c. Upon which Anſelm returned this peremptory anſwer, not to Thomas, but to the King himſelf. De induciis autem, quas Thomae Ebor. Archiepiſc. dare mandaverat, pro certo ſcirer, quod prius pateretur totus membratim diſſecari, quam de negotio, in quo illum contra antiquas ſanctorum Patrum ſanctiones, ſe injuſte & adverſus Deum erexiſſe ſciebat, vel ad horam illas aliquando daret. And writ a peremptory Letter to Thomas, not to preſume to intermeddle in any kind in the exerciſe of his paſtoral cure, until he had deſiſted from his rebellion againſt the See of Canterbury, and done that ſubjection to himſelf which his predeceſſors, Thomas and Gerard, had formerly made out of the antient cuſtom of their anteceſſors; charging him without ſuch a profeſſion of ſubjection, never to receive conſecration to that See, under pain of an Anathema, and interdicting p. 175all the Biſhops of England under pain of Excommunication, not to conſecrate him, nor yet to have any Chriſtian communion with him, if conſecrated by any foraign Biſhops. Soon after which Letter Anſelm deceaſing, the King keeping his Court a… London at Pentecoſt: Rex Regni Proceres atque Praeſules ad incundum de Eboracenſi Archiep: conſecratione Concilium Londinum convocavit: Wherein caepit agere cum Epiſcopis et Regni Principibus, quid eſſet agendum de conſecratione electi Eccle…iae Eboracenſi? Where Anſelms recited Letter being produced and read, the Earl of Mellent demanded, Which of the Biſhops durſt to receive that Letter without the aſſent and command of the King their Soveraign Lord? Whereupon the Biſhops perceiving that the Earl by this queſtion was willing, calumniam movere, qua eos regiae Majeſtati obnoxios faceret, remoti à multitudine, habito conſilio ſtaruunt apud ſe, ſuis omnibus, ſi regia ſententia hoc forte Comitis inſtinctu dictaret, ſe malie diſpoliari, quam iis quae Anſelmus de praeſenti quaerela praeceperat, non obtemperare. Iſtis ergo firmato Conſilio inter ſe; they ſent for Samſon Bp. of Worcester to know his opinion therein… who communing with them, and telling them, that himſelf was preſent when as his brother Thomas Archbiſhop of York Elect, tum antiquis conſuetudinibus, tum invincibilibus allegationibus actus, eandem p…ofeſsionem Lanfranco Archiepiſco Cantuarienſi, & cunctis ſuis ſucceſſoribus fecit. Thereupon, **Eadmerus, l. 3. p. 103, 104.ſimul omnes Epiſcopi ad Regem reverſi ſunt, conſtanter & literas quibus Comes ſciſcitatus fuerat, ſe ſuſcepiſſe, & contra eas nulla ratione quicquam acturos aſſerentes; Ad quae▪ cum idem Comes caput agitare…, autumans jam in illos quaſi de contemptu Regis crimen injiciendum, dixit Rex, Quicquid in iis aliorum ſententia ferat, de me conſtat, quia cum Epiſcopis ſentio, nec vel ad horam excommunicationem Anſelmi ſubjacere aliquatenus volo. Quibus a…ditis, gaviſi ſunt omnes. Et agentes domino grates pariter conclama verunt, Anſelmum adeſſe, et quam, non poterat in corpore degens, j…m p. 176mundo abſ…tem cauſam Eccleſiae ſuae determina…e. Deinde, in laudibus eximii Principis demoratum eſt, ac ut ipſe dignitatem Primatus Eccleſiae Cantuarienſis humiliari a nul…o permitteret poſtulatus; ſiquidem in hoc, dicunt, conſuetudines antiquae et earum confirmationes, aſtipulatione totius regni ſub magno Rege Willielmo factae, necne privilegia quae his priota exiſtunt ab Apoſtolica Sede, ipſi Eccleſiae collata corrumperentur, ſcinderentur, annihilarentur. Adquievit iſtis Rex, & juſſit ipſarum quoque ſcripta Auctoritatum, quae Eccleſia Can…uarienſis habebat, ſub celeritate afferri, allata recitari. Quod ubi factum eſt, intulit. Quid amplius quaeritur? Auctoritates, & privilegia Apoſtolicae Sedis & quae in praeſentia Patris & Matris meae, ſub teſtimonio & confirmatione Epiſcoporum, Abbatum, & Procerum Regni definita ſunt, Nota.ut quaſi de Epiſtola Anſelmi penitus taceatur, ego in quaeſtionem mitterem, ego novis Ambagibus agitari permitterem? Immo ſciat Thomas ſe aut ſubjectionem & obedientiam Eccleſiae Cantuarienſi ejuſ que primatibus▪ ut Anteceſſores ſui profeſsi ſunt, profeſſurum, aut Archiepiſcopatui Eboracenſi ex toto ceſſurum. **Eligat.Fugat ergo, quod vult. Conſideratis itaque Thomas auctoritatibus quibus Eccleſiam Dorobernenſem niti, & circumvallari videbat, spretis clericis ſuis, quorum ſe Conſilio credidiſſe ſero dolebat, ſe contra ipſas Auctoritates nolle ſtare, ſed morem Anteceſſorum ſuorum ſequendo & ipſis adquieſcere, & Eccleſiam ipſam deinceps ſemper diligere velle dixit, & honorare. Praecepit igitur Rex ut profeſsio, quam Thomas erat facturus in ſui praeſentia dictaretur, ſcriberetur, ſigilloque ſuo, nequid in ea quovis molimine antequam eam proficiendo Thomas legeret, mutaretur, ſervaretur incluſa. Quod et factum eſt.

