A Brief Register Calendar Part 1, Section 2 · Observations

A Brief Register Calendar Part 1 · Section 2 · Observations

p. 194Usefull Annotations and Observations upon the precedent Writs to the Prince of Wales, King of Castel and Leon, Dukes, and other Temporal Lords and Barons, and the lists of their names recorded after them.

1. I Observe, and must inform the Readers, that in some few Clause Rolls, there are writs of Summons entred only to Earls, and other secular Lords, without any writs to Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots and Spiritual Lords, who no doubt had like writs then is…ued to them, though not registred in the Rolls, as the Lords writs attest.

2. That in the Rolls where in they both are registred, the writs to the Temporal Lords are now and then entred, before those to the Archbishops, Bishops and Spiritual Lords; but most usually they follow them.

3. That they are commonly entred both together on the self-same dorse▪ or membrana, & their reci…als, cla… ses for the most part the same in terminis; except in the Praemun…entes, &c. which is peculiar to the Archbishops and Bishops writs; or in the clauses, or Homagio et ligeantia quibu, Nobi… tenemini; which is peculiar to the Temporal Lords; and never used in the writs to the Bishops, Abbots, and E…clesiastical Lords; but in fide p. 195& … quibus Nobis t…n…mini, only; which is oft times inserted into the writs to the Temporal Lords, and others of the Laity, not peculiar only to the Clergy; as in homagio & lig…antia are to the Tempor…lly. The reason whereof I conceive to be gro…nded on that of Littleton in his Chapter of Homage, Sect. 86. If an Abbot or Prior, or other man of Religion (which extends to all Archbishops, Bishops, De…n, Parsons, Prebends and other Ecclesiastical bodies Politick) shall do homage to his Lord, he shall not say, IEO DEVEIGNE VOSTR & HOME (whence Homage hath its name and derivation, as all Temporal Lords and Laymen ought to doe, when they do their homage to the King or other Lords) because he hath professed himself, PUR ESTRE TANT SOLEMENT LE HOME DE DE…U; But he shall … say, I do Homage unto you, and to you I shall be true and faithfull, and faith to you bear for the Tenements which I hold of you; In which respect, Glanvil lib. 9. c. 1, 2. Bracton …. 78. F. Britton cap. 68. & …. 3… cap. 16. resolve. S…endum …st quod … liber … …asculus quam famina, Clericus et Laicus, major & minor, dum tamen electi in Episcopos; POST CONSE…R ATIONEM HOMAGIUM NON FACIUNT, quicquid …ecerunt anie, sed TANTUM FIDELITATEM. Conventus a…t…m HOMAGIUM nec faciet de Iure, sicu… NE… ABBAS, NEC PRIOR, …o quod tenent nomine alieno, scilicet nomine Ecclesiarum: as Sir Ed. Cook likewise observes in his 1. Institutes, f. 65. b. So that they doing no homage properly so stiled to the King, after their consecrations, nor using the words (I become your man, if we credit L…ttleton) in making their homage as the Temporal Lords do. Therupon (I conjecture) the writs of Summons command the Temporal Lords and Laity to appear, &c. in fide …t homagio, et in …ide et ligeantia quibus Nobis tenemini; but the Prelates, Spiritual Lords, and other Clergy, only in fide et dilectione, they being bound to swear fealty and Allegiance to our Kings for the Freehold Lands and Tempora…ties they held of p. 196him …xcept only those that hold in Frankalm…igne, as 29 E. 3. f. 38. a. Littleton Sect. 91, 92, 93. Sir Edw. Cook in hi… 1. Insti…utes on these Sections, and other Law-books resolve. For this I shall produce one memorable Record; a…uring us, that all the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbo…s, Priors and Clergy both in England and Ireland, did, and of right ought to swear fealty to the King, as well as the Temporal Lords and Commons, and prescribing Commissioners in Ireland to receive it from them;††Pa…. 1 E. 1. m. 20. Venerabiii in Christo Patri e…dem gratia Midden. Episcopo, et dilectis et fidelibus suis Mauricio filio Mauricii Justiciario suo Hiberniae, et Mgistro Iohanni de S…mford Escheatori suo Hiberniae salutem. Cum defuncto jam celebris memoriae Domino Henrico Rege patre nostro (cujus animae propicietur Al…issimus) ad Nos regni Angliae gubernaculum, et …errae Hiberniae Dominium pertineant, ob quod PRAELATI, Comites et Proceres, et Communitas Regni nostri Nobis, tanquam Domino suo ligio et Regi, FIDELITATIS JURAMENTUM, et omnia alia quae Nobis ratione Coronae et Dignitatis Regiae ab ipsis fieri et praestari Nobis in absentia nostra poterun, plenariè et sine omissione aliqua prompto et libenti animo PRAESTITERINT; AC, ARCHIEPISCOPI, EPISCOPI, ABBATES, PRIORES, Comites, Barones, Mi…ites, liberè tenentes, ac tota Communitas terrae nostrae HIBERNIAE, NOBIS tanquam REGI ET DOMINO SUO …IGIO, CONSIMILE SACRAMENTUM FIDELITATIS PRAESTARE TENEANTUR; Dedimus …obis potestatem recipiendi nomine nostro FIDELITATEM IPSORUM. I…a tamen quod si vos; omn…s interesse ne quiveritis, tunc duo vel…us vestrum qui prae ens…u rit nihilominus plena…i…m hab at potestatem recipiendi nomine nostro FIDELITATEM IPSORUM in forma praedicta. Et id o vobi mandamus quod FIDELITATEM PRAEDICTAM nomine nostro recipiatis, prout, melius videbi…is expedire. In cujus p. 197&c. … Westm. 7 die Sept. A…n. 1 E… 1. Hence I finde this IURAMENTVM EPISCOPORVM; in T…ttles Magna Charta, printed London 1556. f. 164. b. being nothi…g else but the form of the O…th of Fealty, which the Bishops took to our Kings before they received their Temporalties out of their hands, being the same in substance, which the King ofbbWalsingh…m Hist. A…gl. p 32. Hen. de Knyghton de Event. A…gl. … c. 3. col. 2482. S…ots an… his Tempora… Lords, and English Barons and Laymen, usually made to King Edward the 1. and his Successors con…inued … these later times. Ieo serra so…all et loyall, et …oy et lo… altie por…ray AV ROY & A SES H…IRES, ROYS DE ANGLITERRE, de vie et de, membres, et de terrene honour contre tout… gentz qui p…yent vivre et mounir. Et loya…ment monstray, et loyalment ferray les services qui appendent a la temporaltie de Levesque de M. la quelle …eo claimor de tenir de vous…, et la…quelle vo…us me rendes. Si moy ayde Dieu et ses Saints. This Oath of Fe…lty, as cc7 Rep. f. 6, 7 Calv…is, case, 4 I…stit. f 60. b. Lambardi Archaion, f. 135, 13….Sir Edward Cook and others affirm, was first invented, and generally prescribed to all persons above 12 years of age, by our famous British King Arthur; who by vertue thereof, ex pulit SARACENOS et Inimices …egno. But this certainly is a meer fable, and gross mistake; (which I admire Mr. Lambard. and Sir Edward Cook observed not;) for the Saxacens never invaded England in any age, neither were they expelled the Realm by King Arthur; but the Saxons, who had then and formerly possessed themselves of a great part of Britain, were vanquished and expelled by him in the years of grace 518, 520, 522, as Matt. Westminster, ddHist. l. 9, 10.Geoffry Manmouth, Tho. Walsingham, andeeGrafton, Holinshed, & others in his Life. other of our Historians relate; yet not by vertue of this Oath, (which no Historian mention…) but of his arms and …; this Oath (as I conc…ive) being rath …r…invented by our Saxon Kings, than Ki…g Arthur; and first prescribed by this Law of King Edmund son of Adelstan (made atffChron. Johannis Bromton, col 859. Culinton by advice of his Bishops and wise men, about the year 944. Lex 1.) Ut omnes jurent in nomine Domini &c. p. 198FIDELII ATEM Edmundo Reg., SICVT HOMO DEBET ESSE FIDELIS DOMINO SUO; sine omni controversia et seditione in manifesto et occulto, &c. Et quod ANTEQVAM IURAMENTUM HOC DABITUR, ut nemo concelet hoc in fratre vel proximo suo plus quam in extraneo. This Oath thus instituted, was**Lambardi Archaion. Spelm. Gloss. Tit. Fidelitas. backed by the Laws of Edw. the Confessor, & of Will, the Conq. (Lex 78, 79.) published byggIohannis Selden ad Eadmerum, & Notae & Spicilegium, p. 191. Mr. Selden: in whose reign all Bishops before their Consecrations did Homage to the K. as well as Fealty for their Temporalties; Which though Archbishop Anselm opposed, yet at last it was hhEadmerus Hist. Novor. l. 4. p. 91. 92. Mat. Paris, p. 60. Mat. Westm. p. 25, 26. Hoveden, p. 471. My Plea for the Lords, p. 171, 173.agreed between King Henry the first and him, by assent of the B…shops, Abbots, Lords and Great men in a Parliamentary Council held in August Anno …107. Vt nullus ad Praelattonem electus PRO HOMAGIO QUOD REGI FACERET consecratione suscepti honoris priva…etur. Which Law and usage continued under King Henry the second, as is evident by this passage of Glanvil, l. 9. c. 1. who writ and was chief Justice under him. Electi vero in Episcopos ante consecrationem HOMAGIA SVA FACERE SOLENT. What solemn publike Oathes of Allegiance and Fidelity Bishops and other Clergymen, as well as the Temporal Lords & Commons, have heretofore and of late years made to our Kings and their heirs, you may read at leasure in the Exact Abridgement of the Records in the Tower, p. 427, 657, 663, 25 H. 8. c. 20. 22. 26 H. 8. c. 7. 10. 35 H. 8. c. 1. 1 Eliz. c. 2, 3. 5 Eliz. c. 1. 3 Jac. c. 3. 5. 7. Jac. c. 6. I shall only present you with one more thus recorded in the Clause Roll of 11 E. 4. m. 1. dorso.

Memorand, quod tertio die Iulii Anno regni Regis Edwardi Quarti undecimo apud Westm. in Camera Parliamenti, Venerabilis Pater Thomas Cardinalis Archiepiscopius Cantuar, ac alii Domini Spirituales et Temporales, ac etiam quidam Milites quorum nomina subscribuntur, fecerunt Recognitionem, Iuramentumque praestiterunt Edwardo primogenito dicti Domini nostri Regis Edwardi Quarti, illustri Principi Walliae, Duci Cornub, & Comiti Cestriae p. 199in forma sequenti, & ad corroborationem praemiss…rum singuli corum manibus propries scripserunt sua Nomina.

I Thomas Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury knowledge, take and repute you Edward Prince of Wallys, Duke of Cornwall, and Earl of Chester, first begotten so… of our Soveraign Lord Edward the fourth, King of England, and of France, and Lord of Ireland, to be very and undoubted heir to our said Soveraign Lord as to the Crowns of England and France; and Lordship of Ir…land; and promi…e and swear, that in case hereafter it happen you by Gods disposition to overlive our said Soveraign Lord, I shall then bear, and in all things truly and faithfully behave me towards you and your …heirs, as a true and … Subject ought to behave … to his Soveraign Lord and right wy… King of England, &c. So help me God and holy domes, and the Evangelists.

T. …

G. …

T. London Episc.

He…r. Dun…lm.

W. Episc. Winton.

G. Cl…rence.

R. Gloucester. Norff.

H. Buckyngham.

I. …uff.

Arundell.

H. Essex.

E. Kent.

Riveri…rs.

I. Wiltshire.

W. …, Prior Hosp…t. S Iohannis.

E. Arundall Mautravers.

A. Gray.

I. Fenis.

R. E…sc. Sarum.

W. …

T. …

R. Bathonien.

E. Carliol.

R. Beauchamp.

Sir Rob…rt Fenys.

Bourgchier.

T. Bourchier.

W. Par.

I. Dudley.

I. Audley. Dac…e.

Edw…do Bergaveny.

I. S…trange.

I. Scrop.

W. Ferrers.

Berners.

Hasting….

p. 200Mou…tjoy.

Dynham.

Howard.

Duras.

I. Pilk…ngton.

W. Bea…don.

W. Courtenay.

T. Mullineux.

Raulf Ashto….

