Truth and Innocence Vindicated, Part 7

Truth and Innocence Vindicated · Part 7

p. 303A Survey of the Sixth Chapter.

THE sixth Chapter in this Discourse, which is the last that at the present I shall call to any account, (as being now utterly wearied with the frequent occurrence of the same things in various dresses;) is designed to the confutation of a Principle, which is termed the Foundation of all Puritanism, and that wherein the Mysterie of it consisteth. Now this is, that nothing ought to be established in the Worship of God, but what is authorised by some Precept or Example in the Word of God, which is the compleat and adequate Rule of Worship. Be it so, that this Principle is by some allowed, yea contended for. It will not be easie to affix a guilt upon them, on the account of its being so; For, lay aside prejudics, corrupt interests, and passions, and I am perswaded that at the first view, it will not seem to be forraign, unto what is in an hundred places declared and taught in the Scripture. And certainly a man must be Master of extraordinary p. 304projections, who can foresee … the evil, confusion and desolation in the World, which our Author hath found out, as inevitable consequents of its admi… tance. It hath, I confess, been former disputed with colourable Arguments, Pr… tences and Instances, on the one side and the other; and variously stated among… Learn'd men, by, and on various distinction… and with diverse limitations. But the manner of our Author is, that whatever is contrary to his Apprehensions, must present… overthrow all Government, and bring in … confusion into the World. Such huge weight hath he wonted himself to lay o… the smallest different conceptions of the minds of men, where his own are not … throned. Particularly it is contended that there can be no Peace in any Churche… or States, whilest this Principle is admitted: when it is easily demonstrable, tha… without the admittance of it, as to its substance and principal End, all peace and agreement among Churches are utterly impossible. The like also may be said of States, which indeed are not at all concerned in it, any farther, than as it is a principal means of their Peace and Security, where it is embraced; and that which would reduce Rulers to a Stability of p. 305mind in these things, after they have been tossed up and down with the various suggestions of men, striving every one to exalt their own Imaginations. But seeing it is pretended and granted to be of so much importance, I shall, without much regard to the Exclamations of this Author, and the reproachful contemptuous expressions, which without stint or measure he poures out upon the Assertors of it, consider both what is the concern of his present Adversaries in it, and what is to be thought of the Principle it self; so submiting the whole to the judgement of the candid Reader. Only I must add one thing to the Position, without which it is not maintained by any of those, with whom he hath to do; which may deliver him from combating the air in his next Assault of it; and this is, That nothing ought to be established in the Worship of God, as a part of that Worship, or made constantly necessary in its Observance, without the warranty before-mentioned; for this is expresly contended for by them, who maintain it; and who reject nothing upon the Authority of it, but what they can prove to be a pretended part of Religious Worship as such. And, as thus laid down, I shall give some further account both of the Principle p. 306it self, and of the interest of the Non-Conformists in it; because both it and they are together here reproached.

What then I say is the true sense and importance of that which our Author design… to oppose, according to the mind of them who assert it; how impotent his attempts against it are for its removal, shall briefly▪ be declared. In the mean time I cannot but, in the first place, tell him, that if by any means this Principle truly stated, as to the Expression wherein it is before laid down, and the formal Terms whereof it consisteth, should be shaken, or rendred dubious, yet that the way will not be much the plainer, or clearer, for the Introduction of his pretensions. There are yet other general maxims, which Non-Conformists adhere unto, and suppose not justly questionable, which they can firmly stand and build upon in the management of their Plea, as to all differences between him and them. And because, it may be, he is unacquainted with them, I shall reckon over some of them for his Information. And they are these that follow.

1. That whatever the Scripture hath indeed prescribed, and appointed to be done, and observed in the Worship or God, and the government of the Church, that is indeed p. 307to be done and observed. This, they suppose, will not be opposed: at least they do not yet know, notwithstanding any thing spoken or disputed in this Discourse, any pretences, on which it may honestly so be. It is also, as I think, secured, Matth. 28. 20.