Dominica ergo die quae fuit IV. Kl. Julii conven… runt, jubente Rege, Richardus Londonienſis, Willielmus Wintonienſis, Radulphus Roffenſis, Herbertus Norwicenſis, Radulphus Ciſtrenſis, Radulphus Dunelmenſis, & Herveus Pangornenſis Epiſcopi in Eccleſia beati Pauli Londoniae pro conſecratione Thomae. Inter ſolitam ergo examinationem, ſuo loco profeſſionem, de ſubjectione & p. 177obedientia ſanctae Eccleſiae Dorobernenſi exhibenda Richardus Lundonienſis Epiſcopus, qui Thomam erat ſacraturus ab illo exegit. Profeſſio igitur, ſicut erat ſigillata ſibi coram omnibus oblata eſt, factoque ſigillo evoluta & lecta ab eo eſt ita. Ego Thomas Eboracenſis Eccleſiae conſecrandus Metropolitanus profiteor ſubjectionem & Canonicam obedientiam ſanctae Dorobernenſi Eccleſiae, & ejuſdem Eccleſiae Primati Canonice electo, & conſeerato, & ſucceſſoribus ſuis Canonice inthronizatis ſalva fidelitate Domini mei Regis Henrici Anglorum, et ſalva obedientia ex parte mea tenenda, quam Thomas Anteceſſor meus ſanctae Romanae Eccleſiae ex parte ſua profeſſus eſt.

Intererat huic officio Prior Eccleſiae Dorobernenſis Conradus nomine) & ex Monachis ejuſdem loci, quamplures, qui pro hoc ipſo, quoniam res eos maxime reſpiciebat, illo convenerant. Lectam itaque profeſſionem cum a Thoma ſibi oblatam Richardus Antiſtes Londonienſis accipiſſet, eam nominato Priori & Fratribus tradidit, dicens; Hanc Fratres & Domini mei in teſtimonium auctoritatis veſtrae Elcleſiae ſuſcipite, & ipſam vobis factam in memoriam posteritatis, ſervate. Deinde a Radulpho Cicestrenſi Epiſcopo dictum in populo eſt ipſam conſecrationem, ex recto, et antiqua conſuetudine debere fieri Cantuariae. Et adjecit. Verum quia ipſa Civitas, defuncto Patre noſtro Anſelmo, nunc quidem Pontifice caret, v…ſum Regi ſacratiſque ordinibus regni est, atque Principibus, …am hic atque ab hujus ſedis Epiſcopo prae aliis potiſſimum celebrandam, eo intuitu, ea ratione quod Epiſcopus Lundonienſis inter alios Epiſcopos eſt Decanus Eccleſiae Cantuarienſis, & ideo speciali quadam dignitate, caeteris anteponendus. Ita ergo in Epiſcopatum Eboracenſem Thomas conſec…atus eſt, ſuſcipiens a Miniſtro, quod ſuſſcipere detrectavit a Magiſtro.

Anno 1114.(d)(d)Eadmerus l. 5. p. 109, 110.112. King Henry by the admonition of the Pope, and prayers of the Monks of Canterbury and other, and above all, being moved by divine inſtinct: Epiſcopos et Principes Angliae in unum apud Windeſhoram fecit veni…e, eorum conſilium in conſtituendo Pontifice Cantuarienſi volens habere. The King firſt pi…ched upon Faricius Abbot p. 178of Abendon, who was there preſent for that end by the Kings command: Animus tamen Epiſcoporum et quorundam Magnatum in aliud vergebat, praeoptantium, aut quemlibet Epiſcoporum de ordine Cleric…li, aut Clericum aliquem de Capella Regis in opus illud aſciſci. But when it was objected, that there had been no Archbiſhop ſince Auguſtin, but only one, which was not of the Monaſtick order, who for that preſumption and other perverſe things done by him was depoſed by the Pope: and therefore they ought not to ſubvert the antient and authentique cuſtom, when there was no reaſon or neceſſity to do it; they were compelled to deſiſt from their enterpriſe, which they laboured with much endeavour to accompliſh: whereupon by Gods diſpoſing providence, they ſuddenly gave their ſentence for Ralph Biſhop of Rocheſter to be Archbiſhop, requiring the Kings aſſent thereunto: who altering his mind concerning promoting the Abbot, willingly gave his aſſent to Ralph; to whom all the Monks, Elders, and People of Canterbury gave their ready aſſents. Whereupon two Meſſengers were ſent to Rome to Pope Paſchal for his Pall, with Letters from the King and Biſhops of England and Covent of Canterbury, wherein they recite his Election to this See: adding; Huic electioni affuerant Epiſcopi, Abbates, et Principes Regni, & magna populi multitudo, (to wit of Canterbury, not elected Knights, Citizens or Burgeſſes) conſentiente Domino noſtro Rege, et eandem electionem laudante, ſuaque auctoritate corroborante. The Pope hereupon, with much difficulty, at the earneſt intreaty of one Anſelm, Nephew to the deceaſed Anſelm, ſent a Pall to Ralph by him, together with an angry harſh Letter to the King and Biſhops the ſame year. Whereupon (e)(e)Eadmerus l. 5. p. 114, 115, 116.Eodem anno Henricus Rex, juſſi… omnes Epiſcopos et Principes totius regni, ad Curiam ſuam, ſub uno venire. Unde rumor per totam terram diſperſus eſt, Pontificem Cantuariorum Generale Concilium (praeſ…nte Legato Domini Papae) celebraturum, & nova quaedam, tantoque Conventui digna, pro correctione Christianae Religionis in omni ordine promulgaturum. Ita que ut Rex juſſerat 16 Kal. Octobris Conveutus omnium apud Weſtmonaſterium in palatio p. 179Regis factus eſt: & quod de Concilii celebratione, et Chriſtianitatis emendatione, rumor disperſerat, nihil fuiſſe, quae confluxerat multitudo tandem advertit: Only the Popes Letter to the King and Biſhops (recorded in Eadmerus) was there read. Wherein Pope Paſchal ſetting forth his pretended univerſal Authority over all Kingdoms and Churches derived from St. Peter; & that no great buſineſſes ſhould be done concerning the Church without him or his Legates privitie and advice; taxeth the King and Engliſh Biſhops, for electing, and tranſlating Biſhops, holding Synods, Councils, and medling with the affairs of Biſhops without his privity▪ for not permitting any Legats freely to paſs into or return from England, without the Kings ſpecial licenſe: for hindring Appeals to Rome, and not duly collecting and paying his Peterpence; admoniſhing them to reform all theſe their Exorbitances, and concluding with this menace. Si verò adhuc in veſtra decernitis obstinatia permanere, nos Evangelicum dictum, et Apoſtolicum exemplum, pedum in vos pulverem excutiemus, & tanquam ab Eccleſia Catholica reſilientes, divino judicio trademus. The King hereupon adviſing with his Biſhops and Nobles, what anſwer he ſhould return to the Pope concerning thoſe things, and certain others which did very much offend his mind, Cono his Legat having ſuſpended and Excommunicated the Biſhops of Normandy, eo quod Conciliis (generalibus) tertio vocati, intereſſe noluerunt: Placuit in Communi, ut Rex ſuos Nuncios mitteret per quos quae vellet ſecurius Papa mandaret: and withall ſent that reſolute Letter by them to the Pope here cited p. 108, 109.