The first who brought Homage into England for ought I can finde, was William the Conqueror, and his Normans…, who equally imposed it, on all Bishops, Abbo…s and Clergymensas well as on the Laity, in the self-same words and form for ought appears. How Bishops & Abbots came to be exempred from doing homage for their Temporalties to our Kings after their consecra…ons I have already touched & shall here further declare for the informa…ion of those of my own profession:

AbbotaaHistoriae, P. 896. Ingulph…s records, … mulcis armis retroactis (even from King E…h…l…eds reig…) …ulla electio Praelatorum erat merè i…era …canonica, …ed omnes divnita…es tam Episcoporum quam Abbatum per Annulum et Baculnm Regis curia pro sna complacentia conferebat; his … King William the Conquerot, who first b…ought thebbSee the Customs of Normandy, Chapter of Homage, & Britton ch. 68. de Homages, p. 171. b. word and service of HOMAGE out of Normandy into England, and at his Coronation at Lo… don Ann. 1067. HOMAGIIS à Magnatibus (as well of the Clergy as Laity) acceptis, cum FIDELITATIS JURAMENTO, obsidibusque acceptis, in regno confirmatus, omnibus qui ad regnum aspiraverant factus est terrori, as Matthew Paris, p. 4. and Matthew Westminster p. 1. relate.ccMat Par…s p. 4. 10. Mat. Westm. p. 78. Ann. 1072. He received homage from the King of Scots. And Anno 1079 He entred Wales with a numerous Army, subdued it, et a Regnlis … ditionis HOMAGIA & FIDELITATES ACCEP…T. Anno 1083. Cepit HOMAGIA Ordinum totius Angliae, et JURAMENTUM FIDELITATIS, cujus…unque essent …endi …el senementi…; And apud Londonias HOMINIUM SIBI FACERE, et contra omnes homines FIDELITATEM JURARE OMNEM p. 201ANGLIAE INCOLAM IMPERANS (therefore Bishops, Abbots and Clocks, as well as Laymen) totam terram descripsit, &c. asddHistoria, p. 908. Ingulphus informs us flourishing in that age. The Pope being much offended that Kings should thus conferre Bishopricks, Abbies, and other Ecclesiastical dignities Per Annulum et Baculum, and that Bishops, and Abbots should thus doe Homage and Fe…lty to them, and become their men, as well as L…ick…, (as being a grand impediment to their Supreme Authority over Emperors, Kings and Princes of the earth, strenuo…sly attempted by Pope Hil… lebrand;) thereupon Pope Urban the 2d. An…s. 1095. in aeeMat. Paris p. 20. Council held at Claremount ordained, Ut Episcopi, vel Abbates, vel aliquis de Clero aliquam Ecclesiasticam dignitatem de manu Principum, vel quorumliber Laicorum, non recipiant. And this not prevailing, in another Council held by this ffHoveden; Annal, pars 1. p. 467. Mat. Parker, Antiqu. Eccl. Brit. p. 103. 107. Malmsb. de Gestis Pontif. p. 224.Pope at Rome, Anno 1099. Urbanus Papa excommunicavit omnes Laicos investituras Eccle…arum dantes, et omnes easdem investituras de manib…s Laicorum accipientes, necnon omnes in officium sic dati honoris consecrantes. Excommunicavit etiam eos, qui pro Ecclesiasticis Honoribus LAICORUM HOMINES FIUNT id est, HOMAGIUM INEUNT as learnedggGlossarium, p. 357. Sir Hen. Spelman truly expounds it.) Dicens minus execrabile videri, ut manus quae in tantam eminentiam excre…erant, ut quod nulli Angelorum concessum…est, ut Deum cuncta creantem suo signaculo CREANT (mark the blasphemy and contradiction) et eundem ipsum pro salute totius mundi Dei Patris obtutibus offerant, in hanc ignaviam vel stul…itiam detrudantur; ut ancillae fiant eorum manuum quae diebus et noctibus obscenis contactibus inquinantur, sive rapinis et injustae sanguinis effusione addictae maculantur. Et ab omnibus est clamatum, fiat, fiat, et in his consummatum est conci…ium. HereuponhhEadmerus Hist. Novor, 1. 2, 3, 4 Mar. Parker, Antiq. Eccles. Brit. p. 105, 106. 107, &c. Malm…b de Gestis Po…tif. l. 1. p. 215. &c. 224, 225. Godwin in the life of Anselm. Anselm Archbishop of Canterbury, a Burgundian by birth, and great Creature of the Popes, p. 202peremptorily refused to consecrate any Bishops, who received their Investi…ures per annulum baculum from the King, or to have any communion with those who were thus invested and consecrated by the Archbishop of Yorke in his absence; denying to do any homage or fealty to King Henry the 1. after his revocation by him from his exile under Will. Rufus, without the Popes license; affirming, Volente DEO NVLLIVS MORTALIS HOMOFIAM, nec per Sacramen…ū alicui FIDEM PROMITTAM. Hereupon Rex, Regnique Proceres, Episcopi, et cujuscunque generis aulici praeter Regni consuetudinem ab Anselmo facti…atum indignè ferentes asserebant sese nunquam tam iniquo Papae decreto assensos vel assensuros, et potius tam Anselmum regno exterminaturos et ab Ecclesia Romana penitus disces…uros, quam hanc Papae sententiam A IURE REGIO, REGNIQUE CONSUETUDINE PRORSUS ALIENAM, ratam haberent. After many publike meetings and debates between the King, Prelates, Nobles and Anselm about this business, it was agreed, that Anselm, and William Werelast the Kings Ambassadour, should goe to Rome to Pope Paschal the 2. and debate this business before him; where the said William appearing, and vehemently urging before the Pope in the Kings behalf; Dedecus ei, et videri et esse, si Antecessorum suorum jura perderet, quos ipse et animi magni…udine, et opum affluentia longe praerivit, &c. Adding in the close; Quod Dominus meus nec pro amissione Regni patietur sibi Ecclesiarum investituras auferri. To which the insolent Pope presently replied with a stern countenance. Nec ego pro capitis sui redemptione eum investituras permittam impune habere; Whereupon they decreed the cause for Anselm against the King; and in a Synod at Lateran, ratified the former Decree of Pope Urban in the Council at Rome; which this Pope by his consolatory Epistle tommEadmeri Hist. Nov. l. 3. p. 63, 64.) Anselm informed him of, incouraging him openly and boldly to appear and speak in p. 203this cause for the Churches divine Liberty. Anselm hereupon wrote thus to King Henry (inviting him to return into England, and to doe him that service as his predecessors had done to his Ancestors)nnEadmer. l. 3. p. 76. Ut autem sim vobiscum ita ut Antecessor meus erat cum patre vestro, facere non possum, quia NEC VOBIS HOMAGIVMFACERE, nec accipientibus de manu vestra Investituras Ecclesiarum propter praedictam (Papae) Prohibitionem me audiente factam, audeo communicare. But thoughooSpelmanni Glossarium, p. 357. Ludovicus Crassus K. of France was so pusillanimous, as by his Charter, dated An. 1137. to exempt his Archbishops, Bishops and Clergy from doing any Homage or Fealty to him for their temporalties before, or after their Consecrations, granting them, Quod canonicam omnino gauderent libertatem ABSQVE HOMAGII, IURAMENTI, seu fidei primum datae, obligatione; Yet K. Hen. the first, though he were contented at last to part with his investitures to Bishopricks and Abbies, yet he would upon no terms exempt any Bishops or Abbots from the homage due unto him for their temporalties, after their elections, and before their Consecrations, not from the Oath of Fealty; they alwayes doing homage to him and his Successors, at least wise before their consecrations, though seldom after them, and that in the self-same form as Laymen did, (without omitting this Clause, I become your man) as appears by Glanvil, l. 9. c. 1. Bracton, l. 2. c. 35. Fleta, l. 3. c. 16. Britton, ch. 66 of Homages; and 17 E. 2. Of the manner of doing Homage and Fealty; prescribing only one and the self-same form of homage as well to the Clergy as Laity, as well as the same Oath of Fealty, which they equally performed, though Littleton (and he alone) makes a difference between their forms of Homage. Hence in the Parliament at Salisbury, Anno Dom. 1116. Comites & Barones CUM CLERO TOTIUS REGNI in praesentia Regis Henrici 1. sibi et Willielmo filio suo HOMAGIUM FECERUNT & FIDELITATEM IURAVERUNT, p. 204as theppCol. 1005. Chronicle of Bromton, andqqSlm. Dun…lm. Hist. col. 237. Mat. Paris p. 63. Mat. Westm. p. 28. Eadmerus, l. 5. p. 131. Hoveden, p. 473. Holi… shed, Speed, & others in Henry the 1. other of our Historians record. I shall illustrate this discourse touching Homage and Fealty, with these memorable clauses in the Charter of King Stephen, touching the agreement made between him and Henry Duke of Normandy, &c. in arrChronicon Johannis Bromton, col. 1038, 1039. See Hoveden, Mat. Paris, Mat. Westm. Holinshed, Stow, Speed, & others. Anno 1153. Parliamentary Assembly of the Bishops and others of the Realm at Wallingford. Anno Gratiae 1153. wherein King Stephen declaring him the right hereditary heir to the Crown of England after his death; and he reciprocally agreeing, that Stephen should enjoy the Crown and Kingdom quietly, without interruption by him during his life; thereupon, Dux propter hunc honorem et donationem et confirmationem sib… à me factam, HOMAGIUM michi, et Sacramento securitatem fecit, scilicet, quod fidelis michi erit, et vitam et honorem meum pro suo pos…e custodier, per conventiones inter Nos praelocutas, Ego etiam secu…itatem Sacramento Duci feci, quod vitam et honorem ei pro posse meo custodiam, et sicut fi…ium & haeredem meum in omnibus in quibus potero eum manu…enebo, et custodiam contra omnes quos po…ero. Willielms autem filius meus HOMAGIUM et securitatem Duci fecit, &c. Comites & Barones Ducis qui homines mei nunquam fuerunt, pro honore quem Domino suo f…ci, Homagium et Sacramentum michi fecerunt, salvis conventionibus inter me et Ducem factis. Coeteri vero qui ante Homagium michi fecerant, fideli…atem michi fecerunt sicut Domino. Et si Dux à praemissis rece…erit, omnino a servicio ipsius cessarent, quousque errara corrigeret, &c. Comites etiam et Barones mei LIGIUM HOMAGIUM DUCI FECERUNT, salva mea fidelitate quamdiu vixero, et regnum tenuero. Simili lege, quod si …go à praedictis recederem, omnino à servicio meo cestarent quousque errata corrigerem. Cives etiam Civi…atum et homines Castrorum quae in Dominio meo habeo ex praecepto meo homagium et securitatem Duci fecerunt, salva fidelitate mea quamdiu vixero et regnum tenuero. Archiepiscopi, Episcopi atque Abbates p. 205de regno Angliae ex praecepto meo FIDELITATEM SACRAMENTO DUCI FECERUNT. Illi quoque qui in regno Angliae Episcopi deinceps fi…nt vel Abbates, IDEM FACIENT.

In the Recognition of the antient Customs of thessMat. Paris, Hist. p. 96, 97. See Simeon Dunelmens…s, Hoveden, Holinshed, & others, Anno. 1164. Realm of England used in the reign of King Henry the 1. and his Ancestors, quae observari debebant in regno & ab omnibus teneri; drawen up and agreed upon Febr. 8. Anno Dom. 1164. in the famous Parliamentary Council of Clarindon, in the presence of the King, and of all the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons and Great men of the Realm; who all juraverunt & firmiter in verbo veritatis promiserunt viva voce, tenendas et observandas Domino Regi et HAEREDIBUS SVIS, bona fide et absque malo ingenio in perpetuum; I finde these Articles pertinent to my purpose, Archiepiscopi, Episcopi, et universae personae regni, qui de Rege tenent in capite, habeant possessiones suas de Rege sicut Baroniam, et inde respondeant Justiciariis et Ministris Regiis, et fequentur et faciant OMNES CONSUETUDINES REGIAS; et sicut caeteri Barones debent interesse judiciis Curiae regis cum Baronibus quousque pervenitur ad diminutionem membrorum, vel ad mortem. Cum vacaverit Archieplscopatus, Episcopatus vel Abbatia, vel Prioratus in dominio Regi…, esse debet in manu ipsius, et inde percipiet omnes reditus et exitus, sicut Dominicos reditus suos. Et cum ventum fuerit ad consulendum Ecclesiam, debet Dominus Rex mandare po…iores personas Ecclesiae, et in Capella ipsius Regis debet fieri electio, assensu ipsius Regis et Concilio personarum regni, quas ad haec faciendum advocaverit, et IBIDEM FACIET ELECTUS HOMAGIVM & FIDELITATEM REGI, SICVT LIGIO DO MINO SVO., de vita sua et de membris, et de honore terreno, salvo ordine suo, priusquam consecretur. Indeed Angelus de Clavasio in his Summa Angelica Tit. Homagium, and other Canonists hold it to be Symonie and unlawfull, p. 206prore' spirituali, puia Beneficio Ecclesiastico HOMAGIUM EXIGERE: But our Lawes resolve it an antient Legal duty and Service: Of which see more in Spelmanni Glossarium, Tit. Fidelitas & Homagium, in William Somners Glossarium, Tit. Homagium, and in Bracton, Britton and Fleta.