2. That nothing in Conjunction with, nothing as an Addition or Supplement unto what is so appointed, ought to be admitted, if it be contrary either to the General Rules, or particular preceptive Instructions of the Scripture. And this also, I suppose, will be granted: and if it be not freely, some are ready by Arguments to extort the confession of it from them that shall deny it.

3. That nothing ought to be joyned with, or added unto, what in the Scripture is prescribed and appointed in these things, without some Cogent Reason, making such Conjunction: or Addition necessary. Of what necessity may accrue unto the observation of such things, by their prescription, we do not now dispute: but at present only desire to see the necessity of: their prescription. And this can be nothing, but some defect in Substance or Circumstance, matter or manner, kind or form, in the Institutions mentioned in the Scripture, p. 308as to their proper ends. Now whe… this is discovered, I will not, for my par… much dispute by whom the supplement to be made. In the mean time I do judg… it reasonable, that there be some previou… Reasons assigned unto any Additional prescriptions in the Worship of God unto what is revealed in the Scripture, rendring the matter of those prescriptions antecedently necessary and reasonable.

4. That if any thing or things in this kind, shall be found necessary, to be added and prescribed, then that and those alone be so, which are most consonant unto the general Rules of the Scripture, given as for our Guidance in the Worship of God, and the nature of those Institutions themselves, wherewith they are conjoyned, or whereunto they are added. And this also I suppose to be a reasonable Request, and such as will be granted by all men, who dare not advance their own Wills and Wisdom above or against the Will and Wisdom of God.

5. Now if, as was said, the general Principle before-mentioned, should by any means be duly removed, or could be so; if intangled or rendred dubious; yet as far as I can learn, the Non-Conformists will be very far from supposing the matters in contest p. 309between them and their Adversaries, to be concluded. But as they look upon their concernments to be absolutely secured in the Principles now mentioned, all which they know to be true, and hope to be unquestionable: so the truth is, there is by this Author very small occasion administred unto any thoughts of quitting the former more general Thesis as rightly stated; but rather, if his Ability be a competent measure of the merit of his cause, there is a strong confirmation given unto it in the minds of considering men, from the Impotency and Succeslesness of the attempt made upon it. And that this may appear to the indifferent Readers Satisfaction, I shall so far divert in this place from the pursuit of my first design, as to State the Principle aright, and briefly to call the present Opposition of it, unto a new account.

The summ in general, of what this Author opposeth with so much clamour is, That Divine Revelation is the sole Rule of Divine Religious Worship; an Assertion, that in its latitude of expression, hath been acknowledged in, and by, all Nations and People. The very Heathen admitted it of old, as shall be manifested, if need require, by instances sufficient. For though they framed many Gods in their foolish p. 310darkened imaginations, yet they thought, that every one of them would be Worshipped according to his own mind, direction and prescription. So did, and, think do, Christians generally believe: only some have a mind to pare this generally avowed Principle, to curb it, and order it so by distinctions and restrictions, that it may serve their turn, and consist with their interest. For an opposition unto it nakedly, directly and expresly, few have had the confidence yet to make. And the Non-Conformists need not go one step farther, in the expression of their Judgements and Principles in this matter. For who shall compell them to take their Adversaries distinctions, (which have been invented and used by the most Learned of them) of, substantial and accidental; proper and reductive; primitive and accessary; direct and consequential; intrinsick and circumstantial Worship, and the like, for the most part unintelligible terms in their application, into the state of the question? If men have a mind, let them oppose this Thesis as laid down, if not, let them let it alone: and they, who shall undertake the confirmation of it, will, no doubt, carry it through the briets of those unscriptural distinctions. And that this Author may p. 311be the better instructed in his future work, I shall give him a little farther account of the terms of the Assertion laid down.