(f)(f)Eadmerus l. 5. p. 118.126An. 1116. When the forecited Parliamentary Council at Salisbury was held; Anſelm returning from Rome, came to the King into Normandy with Letters from the Pope, appointing him his Legate and Vice-pope in England, Quod regno Angliae, brevi innotuit. Admirati ergo Epiſcopi, Abbates et Nobiles quique Londoniae aduniti ſunt, ſuper his, & quibuſaam aliis, praeſente Regina, communi Conſilio tractatur, Quid multa? PLACUIT OMNIBUS, Archiepiſcopum Cantuar. quem maxime res haec reſpiciebat, Regem adire, & expoſita ei antiqua regni conſuetudine, p. 180SIMUL AC LIBERTATE, ſi conſuleret Romam ire, ET HAEC NOVA ANNIHILARI: amplectitur ille conſilium; & repairs thereupon to the King, informing him of this their reſolution; with whom he found Anſelm, waiting for a paſſage into England to exerciſe his Legatine authority. Sed Rex antiquis Angliae conſuetudinibus praejudicium inferri non ſuſtinens, illum ab ingreſſu Angliae detinebat. Itaque omnis de hujuſce poteſtatis (Legati) exors effectus, a Normanda eſt in ſuos regreſſus.

In the year 1121. K. Henry the 1. (g)(g)Eadmerus l. 6. p. 136.Conſilio Radulphi Cant. Pontificis et Principum Regni quos omnes in Epiphania Domini, ſub uno Londoniae congregavit, decrevit ſibi in uxorem Atheleiden filiam Godfredi Ducis Lotharingiae. After which ſhe arriving in England; Conventu Epiſcoporum, Principum, et Procerum Regni, qui pro occurſu Reginae factus fuerat; the difference between Archbiſhop Ralph and Thurstan about his ſubjection to him, was moved: Pope Calix…us who ordained him, commanding the King and Archbiſhop, to permit him to enjoy his Biſhoprick; aut Rex anathemate, & Radulphus ſuſpenſione Pontificalis Officii, plecteretur. Hereupon the privileges of the Church of Canterbury (recorded in Eadmerus) were recited, & quam dignè Deo haec Apostolica disponerentur, intellectum est ab omnibus. Tamen ne praemiſſae intentio poenae, Regem vel Pontificem aliquatenus conturbaret, EX COMMUNI CONCILIO permiſſus est idem Thurſtinus Angliam redire, & Eboracum Regia via veni…e. Quod & factum eſt, ea diſpoſitione, ut nullatenus extra parochiam Eboracenſem divinum officium celebraret, donec Eccleſiae Cantuarienſi, de injuria, quam ei intulerat, abjurata cordis ſui obſtinatione ſatisfaceret.

About the year 1122. (h)(h)Eadmerus l. 6. p. 137, 138.Pope Calixtus having by force deprived Pope Gregory, ſent one Peter to be Legate over all Britain, Ireland, and the Orcades, as well as France, who ſent ſome Abbots and others before him to give notice of his coming, the whole land being aſtoniſhed at the expectation of his coming, the King ſent the Biſhop of St. Davies, and another Clerk to him into France where he ſtayed, to ſignifie his pleaſure and command, p. 181that they ſhould bring him into England to him. The King by prudent counſel enjoyned them; That after his entrance into England, they ſhould ſo order his journey, that he ſhould not enter into any Church or Monaſtery for hoſpitality or lodging, and that no neceſſaries ſhould be adminiſtred to him from others; but only at his own expence. Being brought to the King and worthily received, he related the cauſe of his coming: The King pretending an expedition againſt the Welſh, anſwered; Se tanto negotio operam tunc quidem dare non poſſe, cum Legationis illius ſtabilem auctoritatem non niſi per conniventiam Epiſcoporum, Abbatum, et Procerum, et totius regni conventum, roborari poſſe conſtaret. …uper haec, …ibi patrias conſuetudines ab Apoſtolica ſede conceſſas, nequaquam ſe aequanimiter amiſſurum fore teſtabatur (in quibus haec, & de maximis una erat, quae Regnum Angliae liberum ab omni Legati ditione conſtituerat) donec ipſe vitae praeſenti ſuperſit. His horumque ſimilibus regali facundia editis, praefa…us Petrus aſſenſum praebere utile judicavit, & annuit. Quapropter larga regis munificentia magnifice honoratus, nullo modo ſe quicquam antiquae dignitatis derogaturum, immo ut dignitatis ipſius gloria undecunque augmentaretur, ſpo…pondit plena fide elaboraturum. Pax itaque firma inter eos firmata eſt, & qui Legati officio fungi in tota Britannia venerat, immunis ab omni officio tali, cum ingenti pompa, via qua venerat extra Angliam, a Rege miſſus eſt. At Canterbury he peruſed the antient privileges granted to the Prelates by the See of Rome touching their ſuperiority over York: Quibus ille perſpectis atque perpenſis, teſtatus etiam ipſe eſt, Eccleſiam Cantuarienſem grave nimis immoderatum praejudicium eſſe perpeſſam, & quatenus hoc velocius corrigeretur, …e modis omnibus opem adhibiturum pollicitus eſt, Poſt haec Angliam egreditur.