4. That this clause in the writs to the Temporal Lords in fide & homagio, implies they were all (or most) Barons by tenure. And whereasaa4 Instit. p. 5. Sir Ed. Cook, and bb5 Glossarium, p. 80.Sir Henry Spelman assert, That of antient time, the temporal Lords were commanded by the Kings writ thus to appear, In fide et homagio quibus Nobis tenemini, and in the reign of Edward 3. in fide et ligeantia, and sometimes in fide et homagio, but at this day constantly, in fide et ligeantia; because at this day there are no feudal Baronies, in respect whereof Homage is to be done; which in 21 E. 3. was the true cause of this alteration: If this observation of theirs, That in fide et homagio, feodales propriè respiciat Barones, denoting only such Barons who were Barons by tenure, or Barony, for which they did their Homage and swore Fealty and Allegiance to the King: then this is a most convincing argument, that all the Lords and Barons summoned before 11 E. 3. were Barons only by tenure, not by writ alone, because they were all regularly summoned to appear in fide et homagio, not in fide et ligeantia: 2ly. It is a clear mistake, that this alteration of homagio into ligeantia, was made in 21 E▪ 3. for it was not till 25 E. 3. pars 1. dors. 5. in fide et homagio, being used both in the writs of 21, 22, 23, & 24 E. 3. 3ly. The reason of this alteration could not be this they rend…r, because all or most of the Lords and Barons then summoned, did not hold of the King by Barony; but were Barons only by writ, not tenure; First, because all the writs to the Prince of Wales, …and Earls then summoned (who held of the King by Homage and Barony) issued in this form in fide et ligeantia to them, as well as to the inferiour Lords and Barons. 2ly, Because the self-same Prince, Earls, Lords summoned in p. 207this form in 25 E. 3. in the very next years of 26 E. 3. d. 14. and 27 E. 3. d. 12. were twice summoned again, i… fide, homagio et ligeantia quibus Nobis tenemini, and 28 E. 3. d. 26. in fide et homagio; after in 29 E. 3. d. 8. 7. 31 E. 3. d. 21. & 1. they are summoned in fide et ligeantia; but yet in 32 E. 3. d. 14. 36 E. 3. d. 16. 37 E. 3. d. 22. 38 E. 3. d. 3. 39 E. 3. d. 2. 42 E. 3. d. 22. 43 E. 3. d. 24. 46 E. 3. d. 9. all the writs to the Prince, Earls, Lords and Barons, run again in fide et homagio only: and some between and after them in fide et ligeantia only, though issued to the self-same persons, or their heirs: Therefore ligeantia, in these and subsequent writs, is put only as a Synonima, signifying only Homagium; as the coupling them together in two writs, in fide, homagio et ligeantia, and the placing of Homagio thus interchangeably for ligeantia, and ligeancia for homagio, evidence beyond contradiction: The rather, because there is the highest promise and bond of Allegiance expressed in the very words, and form of homage done to the King (as the words,**Littl. §. 85. I become your man from this day forwards of life and member, and of earthly worship, and unto you shall be true and faithfull, and bear you faith, and this clause, saving the faith that I owe unto our Soveraign Lord the King, when done to a common person) import: and Glanvil l. 9. c. 1. Bracton l. 2. c. 35. Fleta l. 3. c. 16. Sir Edward Cook in his 1 Institutes on Littletons Chapter of Homage, Sir Hen. Spelman, and Somner in their Glossaries Tit. Homagium & Fidelitas, at large demonstrate; Therefore homage may be properly stiled ligeantia, and be put in lien of homagio, as doubtless it is in all those writs that use it. 3ly. I findccSee An Exact Abridgment of the Records in the Tower, p. 332, 370, 545, 576, 625, 626. sundry Homages for Dutchies, Earldoms and Baronies, done to our Kings by the Duke of Aquitain, the D…ke of Hereford, Henry Percy, the Duke of Norfolk, and other Peers, who were then and afterwards summoned in fide et ligeantia, not homagio; and I doubt Sir Edward Cooke and those of his opinion, can hardly name any Dukes, Earls, Vicounts, Lords or Barons, summoned to Parliament under Henry p. 208the 3. R. 2. H. 4, 5, 9. or E. 4. who was not a Lord by Tenure or Barony, as well as by Patent, or a special writ of creation, the very names of their Baronies as dd4 Instit. p. 5.Sir Edward Cooke, andeeTitles of Honor, p. 720. Mr. Selden inform us, being usually expressed in all later writs of Summon…: Therefore this their conjecture of altering the writs from homagio to ligeantia, because they held not by homage, must needs be erronious, and groundless in my judgemen…, and the assertions of such who hold, that the Kings bare general writs of summons, issued to those who held not by Barony, did create them and their issues Barons, if they sate in Parliament without any special creation by some Clauses in the writs, or by Pa…ent, grounded on this mistake, must vanish into smoke; else that Clause of creation in the writ to Sir Henry Bromfleet, Cl. 27 H. 6. d. 24. would have been both superfluous and ridiculous.

5ly. That this clause, in fide et homagio; or, in fide & ligeantia quibus Nobis tenemini, is sometimes omitted out of the writs of Summons to the Prince of Wales, and other times inserted into them.

6ly. That the Prince of Wales in the writs of Summons and adjournment, is sometimes stiled Princeps Walliae only; sometimes, Princeps Aquitaniae et Walliae; other times, Princeps Walliae, Dux Cornubiae, et Comes C…striae; when all these titles were conferred on him by the King.

7ly▪ That in the writs issued to Dukes, Earls, and Temporal Lords of the Kings Progeny, royal bloud and alliance, they are usually stiled; Carissimo filio nostro; Fratri Regis; Fratri nostro; Avunculo Regis; Avunculo nostro; Nepoti nostro; Consanguineo nostro, &c. and the other Earls and Temporal Lords, Dilecto et fideli nostro, only; and that those of the bloud royal are for the most part, though not alwayes, first entred in the Rolls of summons.

81y. That when a Duke or Earl of England was made a real or titular King of any forein Realm, his Royal title p. 209was alwayes mentioned in the writ: Thus Iohn Duke of Lancaster King of Castell and Leon, in all writs of summons to him after his forein Kingship., was stiled, Car…ssimo filio suo Iohanni Regi Castellae et L…gionis Duci Lancastriae, in the summons of 46. 49, 50 …. … And Carissimo Avunculo suo Iohanni Regi Castell… & Legionis, Duci Lancastriae: in all the writs issued to him under King Rich…rd the 2d. So if any Earl or Baron of England, was created a Duke or Earl in Scotland, France, or Ireland, his forein Titles were inserted into the writs, as the Title of Cardinal, or Patriarch of Ierusalem was inserted into the English Bishops writs created Cardin…ls and Patriarchs beyond the Seas. Thus Gilb…rt de Vinf. an l an English Baron being made Earl of Anegos, and David de Stràbolgi, Earl of Athol in Scotland, Leonell the Kings son Earl of Vlster in Ireland; the black Prince made Prince of Aquitain as well as of Wales, and Iohn Duke of Lancaster, Duke of Aquitan, under Richard the 2d. the were thereupon stiled**See p. 2… 12, 213. Comiti Anegos, Comiti Athol, Comiti Vlton, Principi Aquitani… & Walliae, Duci Aquitaniae & Lancastriae, in the writs directed to them: and if these their forein Titles were omitted in any Writs against them at the Common Law, the writs would abate, because they were English Peers, and had these Titles inserted into their writs of Summons to Parliament, where they sate in their Princes, Dukes and Earls Robes, amongst the rest of the Dukes and Earls. But if any forein Duke, Earl, Lord, or Baron of France, Ireland, Spain or Germany, who was no English Baron, Lord or Peer of Parliament, was sued in the Kings Court by writ, he might be stiled only a Knight or Esquire, and needed not to be sued by the Title of Duke, Earl, Lord or Baron; because he was no Duke, Earl, Lord or**See my Argument of the case of the Lord Magwire. Baron at all in England; but only in his own Country, and should be tried upon an Indictment of Treason, Murder or Felony, only by an ordinary Iury, and not by English Peers. By which differences the Books p. 2010of 39 E. 3. 3…. Brooks Nosme de dignity, …9. 59. & Parl. 4. 11 E. 3. Fi…zh. Brief. 473. 8 R. 2. Fitzh. Proces. 224. 20 E. 4. 6. Brooks Nosme de Dignity. 49. Dyer, …60. b. Cook 7▪ rep. Calvins case, f. 15, 16. 9. rep. …nchers case, f. 117. 3. Instit. p. 20. & 4. Instit. p. 47. are fully reconciled.

9. That if any Earl, Baron or Lord was Marshal, Constable, Steward, Admiral, Chancellor, Treasurer, or other great Officer of England, or Warden of the Cinque ports; his Title of Office was commonly inserted into the writs of Summons. As, Rogero, or Thomae Comiti Naff. & Marescallo Angliae, Avunculo suo carissimo, Thomae de Wodestoke Consta…ulario Augliae, Willo de Cl…nton comiti Ha…i…gdon, Constabulario Castri Dover. et Custodi quinque Portuum suorum, &c. What precedency these Officers had of other Earls, Lords and Barons, in Parliament, you may read in the Statute of 31 H. 8. c. 10. and Mr. S…ldens Titles of Honor. p. 901, &c.

10. That in the lists of the Dukes, Earls, Lords, and Barons names there is no certain order observed according to their Antiquity or Precedency, but in some Rolls one is first entred, in other Rolls others listed before them, and they again postponed in succeeding lists: Y…t generally for the most part, …hough not always, the Prince of Wales is first entred before the rest; the Dukes before the Earls; the Earls & Vicounts before the Lords and Barons; and they before the Iudges or Kings Counsil; and the Earl who was Marshal of England, before the other Earls; the Clerks entring their names promiscuously for the most part as the Writs came to their hands. Some times the first Writs entred at large issued to one Earl, Lord, Duke, Baron, other times the Writs go to others, without observing the Laws of Heraldry, though in the reing of Edward the 3d. and afterwards, their names are more methodically entred then before that time; oft times in the selfsame order, or with some small variations and transpositions. So as the Precedency of the Earls or Barons, and their places p. 2011of sitting in the Parliament House cannot be certainly collected from, or defined by the entry of their Writs of Summons or li…ting in the Eodem modo mandatum est, or Consimiles lit…rae; but by custom, and the Statute of 31 H. 8. cap. 10.

11ly. That in some Clause Rolls there is one Writ to the Archbishop, or some other Bishop first entred at large, and another Writ at large, to some one Earl or temporal Lord; with an Eodem modo, or Consimiles literae, only entred to the rest there listed: but most usually, there is only but one Writ entred at large to one of the Archbishops, or some other Bishops; and then a short recital of some part of that Writ to one temporal Lord, with an &c. Teste ut supra, and the like, for brevity sake: and an Eodem modo, and Consimiles literae; or some short entries of some special clauses of the Writ, to all the other temporal Lords.

12ly. That in the Eodem modo, and Consimiles Literae; first the Bishops, Abbots, Priors and spiritual Lords, then the Dukes, Earls, Temporal Lords, Barons, Justices, Kings Counsils names, are entred successively one after another, after the first Writ, which is singly entred in sundry Rolls, without any Writ or part of Writ interposed between their names; as if they had all the selfsame Writs in terminis issued to them. But in most Rolls, there is either a distinct Writ, or part of Writ; or an Eodem modo mandatum est &c. mutatis mutandis; interposed between the names of the Bishops, Abbots, Priors, and Earls and Lay Lords; & likewise between the Temporal Lords, and the Kings Counsil and Justices summoned to Parliaments: with the usual clauses wherin the writs differ one frō another inserted into them; which different clauses no doubt were in most of the Writs issued to them in those Rolls where they are all entred promiscuously together in the Eodem modo, and Consimiles Literae; without any Writ or part of a Writ, or m…tatis mutandis interposed between thē, omitted only for brevity sake by the Clerks; p. 212who ingrossed the Rolls.

13ly. That the English Barons, who were tit…lary Earls in Scotland under the Kings Jurisdiction and Allegance were alwayes summoned and li…ed among… the Earls of England in the Rolls of Summons, not amongst the English Lords aud Barons who were no Earls: witnesse Gilbert, and Robert de Vmfranil, Earls of Anegos in Scotland, and David de Stabolgi, Earl of Athol, alwayes summoned to the Parliaments by the Titles of these their Scotish Earld…ms, and li…ted amongst the En… lish Earls, not Barons, in the Clause Rolls. Gilbert de Vmfranil being summoned by Writ as Earl of An…gos, to no lesse than 12. Robert de Vmfranil to 63. Gilbert … Vmfran…l his Son, to 50. English Parliaments, & David de Sirabolgi to 21. Parliaments and great Councils, as Earl of Athol (as the ensuing Table will inform you) amongst the other Earls of England: but no other Earls of Scotland besides these two. The reason whereof was only this, because they were English Barons, and held lands by Barony in England, though the Titles of their Earldoms were not English… but Scotish, y…t they were under the Kings Subjection Allegiance; and their Residence when thus summoned, was upon their Baronies in England. That Gilbert de Vmfranil, was an English Baron and Lord of Parliament, before he became Earl of Anegos, is clear by the Clause Rolls of 23 E. 1. d. 4. 9. & 24 E. 1. d. 7.bbSee Cooks 4. Insti…. p. 47. wherein he was summoned to 3. Parliaments amongst the English Lords and Barons; but then being Earl of Anegos by discent from his Mother, he, was in Cl. 25 E. 1. d. 25. & sundry Parliaments after, alwayes summoned by the name of Earl of Anegos, and listed amongst the Earls of England, as the ensuing Table demonstrates. So Rob. de Umfranil, summoned to Parliament amongst the English Barons, Claus. 2. E. 2. d. 20. was in Claus. 2. E. 2. d. 11. and all succeeding Parliaments under Edward the 2. & 3. summoned to Parliament as Earl of Anegos among the Earls of England, with whom he is still entred in the Rolls. p. 213The like may be said of David de Stra…olgi, who though originally a Scotish Earl, was yet afterwards made an English Lord by the King, and held L…nds in England by Barony, and upon that account summoned to sundry Parliaments and great Councils by …e Title of Earl of Athol, and registred amongst the English Earls in the Clause Ro…ls. Which I thought meet to touch, both to rectifie and clear that do…b…e mistake in the Antiquity of the Parliaments of England (newly printed) p. 46. That Peers of Scotland were wont to come and be summoned to the Parliament. And that the Peers of Scotland came to the Parliament for Iustice: which the Author indeavours to prove by 39 F. 3. 35. in a writ of R…v…shment de Gard, against Gilbert Vmfravi…; who demanded judgm…nt of the writ, because he was Earl of Anguish, and not so named in the writ, &c. When as he was not summoned to our Parliament as a Peer of Sco…land, but only as an English Baron dignified with the Title of a Scotlsh Earldome; and came not to our English Parliament for Iustice; but was summoned to it by Spe…l writs, as a Peer and Member thereof; as the Clause Ro…ls resolve, and the very year Book likewise. Of which more hereafter in its proper place.