Revelation is either foreign or foreign and containeth every discovery or declaration, that God hath made of himself, or of his mind and will, unto men. Thus it is comprehensive of that concreated Light, which is in all men, concerning him and his Will. For although we say, that this is natural; and is commonly contra-distinguished to Revelation properly so called, which for perspicuity sake we call Revelation supernatural; yet whereas it doth not so necessarily accompany humane nature, but that it may be separated from it; not is it educed out of our natural faculties by their own native or primigenial Vertue; but is, or was distinctly implanted in them by God himself; I place it under the general head of Revelation. Hence whatever is certainly from God, by the Light of Nature and Instinct thereof declared so to be, is no less a certain Rule of Worship and Obedience, so far forth as it is from h…m, and concerneth those things, than any thing that comes from him by express vocal Revelation. And this casts out of consideration a vain exception, wherewith some men please themselves; as though the p. 312men of this Opinion, denyed the Admittance of what is from God, and by the Light of Nature discovered to be his mind and will. Let them once prove any thing in contest between them and their Adversaries to be required, prescribed, exacted or made necessary by the Light of Nature, as the Will of God revealed therein, and I will assure them, that as to my concern, there shall be an end of all difference about it. But yet th… I may adde a little farther light into the sense of the Non-Conformists in this matter; I say,

1. That this inbred Light of Reason guides unto nothing at all in or about the Worship of God, but what is more fully, clearly and directly taught and declared in the Scripture. And this may easily be evinced, as from the untoward mixture of darkness and Corruption, that is befallen our primigenial i…bred Principles of Light and Wisdom, by the entrance of sin; so also from the end of the Scripture it self; which was to restore that knowledge of God and his mind, which was lost by sin; and which might be as useful to man in his lapsed condition, as the other was in his pure and uncorrupted estate. At present therefore, I shall leave this Assertion, in expectation of some instance, in matters p. 313great or small, to the contrary, before I suppose it be obnoxious to question or dispute.

2. As there can be no Opposition, nor contradiction, between the Light of Nature, and inspired Vocal or Scriptural Revelation, because they are both from God: So if in any instance, there should appear any such thing unto us, neither Faith nor Reason can rest in that which is pretended to be natural Light, but must betake themselves for their resolution unto express Revelation. And the reason hereof is evident; because nothing is natural light, but what is common to all men; and where it is denyed, it is frustrated as to its ruling Efficacy. Again, it is mixed, as we said before; and it is not every mans work to separate the Chaffe from the Wheat; or what God hath implanted in the mind of man when he made him upright, and what is since soaked into the Principles of his Nature, from his own inventions. But this case may possibly very rarely fall out, and so shall not much be insisted on.

3. Our enquiry in our present contest, is solely about Instituted Worship, which we believe to depend on supernatural Revelation; the light of Nature can no way relieve or guide us in it or about it, p. 314because it refers universally to things above, and beyond that light: but only with reference unto those Moral, Natural Circumstances, which appertain unto those actings or actions of men, whereby it is performed; which we willingly submit unto its guidance and direction.

Again, Vocal Revelation hath come under two considerations: First, As it was occasional. Secondly, As it became stated.

First, As it was occasional. For a long time God was pleased to guide his Church in many concerns of his Worship, by fresh occasional Revelations; even from the giving of the first promise unto Adam, unto the solemn giving of the Law by Moses. For although men had in process of time many stated Revelations, that were preserved by Tradition among them; as the first Promise; the Institution of Sacrifices, and the like: yet as to sundry emergencies of his Worship, and parts of it, God guided them by new Occasional Revelations. Now those Revelations being not recorded in the Scripture, as being only for present or emergent use; we have no way to know them, but by what those, to whom God was pleased so to reveal himself, did practise; and which, on good testimony found acceptance with him. Whatever they so p. 315did, they had especial Warranty from God for; which is the case of the great Institution of Sacrifices it self. It is a sufficient Argument that they were Divinely instituted, because they were graciously accepted.