By all theſe Parliamentary Councils and Proceedings in them, and the Kings anſwer to this Legate, it is moſt apparent from the teſtimony of Eadmorus (preſent at p. 182moſt of them) and then antient Hi…orians. 1. That they all conſiſted during all the reign of King Henry the 1. of the King, Biſhops, Abbots, Earls, Lords and Barons, without any Knights, Citizens, Burgeſſes, or Commons elected by the people. 2ly. That not only the legiſlative but judicial power or judicature of Parliament in all civil, eccleſiaſtical and criminal cauſes debated or judged in them, reſided wholly in the King, Prelates, Earls, Barons and Nobles, which they joyntly and ſeverally exerciſed by mutual conſent, as there was occaſion. 3ly. That our Kings, Prelates, Nobles were then all very vigilant, and zealous in oppoſing the Popes uſurpations upon the antient Liberties, Privileges, Cuſtoms of the king, kingdom, and Church of England. 4ly. That thoſe (i)(i)See the Antiquity of the Parliaments of England, p. 18, 19, 40, 80.Antiquaries and others are much miſtaken, who affirm, the Commons were called to the Parliament of 16 H. 1. as well as the Peers and Nobles; and that ſince that time the authority of this Court hath ſtood ſetled, and the COMMONALTY had their voice therein, which the ſaid H. 1. GRANTED TO THEM, in love to the Engliſh Nation, being a natural Engliſhman himſelf, when as the Normans were upon terms of revolt from him to his Brother Robert Duke of Normandie; it being clear by theſe Hiſtories, and all the Parliamentary Councils under King Henry the 1. and under Hen. the 2. King Ric. the 1. King John, and Henry the 3. forecited, and here enſuing; that there were no Knights Citizens, Burgeſſes, or Commons elected by the people, ſummoned to our Parliaments in their reigns ſucceeding Henry the 1. therefore not in his. 5ly. That the Opinion of (k)(k)In his Britannia, p. 120, 122.Mr. Cambden, (l)(l)The Antiquity of the Parliaments of England, p. 18, 20, 87.Judge Dodridge, Jo. Holland, (m)(m)Poſthuma, p. 346, 347, 348.Sir Ro. Cotton, (n)(n)Titles of Honour, p. 712, 713, 717.Mr. Selden and others, is true, that the firſt Writ of Summons of any Knights, Citizens, Burgeſſes or Commons to Parliament now extant, is no antienter than 49 H. 3. dorſ. 10.11. That King Henry the 3. after the ending of the Barons wars, appointed and ordained, That all thoſe Earls and Barons of the Realm, to whom the King himſelf ſhould vouchſafe to ſend his Writ of Summons p. 113ſhould come to his Parliament, and none elſe but ſuch as ſhould be choſen by the voice of the Burgeſſes and Freemen, by other Writs of the king directed to them: And that this being begun about the end of Hen. the 3. was perfected and continued by Edward the 1. and his Succeſſors. Which (o)(o)Chronicle vol. 3. p. 37, 38.Holinſhed, & (p)(p)Hiſtory of Great Britain, p. 538, 559▪Speed, do likewiſe intimate in general terms: So that upon due conſideration of all Hiſtories, Records, and judicious Antiquaries, it is moſt apparent, that the Commons had no place nor votes by election in our Parliaments in Hen. 1. his reign, no… before the latter end of King H. 3. and Ed. 1. who perfected what his Father newly before him began, in ſummoning them to Parliaments.

This being an irrefragable truth, as I conceive, the next thing to be conſidered of is this; whether the Commons, when thus called and admitted by H. 3. and E. 1. into our Parliaments, had any ſhare, right, or intereſt in the judicature of Parliaments then granted to them, either as ſevered from, or joyntly with the King and Lords? And if any ſhare or right at all therein; at what time, and in what caſes was it granted or indulged to them?

With ſubmiſſion to better judgements; I am clear of opinion, that the King and Lords, when they firſt called the Knights, Citizens, and Burgeſſes to Parliament, never admitted them to any ſhare or copartnerſhip with them in the antient, ordinary, Judicial power of Parl. in civil or criminal cauſes, brought before them by Writ, Impeachment, Petition, or Articles of complaint, as they were the ſupreme judicature and Court of Juſtice; but reſerved the judicial power and right of giving and pronouncing all Judgements in Parliament, in ſuch caſes and ways of proceeding, wholly to themſelves, admitting them only to ſhare with them in their conſultative, Legiſlative and Tax impoſing power, as the Common Council of the Realm, & thereby in caſes of Attainder by Act, Bill, or Ordinance (a part of the Legiſlative not ordinary judicial authority of Parliament) allowed them a voice and partnerſhip with themſelves, and a ſhare in reverſing p. 184ſuch A…tainders by Act, Bill, or Ordinance by another Bill or Sentence; but in no caſes elſe, except ſuch alone, wherein the King or Lords ſhould voluntarily, at their own pleaſures, not of meer right, requite their concurrence with them. The Arguments, reaſons, inducing me to this opinion and irrefragably evincing it, are theſe.