14ly. That no Forein Prelates, Earls, Nobles, Barons of Ireland, Scotland or France were formerly summoned to the Parliaments of England, as pro…er Members thereof or Lords of Parliament, to make Laws or impose Taxes, or give Iudgment, or Counsel in any matters relating to England, but only our English Prelates, Earls, Lords and Barons; as is most apparent by these special clauses in the writs of Summons. Ibidem Vobiscum, ac cum caeteris Praelatis, Magnatibus, & Proceribus DICTIREGNI ANGLIAE (never Scotiae Franciae, or Hiberniae in any writs whatsoever) colloquium habere volumus & tractatum. And Dictis die et loco persona…ter intersitis Nobiscum, & cum caeteris Praelatis, Magnatibus et Proceribus, PRAEDICTIS (or DICTI REGNI NOSTRI…) super dic…s p. 2014negot…s tracta…ri, ve…rumque consilium impensu…i. And ad consentiendum hi…s quae …unc ibidem de Communi consilio DICTI (or EJUSDEM) REGNI NOSTRI, CONTIGERIT ORDINARI: And by this usual clause in the Patents of creation of all our English Earls, Lords, and Barons of Parliament; ccSeldens Titles of Honor. p, 663. 665. 747▪ 748▪ 763. 751. 757. My Plea for the Lords, p. 40.Volentes & concedentes pro Nobis haeredibus & successoribus nostris, quod praefatus, A. Comes B. or C. Baro, or Dominus, D. et haeredes sui masculi, et eorum quilibet habeat, teneat & possideat sedem & locum in PARLIAMENTIS nostris, haeredum & luccessorum nostrorum infra REGNUM NOSTRUM ANGLIAE inter ALIOS COMITES, & BARONES EJUSDEM REGNI, ut COMES, or BARO: compared with theddSeldens Titles of Honor, p. 840. 841, 848. 849, My Argument of the case of the Lord Magwire, p. 42. Patents of creation of Irish and Scotish Earls, Lords Barons, & Boroughs, which constitute them only Earls, Lords, Barons or Boroughs; in terra & Dominio nostro Hiberniae, or Scotiae; or infra Regnum nostrum Scotiae, or Hiberuiae; and Vnum Comitem, Dominum vel Baronem omnium & singulorum Parliamentorum & Magnorum Conciliorum nostrorum, &c. in terra (or Regno) nostro HIBERNIAE, or SCOTIAE, …enendorum; and grant them only, sedem et locum, in Parliamentis nostris HIBERNIAE, or SCOTIAE, inter alios Comites, Dominos & Barones ejusdem Regni; As the Kings Patents toeeSir Hen. Hoberts Reports p. 14. 15.… Burroughs in Irel. gave them plenā potestatē & authoritatē eligendi, mittendi & retornendi duos discretos & idoneos viros, ad inserviendum & attendendum in quolib…t Parliamento in dicto regno nostro Hiberniae (not Angliae) in posterum tenend. But no Place or Voyce at all to their Peers or Burgesses in the Parliaments of England, amongst the Earls, Lords or Barons of England; who have no seat, Place, or Voyce at all in the Parliaments of Scotland or Ireland, as they are English Peers (though subordinat Kingdoms to England.) Which I shall farther clear in some ensuing Sections.

15ly. That there is a great diversity between writs of Summons to Parliaments, or General Parliamentary p. 2015Councils; and to particular Councils upon emergent occasions which are not properly Parliaments; all the Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Lords, Barons, together with the Judges and Kings Counsil, Citizens, Burgesses of Parliament, and Barons of the Ci…que ports, being usually summoned to the one; but some few Spiritual and Temporal Lords only, without any Judges, Assistants, Knights, Citizens Burgesses or Barons of the Cinque-ports, or some few of them only, and divers who were no usual Lords, Barons of Parliament (as in 32 E. 3. d. 14. and other Rolls) summoned to the other, as the Clause Rolls a…test. Which difference some ignorant Antiquaries not observing, have confounded them both together as one and the same, and mistaken some writs of Summons only to a Council, or to a conference with the King & his Privy Counsil upon extraordinary dangers & occasions, for writs of Summons to a Parliament. Such amongst other forecited writs, are these of**Here, p. 187, to 192. 35 E. 3. dors. 36. & 36. E. 3. d. 42. Where all those Earls, Lords, Abbots, Peers, Great men, Gentlemen, Counte…es, Ladies and Dowagers who had Lands in Ireland (and none else but they alone) were summoned, the Temporal Lords and great men, to appear in proper Person, the Clergymen, Countesses, Ladies and Dowagers, to send one or more Proxies or Deputies in whom they specially confided, to the King and his Counsil at Westminster (not to the Parliament) there to confer and treat with them concerning the relief of Ireland, and their passage to, or sending men of Arms speedily into Ireland, to resist, suppress the Irish Rebels, who much infested, wasted, and endangered it; as the whole frame and contents of the writs themselves, and the marginal Notes in the Rolls, De Consillo Summonito: De Veniendo ad Consilium, &c. resolve beyond all contradiction. Which Ioseph Holland and others not considering, in their Antiquity of the Parliaments of England, p. 23. 88. have published these two grosse mistakes together, viz. That in the time of Edward the p. 216th…, ther… was a writ then in use; De admittendo …ide dignas ad colloquium, &c. It is recorded amongst the Summons of Parliament, 35 E. 3. that there is a writ, De admittendo fide dignos ad Colloquium. And amongst the Earls and Barons there is retorned. M…ry Countesse de Norff: Alianoxa Countesse de Ormond▪ Philippa Countesse de March, Agnes Countesse de Pembroke, and Katherine Countesse of Athol. When as these Countesses were not recorded nor retorned amongst the Earls and Barons in any Summons to Parliament, nor were they required to send or come to any Parliament or Parliamentary Council; nor is th…re any writ, in this or any other Roll; De admittendo fide dignas, or dignos ad Colloquium; as they confidently affirme. But they were only summoned by writ to send men of Arms into Ireland with other Lords, Gentlemen, Clergymen, who had Lands and Possessions there, as these Countesses all had, for to defend and recover the same from the Irish Enemies; and commanded;**See here p. …88, 189, 190, 191. Aliquos vel aliquem de quibus, vel de quo specialiter confiditis MITTATIS apud Westm. &c. Which MITTATIS these Pseudo-Antiquaries, have metamorphosed into a writ, DE ADMITTENDO fide dignas ad Colloquium. By which grosse perversion they have evidenced themselves and their Treatises, not to be fide digni, in these and other particulars rela…ing to our Parliaments, wherewith they have deceived both themselves and others, who adore these their Oversights for Oracles.

16ly. That when any of the Earls, Lords or Nobles were imployed in the Wars in France, Scotland, Ireland, or any other service for the King in forein parts, they were omitted out of the lists of Summons to Parliaments, and Parliamentary Councils; and if any writs in such cases issued to them they were usually revoked & cancelled, and entries thereof made upon the Clause Rolls: This is evident by Claus. 11 E. 3. 25. dors. 11. where I find these 2. Presidents in the lists p. 211of the Lords and Barons names. Thomae Wake de Lydett, VACAT QUIA IN OBSEQUIO REGIS. Henry de Grey, VACAT, QUIA IN OBSEQUIO REGIS. After which, at the end of all the writs of Summons to the Sheriffs, Warden of the Cinqueports, and Kings Counsel, follows this entry of writs to some Earls, Lords and Gentlemen, besides those first mentioned after the Spiritual Lords then summoned.

Rex dilecto & fideli suo Willo. de Bohun, Com. Northamton, salutem; Quia tam super urgentissimis, &c. ut supra in brevi directo Hent. Com. L…ncastr. usque in finem.

Eodem modo mandatum est subscriptis, viz. Thomae Com. Norff…er Mariscallo Angliae, Avunculo Regis, Willielmo de Monteacuto Comit… Sarum, Rico. Comiti Arundell, Hugoni de Aud…le Comiti Gloucestr. Roberto de Ufford Comiti Suff. Gilberto de Umfravill, Comiti de Anegos, Ranulpho de Dacre, Bartho, de Burghersh, Johanni de Segrave, Egidio de Badlesmere, Rado. de Nevill, Johanni de Tybtofte, Rico. Talebot, Henr. de Percey, Rado de Stafford, Thomae de Berkele, Antonio de Lucy.

Et Memorand. quod Brevia istis Magnatibus immediate praescriptis directa, de essendo ad PARLIAMENTUM praedictum, remissa fuerunt Cancellar; ET PRO EO QVOD QVIDAM EX EIS IN PARTIBUS SCOTIAE, QUIDAM EX EIS IN PARTIBUS TRANSMARINIS IN OBSEQUIO REGIS EXISTVNT, ADNU…LAND.

So Claus. An. 12 E. 2. pars. 2. dors. 32. There is this entry made in the lists of Summons. Humfrido de Bohun Comiti Hereford, VACAT QUIA IN OBSEQUIO REGIS. And Cl. 2. R. 2. d. 29. Iohi de Nevill de Raby (in partibus Aquitan.)

If any Baron or Lords name were in the list of Summons, and he not actually summoned; there was then a Vacat entred in the Roll; as in Claus. 11. E. 3. p. 1. dors. 8. Iohi de Sutton de Holdernesse (VACAT p. 218QUIA NON FUIT SUMMONITUS) And if he died before the Parliament, then his death was entred upon the Roll, as Claus, 9. E. 3. d. 28. Iohi de Clynton, MORTUUS EST.

17ly. That when any Temporal Lords or Prelates had writs of Summons to Parliament issued to them in times of warr and danger, whilst they were imployed in the Warrs against the Scots in the North, or parts of Scotland; if they could not desert the Warrs and attend personally in Parliament without danger and prejudice to the Publike, they had then writs of countermand sent them, not to recede from the parts where they were in Service, notwithstanding their Summons to Parliament. For which I find this memorable president in Claus. 30 E. 1. d. 7. De non recedendo à partibus Scotiae,

Rex dilecto & sideli suo Iohanni Segrave salutem. Licet …uper vobis mandavimus quod omnibus aliis praetermissis ad Parliamentum quod apud London in prox. festo Sancti Michaelis duximus Stat…end. PERSONALITER INTERSITIS, NOLUMUS TAMEN quod praetextu mandati praedicti & partibus Scotiae,, seu Marchiae ejus, in quibus estis in obsequio nostro constituti ALIQUALITER RECEDATIS. T. Rege apud Losele XI die Septembris.

Consimiles literae diriguntur Alexandro Balliolo, Edmundo de Hastinges, Willo de L…u, Seniori, Waltero de Huntercumbe.

Eodem modo mandatum est Roberto de Clifford, quod, a partibus in quibus nunc est NULLATENUS RECEDATIS.

To which I shall subjoyn this later▪ President of Cl. 6. E. 2. d. 12. Rex dilecto & fideli suo Waltero de Fauconberg, salutem. Licet nuper vobis mandaverimus, quod omnibus aliis praetermissis essetis ad Nos tertia Dominica Quadragesimae prox. futur. apud Westm. ibidem Nobi…scum & cum Magnatibus & Procerib…s regni nostri super diversis negotiis, Nos et statum ejusdem p. 219Regni tangen…ib…s tractaturi ve…trumque consilium impensuri, pro securiori tamen custodia et majori tuitione partium vestrarum contra Scotos inimicos et Rebelles nostros, vobis mandamus, quod a partibus praedictis sine mandato nostro vos nullatenus transferatis. Teste Rege apud Westm. 20 die Febr.

Eodem modo mandatum est subscriptis, viz. Ranulpho de Nevill, Willo de Vavasour, Willo de Ros de Hamlake, Marmiduco de Twenge, Nicho. de Meivill, Ade de Everingham, Thomae de Multon de Egremond, Thomae de Multon de Gillesland, Ingelramo de Gynes.

As for the Bishops in such cases, they were by other special writs authorized to make Proctors to supply their places; though summoned by the original writs to appear personally in Parliament, and not by Proxies; as in Claus. 20 E. 3. pars 2. d. 22. and Claus. 46 E. 6. d. 11. forecited p. 51. 52. 58.

18ly. That if the King either Summoned or prorogued a Parliament to a certain day and place by his writs, commanding the Earls, Lords and other great men personally to appear in Parliament at that day and place; and then by reason of other emergent occasions could not meet them, or hold the Parliament at the time and place prefixed, he then usually discharged them all from their attendance by a subsequent wrir; Of which we have this pregnant example, Claus. 5. E. 2. d. 17.

Rex dilecto consanguineo & fideli suo Thomae Comiti Lancast. salutem. Licet nuper Vobiscum volentes ac cum Praelatis caeterisque Magnatibus Regni nostri supra Negotiis Nos & statum, dicti Regni tangentibus habere Colloquium & Tractatum, ordinassemus Parliamentum nostrum tenere apud Westm. prima Dominica Quadragesimae prox, fu…ur, Vobisque mandassemus, quod dictis die & loco PERSONALITER INTERESSETIS, ad tractand. Nobiscum, & cum Praelatis & Magnatibus praedictis super negotiis antedictis, p. 214Quia tamen PROPTER ALIQUAS CAUSAS ad locum praedictum dicto die ACCEDERE NON VALEMUS, Vobis significamus, QUOD AD DICTOS DIEM ET LOCUM PRAEMISSA OCCASIONE VOS ACCEDERE NON OPORTET. Teste Rege apud Eborum, 20. die January.

Consimiles Literae dirigunter subscriptis: viz. to 6. Earls more, and the rest of the Lords summoned with them to appear personally at this Parliament.

19ly. That sometimes the Temporal Lords as well as Prelates, were more strictly and peremptorily required, and adjured with greater earnestnesse to appear Personally in Parliaments and Parliamentary Councils, then they were at other seasons, without admitting any excuses or making any Proxies; because through their absence and want of their personal presence when summoned, the Parliaments were oft adjourned to some other time, the businesse of the King and Kingdoms retarded, delayed to the publike praejudice, and the Parliaments sometimes dissolved without concluding any thing, the Lords and Commons there assembled refusing to do or grant any thing, when any of the chief Lords and Prelates were absent,

20. That no Spiritual or Temporal Lords could absent themselves from Parliaments when duly summoned thereunto without a reason…ble and just excuse, nor make any Proxies or Proctors to supply their places, but when specially authorized and licensed to do it in or by the writs of Summons, or other special writs, much le…e than could they be forcibly secluded the House when summoned by writ; as some of late times have most violently been by those who were raised to defend both their persons and the privileges of Parliament.