1. The Form of the Writs for electing, Knights, Citizens, Burgeſſes of Parliament, with the retorns and Indentures annexed to them, which are only ad faciendum, & conſentiendum his quae & tunc ibidem de Communi Concilio dicti regni contigerint ordinari; Which gives them no judicial power in civil or criminal cauſes there adjudged, as the Writs to the Lords doe give to them by theſe clauſes; Ibidem cum Praelatis, Magnatibus, & Proceribus regni colloquium habere & tractatum: vobiſcum &c. colloquium habere & tractare: Perſonaliter interſitis Nobiſcum, ac cum Praelatis, Magnatibus & Proceribus ſuper dictis negotiis tractaturi, veſtrumque conſilium impenſuri; and uſage, cuſtom time out of mind.

2. Becauſe when firſt ſummoned to our Parliaments, they were never called nor admitted thereunto as Members of the Lords houſe, or as perſons equal to them in power, nor admitted to ſit in the ſame Chamber, as Peers, with them, but as Members of an inferiour degree, ſitting in a (q)(q)My Levellers levelled, and Preface to an Exact abridgement of the Records of the Tower.diſtinct Chamber from them, by themſelves, at firſt, as they have done ever ſince, which (r)(r)See my Catalogue of the Speakers in my 2 Table to an Exact abridgement, &c. p. 151.155.I have elſewhere proved, againſt Sir Edward Cooks, and others miſtakes, as Modus tenendi Parliamentum it ſelf reſolves, if it be of any credit.

3ly. Becauſe after their call to our Parliaments, in 49 H. 3. they had ſcarce the Name, nor Form of an Houſe of Commons, or Lower Houſe, nor any Speaker of their Hou…e, that we find in Hiſtory or Record, till 51 E. 3. Therefore doubtleſſe they had no judicial power or juriſdiction.

4ly. When they became a Houſe, and had a Speaker, they could neither chuſe their Speaker in any Parliament p. 185without a command to and licenſe firſt granted them by the King, Lord Chancellor, or the perſon implyed by the King to ſhew the cauſes of ſummoning the Parliament; (s)(s)See my Table of Speakers, an Title Parliament, Speaker, Commons to the Exact abridgeme… of the Records of t… Tower, an… p. 155, 174, 189, 390▪ 53 535, 618, 619 640, 649, 661who gave them a command to elect their Speaker, and then to preſent him to the King and Lords for their approbation of him at the time preſcribed them; who had then power to allow or diſallow their Speaker, and to order them to elect another then or afterwards, incaſe of unfitneſs, ſickneſs, impriſonment, or any other juſt ground or excuſe, as our Parl. Rolls and others attest. If then the Commons can neither elect their own Speakers, nor approve nor remove them, but by the Kings and Lords approbation; who may diſcharge them upon juſt grounds, and order rhem to elect others in their places; and that againſt their wills, as in the caſe of Thorpe hereafter cited: Then certainly the judicature in all other caſes, as well as this of their very Speakers, and Members too, reſided ſtill in the King and Lords, and was not communicated to the Commons Houſe.

5ly. The Commons Houſe inability to adminiſter an Oath to any perſon in any caſe (t)(t)1 R. 2. …o…. Parl. n. 31.42.7 R. 2. n. 13, 14.21 R 2. n. 53.which the Lords alone have power to doe in Parliament.

6ly. Their Petitions, (u)(u)21 E. 2. n. 68.50 E. 3. n. 16.…0 41.10 R. 2. n. 6.10 18.21 R. 2. n. 15, 16.1 H 4. pl. Co…ae, n. 1.2.28 H. 6. n. 14. … 53.Articles of complaint, and Impeachments in all Parliaments, delivered and ſent up to the Lords againſt Delinquents in Criminal cauſes, as well of Commons as Peers, Clergy men as ſecular perſons; and their praying the Lord to judge and give ſentence againſt them.

7ly. Their proſecuting and giving in evidence againſt all ſorts of Deliquents at the Lords Bar, as accuſers.

8ly. Their ſtanding always in ſuch caſes; and that bare headed in the Lords Houſe, as Proſecutors, Informers,(x)(x)8 R. 2.…. Grand-Jurymen, whiles the Lords alone fit, and that covered, and only give, pronounce the iudgement, and that in the Comons abſence for the moſt part, not preſence.

9ly. Their having (y)(y)Co…ks 4 li…ſtir. p. 21, 2…, 23.no voice or ſhare at all in the hearing, examining, debating, reverſing erronious Judgements in other Courts upon Writs of Error brought in Parliament, but the Lords alone.