21. That armed Guards, Forces, and Troops of Soldiers in or near the Places where Parliaments are assembled and kept, are altogether inconsistent with p. 215the Customs, Vsage, Freedom and Privileges of Parliament; prejudicial obstructions to their proceedings, and a great oppression to the people; VponUpon which account not only the Earls, Lords and Barons, are sometimes in the writs of Summons specially prohibited under grievous forf…itures and penalties to repair to the Parliament,**See here, p. 27, 28▪ 177. With men of Arms, and multitudes of people; and to come only cum dicenti comitiva de hominibus bonae discretionis et consilii, et NON CUM HOMINIBUS AD ARMA, sub forisfactura omnium quae Nobis forisfacere poteritis. Claus. 2 E. 3. m. 31. dorso; But our Kings likewise by special writs and Proclamations at the very first meeting of their Parliaments usually prohibited all sorts of men, under pain of forfei…ing all they might forfeit, not to wear any privy Coat of plate, or go Armed, or carry any Warlike weapons within any City or Suburbs thereof where their Parliaments sa…e, during all the time of their Session, that so the Parliaments and Member…s might not be thereby disturbed, interrupted, over awed or terrified; as those who please may read at large in the Statute of 7 E. 1. Rastals Abridgment, Armour 1. 1 E. 2. c. 3. 6 E. 3. rot. Parl. n. 3. Parl. 2. n. 2. Parl. 3. at York. n. 3. 415. …. 3 E. 3. Parl. 1. n. 2. Parl. 2. n. 2. 14 E. 3. n. 2. 15 E. 3. n. 2. 17 E. 3. n. 3. 18 E. 3 n. 2. 20. E. 3. n. 1. 2 … E. 3. n. 1. 25 E. 3. Parl. 1. n. 58. Parl. 2. n. 4. and Cook 4. Instit. p. 14. Such a Proclamation as this issued before the Parliament held at New Sarum, An. 2. E. 3. as is evident by the Articles of improachm…nt against Roger Mortymer Earl of March, in the Parliament of 4E. 3. Rot. Parl. n. 1, 2. and 28 E. 3. n. 9, 10… Who amongst othe. Articles was impeached condemned and executed as a Traytor, for comming**Henry de Knyghton de Eventibus Angl…ae, l. 3. c. 16. col. 2557, &c. My Plea for the Lords, p. 278, 279, 28…. armed to the Parliamen… at Salsbury, against the Kings Proclamation; with divers of his confederates, whereby sundry of the Nobles were so terrified, that they came not to the Parliament, and the Bishops there asse…bled had the p. 222dores of the house wherein they sate in Counsel broke open upon them by armed men, and were there threatned to lose both life and members if they should be so hardy to say or do any thing against his will and ordinances; whereby he procured himself to be made Earl of March; caused the King to give him many Lands and Tenements, to the disinherison of his Crown; and excited him to ride armed against the Earl of Lancaster and other Peers of the Realm to Winchester, as they were comming towards the King to the said Parliament at Salisbury; whereupon they were inforced to re…ire to their own Countries to eschue the perils that might happen; which much greived them that they could not speak with their king, not counsel him as they ought. After which the Parliament of 5 R. 2. as appears by n. 1. was interrupted and adjourned because the Duke of Lancaster, and Earl of Northumberland being at variance, resorted to i… with multitudes of men armed in warlike manner, of which great complaint was made; and the Parliament deferred till the King, his Counsil and other Lords had examined and reconciled the differences between them, and removed their forces. Fit presidents for future times to imitate, after so many outrages and forcible assaults upon the Parliament and their Members by Souldiers and others of late times, beyond all presedents in former ages, to the totall dissolution both of our Parliaments and their privileges, unlesse carefully regained, reestablished by strictest Laws, exemplary Punishments, and severest prohibitions of all armed forces in or near unto the places where future Parliaments shall assemble; who by the just judgment of God upon the former Parliament, (which against the Custom, Freedom and Privilege of Parliaments making use of armed mercenary Guards and Soldiers for their defence, hath been unexpectedly affronted, assaulted, forced, dissipated, yea destroyed by them, and made their basest Slaves and Captives) p. 223may learn to avoid all such extravagances and oversights in succeeding ages.

22. It is observable and most evident by comparing the births of our Princes of**Walsingh…m Graf…on, Speed, Holinshed, Daniel Baker, How Martin. Wales and Earls of Chester recorded in our Histories, wi…h the dates of their first w…its of Summons to Parliam…nt…; that Edward of Carnarvan, the first Prince of Wales was first summoned by writ to Parliament when he was but 19. years old; that Edward the eldest Son of King Edward the second, as Earl of Chestēr, was first summoned by writ to Parliament when he was scarce 9. years of age; that Edward the black Prince of Wales, was summoned when he was not 20. and Richard his Son Prince of Wales called by writ to Parliament when he was not full 9. years old: The Kings eldest and youngest …ons being usually summoned to Parliaments during their Minorities, (though others are**See my Minors no senators. seldom summoned till their full age) even as King Henry the 6. rode triumphantly to,**Speed Chronicle, p. …828. 829. and sate in State in Parliament in his Queen-mothers lap, before he was full 12. months old.

23. I observe, that in Claus. 27 E. 1. d. 6. 16. Adomarus de Valencia, was summoned and listed among the Earls, without the Title of Earl annexed to his name, being then, as I conceive, Earl of P…mbroc, and so stiled in succeeding Summons: And in Claus. 50 E. 3. pars. 2. d.(**See the Table of Earls, ensuing,) 6. Thomas de Wodestoke Constabularius Angliae, and Henry de Percy Marescallus Angliae, are listed amongst the Earls without any Title of Earls; yet in the next writ of Summons, Claus. 1. R. 2. d. 31. 37. Thomas de Wodestoke, is stiled Com▪ de Buck: et Constab. Angliae: and Henry de Percy, Com. Northumb. in the list of the Earls; and therefore I apprehend they were Earls in 50 E. 3. (as our Histories & Heraulds report them) though not so stiled …n-the Roll of Summons.

24. That the names of the Kings Counsil, Justices, and other Officers, …ummoned to Parliaments only as Assistants, are sometimes inserted into the Eodem modo p. 218mandatum est; and Confimiles literae next after the the Lords and Barons name without any space, line or distinction between them, sometimes with a lines distance, or small space only from them; sometimes they are distinguished from the Lords and Barons by the words Milites, or Cl…ricis Consilii, & I…st…iar▪ added in the Margin and a small space between them, as in Claus. 5 E. 2. d. 17. Cl. 2 E. 1. and sometimes they are in…exmixed with the Lords and Barons names, and listed amongst them…, as in Claus. 8 E. 2. d. 35. Roger de Brabazon and 7 others of them are… named amongs…th Lords and Barons, and so in Claus. 3 E. 3. d. 19. Claus. … E. 3. p. 2. d. 7.

In the Clause Roll of 25 E. 1. d. 25. the word Milites is inserted in the Margin over a…ainst the Names of the Judges and Kings Counsil, in the Eodem modo, and in Claus. 5 E. 2. d. 17. Clericis consilii, & Iusticiar. is written in the Margin, to distinguish them from the Lords, and Barons, (but in no Rolls besides) without the word Barones superadded to the Barons and Greatmen in the catalogue of their names.

24. That although the word BARO and BARONES in the Clause Rolls of King Iohn, Henry the 3d… Edward 1. 2. & Histories,**See My plea for the Lords, p. 60. to 303. 506. 507. Magna Charta Preface, c. 2. 14. 31. 37. Cha…a Forestae, c. 4. 11. 26. 3… H. 3. c. 10. 3 E. 1. P…ologue. Great Charters and Statutes in their reigns be frequently used, applied to all the Temporal Lords of Parliament, yet in all the Clause Rolls and Writs of Summons I have seen, no particular persons amongst them are summoned by the Title of Barons, but only the Barons of Greystok, Graystoke, or Craystoke, and the Barons of Stafford: In the Clause Rolls of Ed. 1, & 3, so of Rich. 2. H. 4. 5. and 6. writs are frequently issued Iohanni BARONI de Greystoke, Willo. BARONI de Greystoke, Rado. BARONI de Greystoke, as they are s…iled in the Eodem modo; yet in other writs, lists, rolls in the Eodem modo, the direction to these very Barons, is many times Iohanni de Craystoke, or Greystoke, Willo. & Rado. de Greystoke, without the addition of BARONI annexed to them; which Title is p. 221totally omitted in all the Ro…s of Edw. the 4th. as the ensuing Alphabetical and Chronological Table, with my Table to the Exact Abridgement of the Records in the Tower, will more particularly inform you. So in the Rolls of King E. 1. & 3. (mentioned in the following Table) the directions in sundry writs in the …od…m modo are, Edmundo, & Rado. BARONI de Stafford; and in other writs to the one of them, he is stiled only Rado. de Stafford, BARONI being omitted in his Title, BARO, being given …o none (for ought I can find) in any lists of summons, but to these 2. Barons of Greystoke and Stafford alone.

25. That in my best observation … the Title or Addition of MILES or CHIVALER, was not given to any Temporal Lords or Barons in any writs or lists of Summons to Parliament before Claus. 49 E. 3. dorse 4. 6. & 50 E. 3. pars 2. d. 6. wherein summons issued Willielmo le Morle Chivaler, Willielmo de Aldeburgh Chivaler, Iohanni de Well. Chivaler, Hugoni de Dacre Chivaler; after which it grew more common under King Rich. the 2. Henry 4. and 5. when many of the Temporal Lords and Ba…ons had this addition given them sooner or later; those who wanted it in one, two, three, four or more writs of Summons at first, before they were Knighted, receiving it in subsequent writs after they were Knighted. After the beginning of King Henry the 6. and during the reign of Edw. the 4th. there was scarce any Temporal Lord in the lists of summons but was stiledaaSee Cokes 4 Instit. p. 5. Chivaler, or Miles, being all genetally Knighted for their greater honour. Of all the Temporal Lords, I find onelyonly one namely Tho. de la Ware, constantly stiled MAGISTER Tho. de la Ware in all writs of summons to him from 23 R. 2. …05 H. 6. as the en…uing Table will inform you; the true and only reason whereof I apprehend to be this, that before the temporal Dignity of a Lord or Baron descended to him, bbSee Co … 4 Instit. p. 5.he had been a Clergyman in sacred Orders; this Title Magister being alwayes prefixed before the Names of p. 220all of the Kings Council who were Clergy-men, in their summons to Parliament as Assista…ts to the Lords House, as the writs and Table in the next Section will inform you… not to distinguish him from the Lords who were Knights, as some mistake, because none of the other Lords who were not Knights, had this Title Magister given to them, but he alone: Now whereas in the summons of 1 E. 4. Iohn de Audley, isccCook, ib. stiled Armiger, I conceive it mistaken by the Clerks for Chlr. he being ever …iled Chivaler, not Armiger, in the summons of 49 H. 6. d. 6. 2 E. 4. d. 3. 6 E. 4. d. 1. and all other summons else; and not one Baron or Lord Armiger, but he alone, though unknighted; Armiger being a petty inferior Title, not suitable to his Lordship or P…erage.

26. That the Prince of Wales, Dukes, Earls and Marquesses, are regularly stiled by their Christian names, and Titles or Places of their Dignities, and very rarely (yet now and then) by theirddSeldens titles of Honor, p. 722. Cook 4 Instit. p. p. Sirnames; but the …emporal Lords and Barons till the end of King Rich. the 2. his reign, in the writs of summons directed to them, are for the most part stiled by their Christian names and Surnames, or by their Baronies supplying Surnames… and sometimes both by their Surnames and Baronies. That the Ti…le DOMINUS, was not usually given to any of them, except two, before the reign of King Henry the 6. The first in my observation to whom this …itle was given in any writ of summons, was Iohn de Moubray, who in Claus. 16 E. 3. par. 2. d. 13. and so in other succeeding writs (though not in all) is stiled Iohn de Moubray DOMINUS Insulae de Axholm: none else having this Title till af…er the reign of Rich. the 2. The next so stiled is in Claus. 11 H. 4. d. 32. where a writ issued Iohanni Talbot DOMINO de Fur…vall; which though omitted in some summons after, is again used in the summons to him Cl. 4 H. 5. d. 16. and Cl. 8H. 5. d. 2. Afte… which I finde none so stiled till Cl. 23 H. 6. d. 21. where Robert Hungerford p. 221Chivaler, is stiled DOMINUS de Mollins; as he is in Cl. 25 H. 6. d. 24. which gives the title of DOMINUS de Poynings to H…nry Peircy. In Cl. 27 H. 6. d. 24. this title DOMINUS is given to Hungerford, Percy, and 4 more; in Cl. 28 H. 6. d. 26. it is added to 8. In Cl. 29 H. 6. d. 41. to 16. after which it grew more common to them and most others who were summoned; as the ensuing Table will more particularly inform you. But though the temporal Lords in the writs of summons issued to them, were seldom stiled Lords or Barons before 23 H. 6. yet it is observable, that when any of them are particularly mentioned in theeeSee Exact Abridgement, p. 18. to 25. 121, to 124. Parliament Rolls, Acts of Parliament, Commissions or Patents, they are usually stiled BARONS or LORDS, as in the Pro…gue of Magna Charta 9 H. 3. &c. 2. 14. 37. Charta de Foresta, c. 11. 20 H. 3. c. 9. 51 H. 3. 1. 10. Dictum de Kenelworth 51 H. 3. 3 E. 1. the Prologue, and c. 23. 13 E. 1. c. 42. 18 E. 1. The Statute of Quo Warrauto, 25 E. 1. c. 6. 34 E. 1. c. 5. The Prologues to the S…atutes of E. 3. 14 E. 3. c. 5. and the Commission therupon, Pa…. 18 E. 3. p. 2. m. 39. 36 E. 3. c. 6. 20 R. 2. c. 3. and other Acts. How fearfull Christians were to give this T…tle of DOMINUS to the Greatest Emperors, and how unwilling Augustus, and the greatest Christian Emperors were to receive or make use of i…, unless with the diminution of DOMNUS and DOMPNUS, not Dominus, you may read in Sir Henry Spelmans Glossary, p. 225, 226. it being a TitleffPsal… 110. 1. Acts 2. 36, Rom. 14. 8. 9. 1 Cor. 8 5 6Ps 110:1Acts 2:36Rom 14:8Rom 14:91 Cor 8:5 peculiar to God and Christ: & DEI NO MEN, asggApologia …. 34. Ter…ulli… …liles it; whereas now it is usurped by, and given to every upstart of the most ignoble extraction, to bring Nobility it self, and the House of Lords into contempt.

27. That it is the inseparable incommunicable Prerogative, and Supream Royal Jurisdiction of the Kings of England (underivable to, and inusurpable by any other person or persons) by their special Patents, Writs of Creation, Charters and Solemn Invchi…ures, to make and create Princes of Wales, Dukes, Earls, Marquesses, p. 224Vicounts, Lords, Barons and Peeres of the R…alm, and to give them and their posterities a place, seat, voyce in the Parliament and Great Councils of England, the Supreamest Judicature and highest Court of all others, wherein they **See my Plea for the Lords, and House of Peers.sit as Iudges, and all others Iudges in the Courts of Westminster, sit only as their Assistants, not as Associates or their fellow Iudges. This is evident, not only by all writs of summons issued to the Lords, but likewise by the express Resolution of all the Nobles and Parliaments of 50 E. 3. rot. Parl. n. 41. 51 E. 3. rot. Parl. n. 9. 36 E. 3. rot. Parl. n. 94. 40 E. 3. rot. Parl. n. 13. 9 R. 2. rot. Parl. n. 14, 15, 16, 17. 11 R. 2. rot. Parl. n. 44.hhAn Exact Abridgement, p. 123, 124, 145, 103, 310, 325, 326, 332, 363, 370, 391, 392, 405, 550, 576, 578, 659, 702, 703. 13 R. 2. rot. Parl. n. 21, 22, 23, 20 R. 2. rot. Par. n. 30, 31, 32. 21 R. 2. rot. Parl. n. 33. 1 H. 4. rot. Parl. n. 76, 78, 82. 9 H. 4. rot. Parl. n. 25. 4 H. 5. rot. Parl. n. 13. 3 H. 6. (the case of Iohn Earl Marshal,) rot. Parl. n. 11, 12, 13. 11 H. 6. rot. Parl. n. 31. to 36. 33 H. 6. rot. Parl. n. 42, 43, 50. 1, 2 E. 4. rot. Parl. n. 12, 13, 14. 14 E. 4. rot. Parl. n. 24, 25. 17 E. 4. rot. Parl. n. 16. by all Patents, presidents of creating any Princes, Dukes, Earls, Marquesses, Vicounts, Lords, Peers and Barons of Parliament, collected by Mr. Iohn Selden in his Titles of Honor, Book 2. Chap. 5, 6, 7. Mr. William Martyn, Cam…den, Mills his Catalogue of Honor, B…ook his Catalogue of Nobility; Augustine Vincent his Discovery of Errours therein, Iames York his Union of Honour, with others who have written of our English Peers, & Nobility, and Sir Henry Sp…lmas his Glossary, Title Baro, p. 81, 82, 83. & Comes, p. 177, 178. Hence is it, that King Henry the 1. King Iohn, Henry the 3. and Edw. 1. in theiriiMag. Char…a, c. 2. Rich. Hagustadiensis Historia, col. 310, 311. Mat. Paris, p. 55, 56, 256, 257. Great Charters, and other wri…ing▪ usually stile them, …OMITES & BARONES NOSTRI, & MEI; Si quis BARONUM MEORUM v…l COMITVM, or DE BARONIBUS MEIS, or NOSTRIS; and Glanvil, l. 8. c. 11. l. 9. c. 1. Huntindon Historiarum, l. 5. The Leiger Book of Ramsay, sect. 171. Pope N…cholas in his Epistle to King Ed. the Confessor, with our Lawbooks &kkHenry de Knighton, de Eventib. Ang. l. 2. c. 4. col. 2354… … H…veden Annal. pars po…erior Mr. Selden ad Eadmerum Notae, p. 171. 199. Historians usually stile p. 225them, BARONES REGIS & REGII, & BARONES VESTRI, BARONES SVI, speaking of the King; Rex de IURE BARONIBUS SUIS; And hence we read Ann. 3. H. 3. Fitzh. Prescription 50. this Custem pleaded in Barr of a Nuper obiit; Quod si aliquis BARO DOMINI REGIS tenens de Rege ob…isset, et non haberet haeredem nisi filias, et primogenita filiae maritatae sunt in vita… patris, Dominus Re… daret postnatam filiam quae remaneret in haered…tate Pa…ris alicui Militum suorum, cum tota haereditat… Patris sui de qua obiisset seseitus, i… a quod aliae filiae nihil rec…p…rent versus postnatam filiam in v…ta sua: et omnes Reges habuerunt hanc dignitatem à Conquestu. Yea this is such an incommunicable Prerog…ve incident to our Kings alone, that neither the Emperour himself, nor Pope could ever create an English Earl, Baron or Lord of Parliament, nor give him any precedency before other Lords in England; of which we have a late memorable president, in (m) Thomas Arundel of Wardour,llM. Seldens Titles of Honor, p. 413, 417, 418, 419. Mr Cambden… Elizabetha, An. 1596. p. 126, 127, 128. William Martins History, p. 809, 810. who being created by the Charter of the Emperour Rodolph the 2. COMES SACRI IMPERII, una cum universa prole atque posteritate legitima mascula et faeminea in infinitum; both for his eminent service in the wars against the Turks and the Nobleness of his. Family; yet it was with this special saving in his Paten, Serenissimae tamen Principis et Dominae Elizabethae Reginae Angliae, &c. IURIBUS AC SVPERIORIT ATIBUS SEMPER ILLAESIS ET SALVIS; yet the Queen with the English Barons, would not acknowledg him for an Earl nor Baron in England upon any terms; the Queen resolving; That she would by no means permit any of her sheep, or subjects, to wear the badge, or follow the whistle of any forein Shepherd or Prince, but only her own. In the d…bate of which case, it was alleged by the English Peers ooCamdeni Elizabetha, p. …. 127, 128.So…ius Principis esse (& NON ALTE…RIUS CUIUSCUNQUE) suis Subditis dignitates destribuere, juxta illud Valeriani Imperatoris; Ea sit tantum dignitas, quae nobis jubentibus sustinetur. Ejusmodi titulos honorarios nec à Subditis accipiendos, p. 224nec à Principe admittendos. Principis enim Majestati et Subditorum obsequio multum detrahi, si honores ab exteris accipere permittantur; tacitum enim sidei pactum inter honorantem et honoratum intercedere videri. Hujusmodi titulos illecebras esse occultas ad animos subditorum à suis principibus abstrahendos, &c. That Reginald Mohun (created Earl of Somerset by the Pope in the reign of Henry the 3.) was never acknowledged to be an Earl by the King and Lords; nor Robert Curson created a Baron of the sacred Empire by Maximilian the Emperor, acknowledged to be a Baron in England by King Henry the 8. or his Nobles, till he created him a Baron himself by his Charter, without giving him a voice in Parliament, (as King Iames created this Thomas Arundel such a Baron by Patent) ut unbrat…lem Baronis et Comitis Sacri Imperii titulum maturè obrueret Some say the Queen committed Arundel for receiving this dignity from the Emperor;**Page 8…0 but William Mar…yn assures us, that Sir Nicholas Clifford and Sir Anth: Shirley, (whom the French King for their Service in the wars, received into the Order of S. Michael,) were laid in prison at their coming home, charged to resign their robes, and see that their names were blotted out of the French Commentaries. It is the general received opinion of allppCassanaeus Catalog Glor …aemundi, pars 1. Con…id… 4. pars 5. Confid. 15, 18, 61, 123, 168. pars 7. Consid. 1. pars 8, Consid: …4. Bonus de Curteli, de Nobilitate, pars 3. n. 200, 201. Baldus in Consilio 129. Lucas de Penna, in l. Nemini de Consulibus, l. 12. Andraeas de Isernia, in D. tit. Quae sunt Regalia, Calvini Lexicon Juridicum, tit: Baro, Comes, Regalia. Lawyers: Civil, Canon, Common… Heraulds, and others who have written of Nobility, that none but Emperors, or Kings, can create Dukes, Earls, Marquesses, Lords, Barons and Peers, and that only within their own Dominions: A Rege enimeman… it origo D…g…ita…um Temporalium; A Rege et Principe prost…u…t …t derivantur tanquam a fonte, om… es Magistratus et Dignitates, q…ia in eo sunt omnes dignitatum thesauri recond…i. Ad Regem solum spect at creare Comites & Barones; Princeps solus magnas Dignitates confer at. Non p. 225dic…ur vera Nobilitas, vel Baro ex inf…udation…, nisi … Principe; as they all unanimously resolve. Hence qqAd cap. Innotuit Extrav: tit. De Electione.Baldus, andrrDe Singula…i Certamine, cap. 32. Seldens titles of Honor, p. 416. Alciat define a Baron to be one, who hath merum, justumqu… imperium in aliquo Castro, Oppidione CONCESSIONE PRINCIPIS. In B…h… mia, Moravia, …ilesia, Lusatia, and other Provinces i…corporated to it; Summam p…test…em obtinet Rex, et non solum NOBILES, … ET BARONES CREAT, quemadmodum in Silesia ad quatuor primarios BARONATUS n…mo admittitur nisi vel ab IMPERATORE VEL REGE BOHEMIAE BARO CREATUS …VERIT, writesssNolden: de Statu…. Nobil. c. 2. §. 86. Nolden: andttHist. l. 6. Seldens titles of Honor, p. 469, 470. Dubravius informs as, that one Honora, primum inter BARONES autoritate. Caesaris Hen…ici (H. the 1.) ad…um PROCERUM gradum proveb batur, quae nunc BARONES a quercu in Bohemia, appellantur. uuAd Rubric… de Baronibus et co…ū Officio, sect. 22 & 32, et ad Pragm. 5. num. 63.Franciscus Capiblancus resolves; BARONUM nomine Comites ali…sque Titularios compraehendi nos dicimus; Nam istud verbum BARO, est scala et caput DIGNITAIV MREGALIUM: And thence he inferrs, Dignitas xxSuper Rub…ic, de Ba…o…bus, et eorum Officiis, Sect: 12, 13, 14, 34.BARONALIS cum sit Dignitas et caput dignitatum, sp. cificè est tribuenda A PRINCIPE, cujus est eas conf…re, cum ab eo fluant et refluant. In France, such Feiffs as are at the Kings pleasure, and by his license erected into Baronies, are the only Territories that give the Title of a BARON: and the Lord thereof is stiled A BARON per le Conge du Prince, as**Seld. p. 47…, 473, 5…7, 539, 540, 541. Mr. Selden proves out of Simon Marion P…oydey 9… who addes, That when A BARONY came to the King of France by escheat or otherwise, the Kings gi…t of the BARONY by Charter, made the Patentee A BARON, without other Rules of Creation: After which he proves by the yyA Thoma Ca…merio Edi… l. 8. tit: 2.Code of King Henry the 4. that the Titles and Honours of a Duke, Marquess, Earls and BARONY, and their prerogat…ve, A SOLO REGE TRI…I POSSVNT. And inzzSelden… Titles of Honor, part 2. c. 4. Spain all their great Dignitie p. 228and Titles of Nobility are not only originally derived from the King; but most of them upon every death, are receivedaaSal. de Mendoza, l. 3. c, 8. 13. Mariana de Rebus Hisp. l: 8. c. 2. Selden. p. 575. again FROM THE KING, though not by any Charter of new Creation, yet by the Kings acknowledgement of them, by adding the titular Name to the heir, who by his own name only, without the addition of his Title, signifies to the King the death of his Ancestor. Therefore doubtless, none but our Kings and Queens alone can create Earls, Lords, or Baron… of Parliament in England, there being no one presid…nt in An…iquity, nor in any Em…ire or Kingdom in the world (that I remember) to the contrary; and this I conceive to be most clearly resolved in and by the Statu…es …f 27 H. c. 24 & 31 H. 8. c. 10.

28. That one of the first B…rons created by Patent, whose Patent is yet ex…ant, wa… I…hn de Beauchamp Stew…rd of the Houshold to King R…chard the 2. whose Patent runs in this form.