p. 19610ly. The Kings & Judges not ſitting amongſt them, but only in the Houſe of Peers to authorize and aſſiſt them in their judgements, are all infallible arguments and clear irrefragable demonſtrations, that the Judicatory, or judicial power of Parliaments was never communicated to the Commons Houſe, upon their firſt admittance into Parliament, nor ſince, but remained intirely, fully in the King and Lords alone, as it did before. That this is ſo in truth, I have the expreſs acknowledgement and confeſſion of the whole Houſe of Commons themſelves long ſince, in the Parliament of 1 H. 4. rot. Parl. n. 79. remaining on record to all Poſterity, with the Kings and Lords concurrent reſolution, both from the time of the Commons firſt admiſſion, and for all ſucceeding ages. The Commons in this Parliament, November 3. made their Proteſtation in the ſame manner they had done in the beginning of the Parliament; and more over ſhewed to the King (z)(z)See an Exact abridgment of the Records in the Tower, p. 392.Come les Ioggementz du Parlement apperteignent ſoulement au Roy et Seignieur, et nient as Communes, &c. That the Judgements of Parliament appertained only to the King, and to the Lords, and not unto the Commons. And thereupon they pra…ed the King out of his ſpecial grace, to ſhew unto them the ſaid Iudgements, and the cauſe of them, that ſo no Record mig…t be made in P…rliamen… againſt the ſaid Commons, which are or ſhall be parties to any judgement given or hereafter to be given in Parliament, without that privity. Whereunto the Archbiſhop of Canterbury gave them this anſwer by the Kings commandment; That the Commons themſelves are Petitioners and demanders, Et que le Roy et les seigniours de tout temps ont eues et averont de droit les juggement in Parliament en manere come mesmes les Communes ſont monſtrez, and that the King and Lords from all times have had (for times paſt) and ſhall have (for time to come of right the Iudgements in Parliament, in manner as the Commons themſelves have ſhewed, Saving that in Statutes to be made, …or in Grants and Subſidies, or in ſuch things as are to be do…e for the common profit of the REALM, the KING will have eſpecially their advice and aſſent. p. 197By this memorable Record in Parliament it is apparent by the Commons own confeſſion, Firſt, That the Judgments in Parliament even in caſes of Commoners themſelves, and Members of the Commons Houſe as well as Peers, appertain only to the King and to the Lords, in the Affirmative. Secondly, That they appertain not to the Commons, in the Negative. Thirdly, A Confeſſion both of the Commons, King and Lords, That they have from all times in all ages before that Parliament appertained to the King and Lords, and that of right, not by uſurpation or connivence. Fourthly, An expreſs order and reſolution, that the King and Lord ſhall alwayes kéep and hold this their Right of Iudicature in all times to come, without admitting the Commons to ſhare therein upon this their Petition, as not fit to be granted them. Fifthly, That if the Commons ſhould be admitted at any time to be parties or privies to the Judgements in Parliaments, as they then deſired; it would be meerly out of the Kings ſpecial Grace. Sixthly, That the ſpecial reaſons, ends of the Kings ſummoning the Commons to Parliaments at the firſt and ever ſince, were only theſe eſpecially, 1. to have their advice in Statutes to be made, 2. in Grants, or Subſidies, 3. in ſuch things as are to be done for the common profit of the Realm; not to give them the leaſt ſhare, right or intereſt in the Judicature or Judgements of Parliament, as it is the ſupremeſt Court of Juſtice.

The Judicial Power and the Judgements in Parliament being never transferred in part or whole by the King and Lords to the Commons Houſe, but intirely reſerved to themſelves, as before their admiſſion in…o our Parliaments, as I have proved, it follows inevitably from thence; 1. That all Judgements given by the Commons Houſe alone, or by any of their Committees of Sequeſtrations, Examinations, plundered Miniſters, &c. without the Lords, are meerly void and null in Law, being Coram non judice; and may be juſtly queſtioned and vacated by the Lords upon appeal or complaint, as Nullities. 2. That the Houſe of Commons have no more right or power to p. 188judge or vote down the Lords Houſe, or queſtion or null their Judgements upon appeals to the Commons from them (as Lilburn and Overton ▪ pretend they may) than the Grand or Petty Jury have to Vote down the Judges and Juſtices of Aſſize or Seſſions from the Bench, or to reverſe or repeal their Judgements and Orders; Or the Common Council of London to vote down the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, and reverſe their Orders and Judgements in their Court upon appeals unto them: They being in nature of Grand Jury men, and the General Inquiſitors of the Realm, to inquire of, preſent and impeach, tranſmit delinquents of all ſorts in Parliament to the Lords Houſe, their only Judges, Cooks 4. Inſtit. p. 24. 3ly, That the King and Houſe of Lords are now of right, and ſtill ought to be the only true and proper Judges of all Parliamentary Cauſes, and Controverſies, Civil, Eccleſiaſtical or Criminal, whether they concern Peers, Clergymen or Commoners, as they were originally before any Knights, Citizens or Burgeſſes ſummoned to them.

To clear this from all Scruples and avoid miſtakes, I muſt inform you, that there is a twofold way of proceeding and judgeing in Parliaments. The 1. extraordinary and extrajudicial, by way of Bill, Act, or Ordinance, by the Legiſlative power alone; ſuch Bills, Acts, Ordinances, ratifying only the precedent judgements of the Lords paſſed againſt Malefactors, being not any proper actual Judgements in their own name. This is evident by one of the firſt caſes wherin the Commons after their admiſſion into our Parliaments, were made parties to a Judgement by way of Bill. In (a)(a)Henry de Knyghton, de Event. Angl. l. 3. c. 4.5. Polychron. l. 1. c. 42: Exilium Hugonis, in Totles Magna Charta, f. 50. &c. Clauſ. 15 E. 2. dorſ. 32.the Parliament of 15 E. 2. there were ſundry Articles of High Treaſon in accroaching royal Power in divers caſes &c. as likewiſe of miſdemeanour and Breach of the Great Charter, exhibited againſt the 2. Hugh Spencers (both privy Counſellors of the realm) which upon examination were found true (b)(b)Totle, f. 53, 54.BY THE EARLS, BARONS & OTHER PEERS OF THE LAND: Parquoy NOƲS PIERS DE LATERRE COUNTS & BARONS en la preſence noſtre SEIGNOUR p. 189LE ROY, AGARD, que Sir Hugh le Despenſer le Fitz, & Sir Hugh le Deſpenſer le piere ſoient diſheritz a touts jours, come diſheritours de la corone & enemies du roy & de ſon people, & que ilz ſoient de tout exiles hors du royalme Dangliterre, ſans retourner in nul temps, ſi ceo ne ſoit de aſſent noſtre Seignor le Roy, & de laſſent DES PRELATS, COUNTS ET BARONS, et ceo en parlement duement ſomons. Et les donons port a Dover, & nul parte aillours, a voyder & a paſſer hors du royalm Dangliterre, enter cy la feaſt de ſainct John le Baptist prochein avenir, ceſt jour accompte. Et ſi les… it Sir Hugh & Sir Hugh demurgent en le royalme Dangliterre ouſtre le dit jour, que done lour eſt de voyder & de paſſer, come deſuis eſt diſt, ou que apres le dit jour retournet, adonques ſoit fait de eux, come de enemies de roy & de roialme. This judgement being given againſt them in Parliament only by the Peers, Earls and Barons in the preſence of the King, as the Cloſe of the Act for their baniſhment and (c)(c)15 E. 2. dorſ. 32.Clauſe Roll of that year recite; thereupon there was an Act drawn up (wherein all the Articles and the judgement given againſt them are recited) for confirmation of this Judgement, wherein the Prelates and Commons were made parties, though not to the judgement it ſelf, beginning thus. Al honeur de deiu, &c. luy monstrent Prelates, Counts, & Barons, et les autres Pieres de la terre, & COMMON de Royalm, contre Sir Hugh, &c. To which Act the King much againſt his will, to prevent a warr, conſented. The Hiſtory of the Lords proceedings againſt theſe Spencers is thus related by **Hiſtoriae Angliae, p. 91, 92. Ypodig. Neuſtriae, p. 104.Walſingham: There falling out a difference between Hugh Spencer the younger and Earl of Hereford about lands which Spencer purchaſed of William de Brews, which the Earl deſired to buy and had firſt contracted for, but Spencer by his power at Court bought from him; the Earl thereupon being much incenſed, complained of this injury to Thomas Earl of Lancaſter; **Hiſtoriae Angliae, p. 91, 92. Ypodig. Neuſtriae, p. 104.qui allicientes caeteros pene cunctos Comites & Barones in partem ſuam, conjurationem fecerunt maximum ad vivendum p. 200& moriendum pro juſtitia, & regni proditores pro viribus deſtruendis, & praecipue utrunque Hugonem de Spencer, patrem ſcilicet atque filium, quos odio inexorabili perſtringebant, eo maxime quia regem ducebant, pro ſuae voluntatis arbitrio, in tantum quod nec Comes, nec Baro nec Epiſcopus quicquam valuit expedire in Curia ſine horum conſilio vel favore. Omnium ergo livore perſequebantur, qui omnibus pene dominabantur, & quo plus crevit eorum gloria, & eo amplius contra illos crevit invidia, quae ſemper accreſcit abundantia aliorum. Igitur Barones duce Thoma de Lancaſtria apud Shirborn in Elmedon convenerunt, faederati prout dicitur & juramentis aſtricti, ad proſequendum propoſitum uſque ad corporis & animae diviſionem. Sed tamen pene cuncti prae…er Thomam de Lancaſtria & Humfridum Comitem de Herefordia & paucos alios ante finem negotii retrorſum abierunt, & prae timore mortis ſeſe Regi dediderunt: ſed haec inferius plenius videbuntur. Cumque Barones ut praefertur apud Shirburnam conveniſſent, quoſdam artirulos proſcriptionem dictorum Hugonis & Hugoni… compoſuerunt, ſed tamen vias juris et aequitatis in hac parte penitus omiſerunt, ſuorum pro tempore exequentes impetus animorum. Nam illorum bona qui illis vel amicitia vel affinitate juncti fuerant, furibunde invadebant, capientes caſtra per violentiam, vaſtantes praedia per malitiam, & perimentes famulos reper…os i… cuſtodiis eorundem, dolentes ob hoc tantummodo, quod eorum perſonas capere quos oderunt minime potuerunt: praedicta furia de die in diem vires ſumente, Barones vexillis explicatis ad ſanctum Albanum veniunt, per viam deripientes ubique victuali…, & pauperes terrae gravantes. In hac comitiva fuerant quidam, qui propter inveteratum odium monaſterium ſancti Albani dictique loci Monachos, ſe gravaturos devoverant. Sed tamen diſponente Deo qui neminem temptari permittit ſupra vires, horum magiſter & autor tantae malitiae in villa de Alysbury priuſquam ad ſanctum Albanū attingeret, morbo percuſſus irremediabili, p. 201propriis ſeipſum deſcerpit manibus, & poſt duos dies miſerabiliter expiravit. Caeteri tam formidabili tremefacti vindicta, caſum pro miracu…o reputantes, ab executione voti illiciti timore magis quam amore deſtiterun…. Magnates vero apud ſanctum Albanum cum ſuis armatis exercitibus per triduum perhen in…ntes miſerunt ſolennes ad Regem nuncios Londoniis commorantem, Londonienſem, Sarisburienſem, Elienſem, Herefordenſem & Ciciſtrenſem, Praeſules qui tunc apud ſanctum Albanum convenerant pro pace reformanda; mandantes, ut dominus rex non ſolum ſuam vacuaret curiam, ſed regnum ſuum de regni Proditoribus Hugone & Hugone le Spencer, per communitatem terrae in multis condemnatis articulis, exilium que meritum ſubire permitteret ſi diligeret regni pacem. Petierun…, Barones inſuper, ut rex ipſis & omnibus qui in eorum comitiva arma moverant, literas patentes indemnitatis concederet, & ne pro tranſgreſſionibus tranſactis vel praeſentibus a rege ſeu quovis alio futuris tem…oribus punire…ur. Ad haec dominus rex reſpondit, quod Hugo le Spencer pater in ſuo negotio mare tranſierat, & Hugo junior in mari ad cuſtodiendum quinque Portus, prout ex officio renebatur, qui de jure vel conſuetudine exulare non debent ante reſponſa data per eoſdem. Ad… c… prae…ere…, quod eorum petitio juris & rationis fundamento carebat, eo maxime quod dicti Hugo ſenior & Hugo junior parati ſemper fuerant omnibus de ſe conquerentibus in forma juris reſpondere, & ſi probare poſſent eos in aliquo ſtatuta terrae laeſiſſe, parati ſemper ſuerant legibus regni parere. Poſtremo cum juramento addidit, quod noluerit ſacramentum violare ad quod aſtrictus fuerat in Coronatione ſua, concedendo literas pacis et indulgentiae tam notorie delinquentibus in ſuae perſonae contemptum, et totius regni perturbationem, et majeſtatis regiae laeſionem. Hiis auditis, Proceres acti in …u…iam, confeſ…im ad arma▪ roſiliunt, & milites quidam ſuper armatura coti…cas induerunt vocatas quarteloys, Armigeri vero indumenta bendas habuerun…, quibus indumentis p. 192expoſt induti, tracti ſunt & ſuſpenſi plurimide procerum Comitiva. Cum faſtu igitur & pompa nimia Barones Londonias adierunt, hoſpitatique in ſuburbia civitatis, manebant pacifice donec licentiam ingredi civitatem obtinuiſſent: obtento a rege civitatis ingreſſu, Magnates ſicut prius in petitione ſua fortiter perſtiterunt. Tandem interveniente regina & praefatis epiſcopis laudabiliter mediantibus, rex inductus eſt propter werrae periculum evitandum, ut condeſcenderet votis & petitionibus Procerum praedictorum. Edictoque ſuper hiis per comitem Herefordiae in aula Weſtmonaſterii publicato, Hugo ſenior in exilium actus eſt. Sed Hugo junior in diverſis locis latitans, in Anglia & in mari permanſit.