Richardus, &c. Sciatis quod pro bonis et gratuitis servitiis quae dilectus et fidelis M…les noster Iohannes de Beauchamp de HOLT, Parents 11 R: 2 parte 1. n: 12. Seldens titles of Honor, p. 747. Spelmanni…in Glo…ium, p. 80, 81.Senescallus hospitii nostri nobis impendit, ac loco per ipsum tempore Coronationis nostrae hucusque impensis, et quem pro Nobis tenere poterit in fururum IN NOSTRIS CONSILIIS & PARLIAMENTIS, necnon pro Nobili et fideli genere unde d…scendi…, et pro suis magnisicis sensu et circumspectione, ipsum Iohannem INUNUM PARIUM A… BARONVM REGNI NOSTRI ANGLIAE PRAEFECIMUS. Volentes quod IDEM IOHANNES & HAEREDES MASCULI DE CORPORE SUO EXEUNTES, STATVM BARONIS SVSTINEANT & DOMINI DE BEAUCHAMP, & BARONES DE KIDERMINSTER NUNCUPENTUR. In cujus &c. datum 10 Octobris.

I finde this Iohn Beauchamp only once mentioned in the List of Summons in Claus. 11 R. 2. dors 24. dated 27 die Decembris, within 3. moneths of his creation; where he is stiled only Iohanni Beauchamp de Kiderminster, p. 229but neither Dominus de Beauchamp, nor BARO de Kiderminster: After which in the summons of 27 H. 6. till 12 E. 4. one of his posterity was summoned by the stile of Iohn Beauchamp Miles, DOMINUS DE BEAUCHAMP, without the Title of BARO de Kiderminster, expressed in any of the Rolls. For the various significations of the word Baro, and the several kinds or degrees of Barons, you may at leisure consult Bartholomeus Cassanaeus, his Catalogus Gloriae mundi, pars 8. Consid. 15. Calvini Lexicon Juridicum, tit. Baro; Sir Henry Spelmans Glossarium, De Baronibus Diatribe; William Somners Glossarium, tit. Baro & Baronia, and Mr. Seldens Titles of Honour, part. 2. ch. 5. sect. 51, 52, ch. 2. sect. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. ch. 1. sect. 21, 22. ch. 4. sect. 6, 7. ch. 5. sect. 5. ch. 6. sect. 2. ch. 7. sect. 2. and the several Authors there quoted.

29. That I finde no president of any person created a Baron by special writ, but only one; whereby Henry Bromfleet Knight and the heir males of his body were created Barons of Vescy, by this writ entred after the Names of the Temporal Lords in the summons of Claus. 27 H. 6. m. 26. dorso.

iiSee the Exact Abridgment of the ment of the Records in the Tower, p. p. 637. Mr. Seldens Titles of Honor, p. 541. and My Plea for the Lords, p. 153.Rex dilecto et fidelissimo Henrico Broms…eet Mili…i, salutem. Cum, &c. (ut supra, usque ibi) Tractatum: (et tum sic) Vobis in fide et ligeantia quibus Nobis tenemini, &c. ut supra.) nullatenus omittatis. Volumus enim VOS & HAEREDES VESTROS MASCULOS de corpore vestro legitimè exeuntes BARONES DE VESCEY EXISTERE. T. …ege apud Westm. vicesimo quarto die Januarii; of a different date from that in the other summons, This special writ and clause of creation had been meerly void and nugatory, had the general writ alone ennobled him and his Posteritie, and them Lords and Barons of Parliament.

Yet notwi…hstanding this special writ creating him BARON of Vescy; it is observable, that in all the subsequent writs of summons of 28, 29, 31, 33, 38 H. 6. nd 1, 3, 7 E 4. he is alwaies stiled DOMINUS, but never p. 230BARO de VESCY; in any one List or Roll. I find in the Cl. Rolls of 49 H. 3. 23 E. 1. & 6. 7. 8 E. 2. Iohn de Vescy first, and after him William de Vescy summoned amongst other temporal Lords. By which it is evident, that there were Lords and Barons of Vescy (though not so stiled in the Rolls) under these 3. Kings who were summoned to Parliaments; But after the summons of 8 E. 2. there is no mention of them in any Rolls (the Barony escheating for want of issue male, or by attainder, as is probable) till Sir Henry Bromfleet and his issu… males were created Barons thereof, by the premised writ. A sufficient evidence, th…t no general writ of summons created any Gentlemen who were summoned to Parliaments, Barons, unless they held Lands by Barony and were Barons by Tenure; there being no Clause or words in the general ordinary writs of Summons, creating any persons summoned, Earls, Lords or Barons, or giving them these Titles, unless they were Earls, Lords and Barons by Patent or Tenure before their Summons; the writs fli…ing them onelyonly such as they were when issued to them, and conferring no new Dignity or Title on them; as I have (1) elswhere proved at large.

30. That the most ordinary writs of Summons bo…h to the Spiritual and Temporal Lords,My Plea for the Lords Epistle to the Reader, and p. 127 to 162. Sherifs, and others use only the words Magnates, or Proceres, Magna ibus & Proceribus jointly, or one of them alone without the other, to expresse the Temporal Lords and Nobles, without the word Barones, or Baronibus, which very rarely occur… in any writs, except only in the w…its to the Sherifs, C…aus. 24 E. 3. d. 7. and the writs of Cl. 28 E. 1. d. 3. Claus. 5 E. 3. d. 25. & 12 E. 3. pars 2. d. 32. wherein the word BARONES is mentioned in some of them, and this Clause Cum Comitibus, BARONIBUS, & caeteris Proceribus, or Magnatibus Regni nostri, used in others of them, upon extraordinary occasions; bu… in no writs besides to my best remembrance; which run usually; Cum Praelatis et caeteris Proceribus, p. 231or Magnatibus, or Proceribus et Magnatibus dicti regni tractaturi, vestrumque Consilium impensuri; without the word BARONIBUS. Which being not so much as once mentioned in these ordinary (but only in 2. or 3. extraordinary) writs, it is most evident to all, that the issuing of such writs to any Knights, Esquires, or Gentlemen, to summon them to Parliaments, can neither create nor constitute them Barons by writ; because they neither stile them (nor any of the Lords and Nobles, (but those two forementioned) …arons, nor use the word BARO at all; but only Proceres, or Magnates.

31. It is evident by all these writs, That the antient temporal Earls, Lords, Barons, are most essential necessary constitutive Members of our English Parliaments and Great Councils, to which they alwaies were, and ought of right to be summoned; and that no Parliament may or ought to be summoned or held without them, since both the writs to themselves, as likewise to the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Sherifs of Counties, and Particular Cities and Corporations which are Counties within themselves, the Wardens of the Cinque Ports, Justices and other Assistants, in the bodies and essential parts of them, at least once, twice, or more frequently thus recite; Quia, &c. ordinayimus quoddam Parliamentum apud We…m. &c. CUM PROCERIBUS, or MAGNATIBUS, or MAGNATIBUS ET PROCERIBUS dicti regni nostri tenere, &c. personaliter intersitis Nobiscum, et cum caeteris, or cum PROCERIBUS, MAGNATIBUS, or MAGNATIBUS & PROCERIBUS, praedictis super dictis nego…iis tractaturi, vestrum que Consilium impensuri: Which I having more largely evidenced in my Plea for the Lords, and House of Peers, shall here no further insist on.

32. That sometimes the King summoned some particular Bishops and Lords to treat with him about publike businesses by writ, much like to a summons to p. 232Parliament, without summoning other Lords, for which take this president in lieu of more.

Cl. 6 E. 2. d. 5. Rex venerabili in Christo Patri eadem gratia Bathon. et Wellen. Episcopo salutem. Quia pro diversis arduis negotiis Nos et terram Vasconiae tangentibus in brevie ad partes Franciae, concedente Domino, sumus profecturi, ac vobiscum super aliquibus quae Nos tangunt ante passagium nostrū ad partes praedictas habere volumus Colloquium et tractatum. Vobis mandamus in fide et dilectione quibus Nobis tenemini firmiter injungentes, quod omnibus aliis praetermissis sitis ad Nos apud Cant. die Jovis prox. ante festum Ascensionis Domini prox. futur. super praemissis Nobiscum tractaturi. Et hoc sicut Nos et honorem nostrum diligitis et indignationem nostram vitare volueritis nullatenus omittatis. T. Rege apud Westm. 3. die Maii. Consim. Breve dirigitur Dom. H. Wynton Episcopo. The like Episcopo Norwich, Waltero de Thorp, Gilberto de Middleton. T. ut supra, to come to the King apud Dover, another day.

33 It is most apparent by these respective Clauses twice recited in all antient and modern writs of summons to the Spiritual & Temporal Lords, & 4 or 5 times in the writs of Prorogation & Resummons to them (hereafter cited Section 7.) Vobiscum & cum caeteris Praelatis (or) cum Praelatis et caeteris Magnatibus et Proceribus dicti regni habere volumus (or proponimus) Colloquium & Tractatum. Vobis mandamus, &c. quod personaliter ad dictos diem & locum intersitis, Nobiscum et cum caeteris Praelatis, Magnatibus et Proceribus dicti regni super dictis negotiis tractaturi, vestrumque Consilium impensuri: which make not the least mention of their sitting, treating, or consulting with the Knights, Citizens, Burgesses or Commons of the Realm, or of theirs with the Lords. And by the like Clauses in the writs of Summons to the Kings Counsil, and in the writs issued to Sheriffs for electing Knights, Citizens and Burgesses: The first part whereof recites, Quia nos de avisamento et assensu Consilii p. 233nostr…, &c. quoddam Parliamentum nostrum apud W. &c. t…neri ordinavimus, et ibidem cum Praelatis, Magnatibus & Proceribus dicti regni nostri Colloquiū …abere et Tractatu… (without mentioning any Conference or Treaty at all of the Commons jointly with the Prelats, Lords & Great men in the Parliament) who by the writ are to be elected, re…urned, summoned, impowred only; Ad faciendum et consentiendum hiis, quae tunc ibidem de Communi Consilio regni nostri, or Praelatorum, Magnatum & Procerum dicti regni nostri (divina favente Clementia, contigerit ordinari. That the Lords and Commons nev…r sate and consulted together as one intire House in the Parliaments of England, since their first Summons to our Parliaments, but that the… alwaies sate and consulted asunder one from the other: Therfore Sir Edw. Cook his over-confident Assertion (without any real ground of Authority or reason) in his 4. Institutes, p. 4. Certain it is, that at the first both Houses …ate together; as it appeareth by Modus tenendi Parliamentum (which directly avers the contrary, Sect. 15, 16▪ 17, 27.) and by 5 E. 3. n. 3. other places of the same Roll, and in 6 E. 3. in divers places it appeareth, that the Lords and Commons sate together; (when as both those Parliament Rolls and others un…er Ed. 3. expresly evidence the contrary, as I have**In my Preface to an Exact Abridgement of the Records of the Tower. elsewhere fully evidenced) must be exploded as Apochryphal, and enumerated amongst his other mistakes.

34 That the Temporal Lords could not impose any Tax, Aid or Subsidy upon the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors and Spiritual Lords or Clergy without or against their particular grants or assents in Convocation, no more than the Spiritual Lords and Clergy could impose any Aids or Taxes upon the Temporal Lords and Commons; as I have formerly evidenced (p. 113. to 120. 148, 149, 153, 154, 155.) For further evidence whereof I shall hereunto subjoyn this ensuing memorable writ, casuall… omitted out of the first Section, pag. 31. where it should have been placed.

p. 234Clau…. 4 …d. 3. m. 3. dorso.Pro Reg… de Auxilio habendo d…Clero pro resistentia terrae Franciae, Rex venerabili in Christo Pa…ri S. eadem gratia Archiepiscopo Cantuar. totius Angliae Primati, salutem. A vestra memoria non excidit, ut speramus, qualiter nuper apud El…ham in praesentia vestra et aliorum Praelatorum et Procerum de regno nostro, quos tunc ibidem pro magnis et arduis nego …iis nostris fecimus congregari, exposita …uerunt inter alia, negotia contingentia Nos et Regem Franciae; et post diligentem tractatum inde habitum, tam vobis quam ipsis videbatur, quod pro pace habenda cum ipso Rege, esset omnibus modis et viis quibus po…sumus exhaered…tionis periculo (obviare) insistend. Et si for…an idē Rex vias Pacis rationabiles recusar…t, et ad exhaeredationem nostram quoad Ducatum praedictum, et alias terras quas habemus subDominio suo, ni…eretur, quod ad defensionem nostram contra ipsū cū Dei adjutorio vires nostras opponere deberemu…. E… ad hoc, tam vos, quam c…eri Praela…i … Magnates, tunc ibidem existen. praebuistis consilium, …et promisistis opem et auxilium opponere oportunium. Et su…er hoc concordatum existi…, quod Par…iamentum nostrum apud Wynton, ad diem Dominicam prox. ante festum Sancti Gregor…i Papae prox. prae eri…um summoneri f…cerimus. Verum, quia in eodem P…rliamento expositis negotiis supradictis, habitaque delibera…ione super modo et forma defensionis contra potentiam ipsius Regis, si forsan dictas terras nostras invadere voluerit, apponendo petitoque sigillatim a q…liber Prael…to et Magnate, CUIVSMODI SUBSIDIUM NOBIS IN EODEM EVEN…U FACERE VOLEBAT, ac Comitibus et BARONIBUS voluntatem in ea parte Nobis benevole exponen…ibus, dicti Praelati responderu…, quod prop…er absentiam vestram eorum responsum tunc facere nequiverunt, sed IN CONVOCATIONE ea de causa facienda taliter facere volebant, quod inde contentari deberemus. Nos igitur ad pericula et dampna quae non solum nobis, sed etiam vobis, et toto regno nostro evenire poterunt, si praefatus Rex Nobis guerram movere voluerit, ut est p. 235dictum, nisi de bona et forti resisten…ia provida…u…, … bitae considerationis in…uitum di…igentes, attenden…es quoque quod ad hoc non solum ex Ligeantiae debi…o, sed etiam pro tantis et tam ine…imabi ibus evitandis periculis, Vos et caeteri Praelati …atu…q…e Clerus regni nostri manus apponere tenemini adju…rices; Vobis mandamus rogantes, qua…inus ad diem Lunae prox. post sestum Sanctorum Tiburt… & Valeriani prox futur: convenire fac. omnes Praelatos, tam Religiosos, quam alios, totumqu… C…erum vestrum Cantuar. Provinciae coram Vobis, eisque dicta negotia et pe…icula imminentia seriosius exponere studeatis. Inducentes eos modis et viis quibus expedire vide…i…is, quod tantae necessitatis articulo TALE NOBIS SUBSIDIVM FACIANT, pro tantis periculis evitandis, quod per vestrum et ipsorum subventionem, jura et honorem nostri et totius regni nostri conservare, ipsosque et totum populum nostrum ab hostium inc…rsibus …ueri, et protegere valeamus domino nobis assistente. Mittemus autem ad vos ad …iem et locum praedictos quosdam de fidelibus nostris, ad praemi sa prosequenda & …ieri curanda prout eis tunc ex parte nostra injungetur. Teste Rege apud Winton, 18 die Marcii. Anno Regni nostri quarto.