The Clauſe Roll of 14 E. 2. m. 17. Schedula, records the proceedings with this addition: that King Edward the 2. having ſummoned the Lords to come to a Parliament with the reſt of the Council at Gloceſter, Humfry de Boun, Roger de Mortimer, and their confederates, refuſed to come upon the Summons, for fear of Hugh Spencer, who was made Chamberlain in pleno Parliamento 12 E. 2. at York, deſiring that he might be committed and kept in ſafe custody till the Parliament; for they we…e unwilling to come to him, ſo long as he was with the King. The King ſaid; he much wondred at this their carriage, in regard Spencer was never queſtioned in any other Parliament ſince he was made Chamberlain, for any miſdemeanour: & ignorare non debetis nec poteſtis, quod mandata noſtra omnibus & ſingulis ad Nos ad hujuſmodi mandata nostra convenientibus, protect…o & deſenſio ſunt & debent, ſecundum legem et conſuetudinem Regni noſtri. As for removing Spencer from him, which they deſired; he ſaid, it were unjust, and of ill example, aliis Miniſtris noſtris ſ…ipſum amoveremas à Nobis totaliter, ſine cauſ…. Praef… u… vero Hugonem ſive quema…is alium Cuſtodiae ſine cauſa committere non poſſumus nec debemus, Nota.cum hoc eſſet conira tenorem Magnae Chartae de libertatibus Angliae, et contra Communem Legem Regni noſtri, ac contra Ordinationes (made by himſelf p. 193and the Lords in Parliament.) Idem enim Hugo ſe protulit plane ac publice coram Nobis ad respondendum in Parliamento noſtro & alibi prout debuit querelis noſtri & ſi…gulorum a… ipſo conqueretium volentium, & ad standum inde recto, &c. And thereupon he commands them to come and treat cum caeteris de Concilio, at Oxford; whereas it appears by the Dorſe of this Roll, he had formerly ſummoned them and the reſt of the Council to Gloceſter, whether theſe Earls refuſed to come. Clauſ. 15 E. 2. dorſo 32. The whole proceedings againſt the Spencers in Parliamen, are at large recorded (but cancelled by order of the Parliament at York) They were ſent to every Court to be inrolled: and the writ recites, thar their judgement was per pares in praeſentia Regis.

Soon after, the ſame year the King ſummoned a Parliament at York on the 3. of September:(e)(e)Clauſ. 15 E. 2. m. 23, 24. & dorſ. 13.32. Clauſ. 17 E. 2. m. 30. 21 R. 2. rot. Parl. m. 55. to 67. See Holinſhed, Fabian, Polychronicon. where this judgement againſt the Spencers was queſtioned as erronious; and being referred to the conſideration of the Provincial Council of Canterbury, they conceived it to be erronice factum, becauſe the Spiritual Lords never aſſented to it, neither could they doe it, becauſe it was Jndicium ſanguinis, for if they ſubmitted not to the exile they were to be proceeded againſt as Enemies to the King and Realm. After which the King and ſome of the Lords had the ſentence read to them; and they ſaid, It was erroni… ous. The Earls of Richmond, Pembroke and Arundel ſaid, They gave their voyces for fear of the other Noble mens power: and the Judges ſaid; Conſideratio praedicta fuit contra Legem & conſuetudinom regni. The King writes down all this, and then ſends to ſome of the Biſhops that were abſent from the Council to know their minds 4 Januarii: who concurring in judgement with the reſt; thereupon the Proceſs, Judgement and Act againſt the Spencers, was nulled and made void, before the King, Lords and Commons (who were conſenting to it before.) 1. Becauſe they were not called to it to make their defence. 2ly. Becauſe the Lords Spiritual (who were Peers,) aſſented not to it. 3ly, Becauſe againſt MAGNA p. 194CHARTA, & the franchiſes of England; Nullus liber homo utlagetur, &c. 4ly. Becauſe the Faults were not ſufficiently proved. 5ly. Becauſe the Lords in the Kings abſence, of their proper authority, uſurping to themſelves royal power, had given the judgement of his royal aſſent, with the aſſent of the Lor…s and Commons, without his privity, and againſt his will. The judgement and proceſs of this repeal and nulling their ſentence, were ſent by Writ into every County to proclaim, and to null and cancel the firſt judgement. A little before which Parliament Thomas Earl of Lancaſter, and ſundry other Lords, Knights, and Gentlemen for adhering to him, and levying war againſt the king, were arraigned, impeached before the Lords, and commanded to be hanged, drawn, quartered and beheaded. Comitum et Baronum Conſilio, as (f)(f)Hiſt. Angl. p. 94, 95. Ypodigm. Neuſtriae, p. 120.Walſingham relates, without the Commons peculiar aſſent, and accordingly executed.