35. That the Lords in P…rliament were the usual **See my Plea for the Lo…ds. Here, p. 12, 13.Iudges not only in all Cr…minal, and Civil Causes and writs of Error, but likewise in all cases of Precedency, and Controversies conc…rning Peers and Peerage, as is evident not only by the memor…ble pr…sidents of 3 H. 6. rot Parl. n. 10. to 14. 27 H. 6. rot. Parl. n. 19. 14 E. 4. rot. Par…. n. 25. in Controversies of this Nature there recorded; but by these two presidents of la…er times remembred by Mr. Cambde….

In the**Cambdeni Elizabetha, p. 144, 145. Parliament of 39 Eliz. Anno 1597. Thomas Baron de la Ware pe…i…ioned the Queen to be restored to his anci…nt place and …eat in Parliamen…, whose case was this. His father, William, by judgement of Parli… ment in the reign of Edward the 6. for endeavouring to p. 236poyson his Unkle the Lord de la Ware, to gain his inheritance and honour; was disabled to enjoy any inheritance or honour that might descend to him by his Unkles death: Afterwards in Queen Maries reign he was condemned of High Treason; and not long after intirely restored, as if he had not been condemned. Being disabled by his first Sentence to inherit his Unkles honor, upon his death, he was by Queen Elizab…ths special Favour and Letters Patents, created Baron de la Ware de novo, and sat only as a younger Baron then newly created, during his life; After his death, his son petitioning, to enjoy the place of his Ancestors in Parliament, the Queen referred the business to the Lords in Parliament; who finding the judgement against William his Father, to be only personal, and not to bind his children, and that the judgement given against him under Queen Mary, was no obstacle, both because he could not lose that Dignity and Honor by it, which then he had not (his Unkle being then alive) and because he was soon after intirely restored; and for that the an…ient Dignity and Barony was not extinct by his new Creation, but only suspended during his life, being not vested in him at the time of his late Creation; the Lords thereupon, locum …i avitum ADJUDICAVERUNT inter Barones Willoughbeium de Eresby, & Berkleium, in quo ritè locatur. In the same Parliament, it was resolved by the Lords in the case of Thomas Howard Baron of Walden, Knight of the G…rter; who being sick and unable to come to the House himself, Baron Scroop, as his Proxy, was brought into the Lords House in his Parliamentary Robes between two Barons, the chief King of Arms going before him; where presenting his Patent and Creation, when the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal had read it, he was placed below all the rest of the Barons, though he were the younger son of a Duke, whose sons by an Order of Parliament made in the 6. year of King Henry the 8. ought to take place of all Viscounts, and other Barons, which the Lords then resolved, to be intended out of p. 237P…rliament, but they ought to sit in the Parliament house only according to the time of their being created Barons; as Mr. Cambden relates out of the Lords I…urnal.

36. That the Prelates, Earls, Barons and Great men of the Realm, **See here, p: 12.… See my plea for the Lords.are the Proper Iudges of all Causes and Controversies there deba…ed between the King and his people, and are all bound by Oath, as well as the King, to observe, defend and maintain the rights of the Realm and Crown of England; and that more especially by their Oath of Fealty and Homage, whereby they were tied to the King, and charged to appear when summoned in the writs of summons, as you may read more at large **P. 194 to 208.before, in Spelmans Glossarium, Tit. Fidelitas, Homagium, & ligeantia, and in **P. 218, 219, 220.Mat. Paris, who records, A…. 1209. that K. Iohn caepit HOMAGIA de omnibus hominibus liberè tenentibus et etiam duodecim annorum pueris, quos omnes post FIDELIT ATEM FACTAM in osculum pacis recepit ac dem…sit. Et Wallenses (quod anteactis temporibus fu…ra… inauditum) venientes ad Regem HOMAGIA fecerunt ibidem, licet tam divitibus, quam pauperibus esset o…erosum. Then passing into Ireland with a great Army, there came to Dublin to meet him, plus quàm viginti Reguli illius regionis, qui omnes timore maximo perter… iti HOMAGIUM ILLI ET FIDELITATEM FECERUNT, as the**See Hoveden, p. 533, 534, 540, 541, 545, 546. highest Obligation of their future Loyalty, fidelity and subjection to him. Upon which Account, Homage is frequently stiled HOMAGIUM LIGEUM, LIGEANTIA & LIGAN…IA, by Bracton, l. 2. c. 35. f. 79. Glanvil, l. 7. c. 10. Guliclmus Neubrigensis, Hist. l. 2. c. 37. Chron. Here, p. 204Iohannis Bromton, col. 1005. Fleta, l. 3. c. 16. Britton, ch, 68. De Homages, Custumar. Vetus Normanniae, c. 43. Cooks 7 Rep. Calvins case, f. 7. 1. Instit. f. 65. a. Hornes Myrrour des Iustices, ch. 35, 36, 37, 38. Spelmans Glossarium, Homagium & Ligeantia; because i… most strictly unites and binds the King and his Subjects together, hunc, ad protection…m & justum Regimen; illos, ad reverentiam, tributa et d…bitam Subjectionem, …t obed…ntiam, as they p. 238resolve; whereupon the Lords are enjoyned in their writs of summons person…lly to appear in Parliaments and Great Councils, in fide & homagio QUIBUS NOBIS TENEMINI, as I formerly observed.

37. That the n…mbers of Earls, Barons, Temporal Lords and Great men summo…ed to our Parliaments and Great Councils, andentred after the Eodem modo, and Consimiles literae in the Rolls and Li…ts of Summons are oft times very various and different; there being many more of them summoned to some Parliaments and Great Council… than to others, as you may easily discern by comparing their Numbers, which I have here presented you with in the grosse after every writ; the Prince of Wales himself, the Duke of Lancaster, and other Dukes, and Earls, as well as inferior Lords, Barons and Great men, being left out of some Lists of Summons, one, two, or three Parliaments and Great Councils together, or more; and then inserted again into others; the true reasons whereof I apprehend to be these ensuing.

1. Their absence in forein parts or els…where in the warrs, or …pon other special services of the King; in which cases no wr…ts of Summons issued to them; and if their names were entred in the Lists of the summons, they were usually cancelled or rased out of them; witness the**Here p. 217, 218. forecited entrys, in the Lists o… Claus. 11 E. 3. pars 2. dors. 11. And Claus. 12 E. 3. pars 3. dors. 32.

2ly. Their abode**Here p. 185, 186. beyond the Seas upon their own particular occasions, Both which causes frequently happened during the wars with France, Scotland, and Ireland; and whiles our Kings and Nobles had any Lands and Possessions in France, Aquitain, Normandy, Anjow, Picardy, and other parts beyond the Seas. Many of the Earls, Lords, Barons, Great men, and our Kings themselves being oft times by reason of Warrs, Treaties, Embassies, and defence of their Inheritances, absent in forein parts, when Parliaments were summoned and held in England by the Custos Regni, or Commissioners; p. 239at which times I generally finde there were fewer Earls, Barons and Noblemen summoned to our Parliaments and Great Councils, than in times of Peace, or when our Kings were personally present in England, most of the Earls and Temporal Lords attending on them in person in their w…rrs and voyages into forein parts, as on Ed. 3 H. 4 5, & 6.

3ly. The Civil wars hapning now and then between the King, Lords and Barons: upon which occasion some of the Temporal Lords whiles in open hostility and rebellion against the King, were now and then (as I conjecture) left out of the Lists of Summons, because they could not be conveniently summoned, or would not appear upon any summons if sent them.

4ly. The attainders, or Outlawries of some Earls, Lords and Barons of High Treason for their wars, Insurrections, Rebellions, or other Treasons against the King; which disabled themselves and their Posterities to be summoned to Parliaments, till pardoned▪ or restored by the King to thei… honours, bloud, Lordships, Baronies and L…nds.

5ly. The Alie…ation of some Baronies by te…ure, by sales, gifts, marriages, escheats, or otherwise from one person, name, family to another, whereby the former Barons only by Tenure, were no more summoned after such Alienations, but the new Tenants who purchased or possessed them.

6ly. The deceases of some Earls, Lords and Barons without heirs males of their Bodies, or the Infancy or nonage of their heirs males at the time of their death…, who usually had no writs of summons till their**Cook 4. Instir. p. 1. full age; though the Prince of Wales, and Kings own sons were sometimes summoned to Parliaments during their Minority, as will appear by comparing the dates of their wri…s with the time of their births mentioned in our Historians, but few Nobles else were summoned during their Minority, for ought appears,**See My Minors no Senators. Minors being unfi… to be Senators, Counse…lors, Judges in the Supremest p. 240Council▪ Judica…ure of the Realm, as I have**In my plea for the Lords. elsewhere proved.

7ly. Our Kings Liberty and Prerogative; who though obliged by the an…ient Laws and customs of the Realm, the Con…i…utions of Clarindon, the Great Charter of King Iohn, (**See my Plea for the Lord…, p. 21, 22 35. …, p. 217. Ad habendum COMMUNE CONSILIUM REGNI a… Auxiliis assidendis et de Scutagiis assidendis, … faciemus Archiepiscopos, Episcopos, Abbates, COMITES & MAIORES BARONES REGNI SINGILLATIM PER LITER AS NOSTRAS, &c.) & ex debito Iustitiae (as**4 lust…. p. 1. Sir Edward Cook informs us,) to summon EVERY ONE OF THE TEMPORAL LORDS BY DESCENT OR CREATION being of full age, by writs to our Parliaments when held; yet they have likewise a Freedom and Prerogative to create New Earls, Lords, Barons by special Writs or Patents, or to Summon what particular Gentlemen and others of Parts and Abilities they please to their Parliaments and Great Councils, to counsel and advise them, as the exigency of their affairs shall require, and they and their Counsel shall think necessary, pro hac vice tantum, or so oft as they deem necessary, without creating them Earls, Lords, or Barons for life or inheritance, by their general writs of Summons, as I have**See my Plea for the Lords Epistle to the Reader, and p. 147. to 161 elswhere evidenced.

38. That the Eodem mod… mandatum est, &c. And Consimiles literae diriguntur subscriptis, in the Clause Rolls, are for the most part general, without defining the Degrees and Qualities of the persons underwritten, except Dukes and Earls (specified by their Titles) but few else besides them. And sometimes special: As Eodem modo mandatum est Comitibus et Baronibus subscriptis,**Here p. 163, 164, 171, &c. Consimile mandatum habent singuli Comites, BARONES, & MILITES subscripti. Consimiles Literae diriguntur Comi…bus, BARONIBUS & MILITIBUS SUBSRIPTIS. So as it is a difficult matter certainly to define by the large list of names, which of them were real Lords and Barons of Parliament, and which not, except p. 241those only who were usually summoned and listed in the Rolls amongst the Lords and Barons, and their posterity after them; or such who are expresly stiled either Barons or Lords in the writs or lists of names, of which I shall give you one instance. In the summons of Claus. 5 E. 2. m. 25. dorso. in the Eod… modo mandatum est Comitibus et Baronibus subscriptis, there is this List of names, with a particular distinction made of their Degrees in the Margin; declaring all in that Catalogue, to be Earls and Barons; and in no Roll else upon my best observation.

Guidoni de Bello Campo Comiti Warr.

Adamaro de Valen…. Comiti Pembr.

H…mfrido de Bohun. Comiti Heref. & Essex.Comitibus.

Iohanni de Warenna Comiti surr.

Edmundo Comiti Arundel.

Roberto de Veer Comiti Oxon.

Hugoni de Veer

Hugoni le Dispenser

Iohanni de Hastings.

Ioh. de Gifford de Brimesfeld

Willo Martyn

Iohanni de Ferrar.

Willo. de Mareschall.

Roberto de Clifford.

Iohanni de Somery.

Roberto Fil. Pagan….

Iohanni Botetourte.

Roberto fil. Walteri.

Pagano Tybetot.

Bartho. de Badles…ere.

Iohanni de Segrave:

Pho. de Ky…e.

Edmundo Deincourt.

Iohanni de Grey.

Rico. de Grey.

Iohanni la Ware.

Willo. de Echingham.

Thomae de Furnivall.…aronibus.

Iohanni de Clavering.

Peero Corbet.

Rado. Basset de Draiton.

Iohanni Dengaine (Engayne)

Fulconi Lestrange.

Willo. le Latymer.

Fulconi fil. Warrini.

Roberto de Ufford.Boronibu….

Iohanni de Bello Campo de

Somerset.

Hugoni de Courtenay.

Rado. de Gorges.

Henr. de Lancastr.

Mauricio de Berkele.

Thomae Bardolfe

Roberto de Monte alt….

Iohanni de Moh….