Secondly, Vocal Revelation as the Rule of Worship, became stated and invariable, in and by the giving and writing of the Law. From thence, with the allowances before mentioned, we confine it to the Scripture, and so unto all succeeding generations. I confess many of our company, who kept to us hitherto in granting Divine Revelation to be the sole Principle and Rule of Religious Worship, now leave us, and betake themselves to paths of their own. The Postmisnicall Jews, after many attempts made that way by their Predecessors, both before and after the Conversation of our Lord Christ in the flesh, at length took up a resolution, that all obligatory Divine Revelation was not contained in the Scripture; but was partly preserved by Orall Tradition. For although they added a multitude of Observances, unto what were prescribed unto their Fathers by Moses: yet they would never plainly forego that Principle, nor do to this day; that Divine Revelation is the Rule of Divine Worship. p. 316Wherefore to secure their Principle and practice, and to reconcile them together, (which are indeed at an unspeakable variance) they have fancied their Oral Law; which they assert to be of no less certain and Divine Original, than the Law that is written. On this pretence they plead, that they keep themselves unto the fore-mentioned Principle, under the Superstition of a multitude of self-invented observances. The Papists also here leave us; but still with a semblance of adhering to that Principle, which carryes so great and uncontrollable an evidence with it, as that there are very few as was said, who have hitherto risen up in a direct and open opposition unto it. For whereas they have advanced a double Principle for the Rule of Religious Worship, besides the Scripture; namely Tradition, and the present Determinations of their Church, from thence educed; they assert the first to be Divine or Apostolical, which is all one; and the latter to be accompanyed with Infallibility, which is the formal Reason of our adherence and submission unto Divine Revelations. So that they still adhere in general unto the fore-mentioned Principle; however they have debauched it by their advancement of those other Guides. p. 317But herein also, we must do them right; that they do not absolutely turn loose those two rude creatures of their own; Traditions, and present Church determinations, upon the whole face of Religion, to act therein at their pleasure; but they secure them from whatever is determined in the written word; affirming them to take place only in those things, that are not contrary to the Word, or not condemned in it. For in such, they con…ess, they ought not, nor can take place. Which I doubt whether our Author will allow of or no, in reference to the power by him asserted.

By Religious Worship, in the Thesis above, we understand, as was said before, instituted Worship only, and not that which is purely Moral and Natural; which, in many instances of it, hath a great coincidence with the light of Nature, as was before discoursed.

We understand also the Solemn or stated Worship of the Church of God. That Worship, I say, which is solemn and stated, for the Church, the whole Church, at all times and seasons, according to the rules of his appointment, is that which we enquire after. Hence in this matter, we have no concernment in the fact of this or p. 318that particular person, which might be …casionally influenced by necessity; as vids eating of the Shewbread was; … which, how far it may excuse or just … the persons that act thereon, or regu… their actions, directly, I know not, nor any way engaged to enquire.

This is the state of our Question in ha… the mind of the Assertion, which is h… so hideously disguised, and represent in its pretended consequences. Neit… do I think there is any thing needful f…ther to be added unto it. But yet for … clearing of it from mistakes, somethi… may be discoursed which relates unto We say then;

First, That there are sundry things be used in, about, and with those Actio… whereby the Worship of God is perfor…ed, which yet are not Sacred, nor do … long unto the Worship of God as su… though that Worship cannot be perform without them. The very Breath that … breathe, and the light whereby they s… are necessary to them in the Worship… God; and yet are not made Sacred… Religious thereby. Constantine said of o… that he was a Bishop, but without the Churc… not a Sacred Officer, but one that too… care, and had a supervisorship of thir… p. 319…ecessarily belonging to the performance of Gods Worship, yet no Parts or Adjuncts … it as such. For it was all still without. Now all those things in or about the Worship of God, that belonged unto Constantines Episcopacy, that is the ordering and disposal of things without the Church, but about it; without Worship, but about it; we acknowledge to be left unto common prudence, guided by the general Rules of Scripture, by which the Church is to walk and compose its actings. And this wholly supersedes the Discourse of our Author concerning the great variety of circumstances, wherewith all humane actions are attended. For in one word, all such circumstances as necessarily▪ attend humane actions as such, neither are Sacred, nor can be made so without an express Institution of God, and are, disposable by humane Authority. So that the long contest of our Author on that Head, is altogether vain. So then,

Secondly, By all the concernments of Religious Worship, which any affirm, that they must be directed by Divine Revelation, or regulated by the Scripture; they intend all that is Religious, or whatever belongs to the Worship of God, as it is Divine Worship: and not what belongs p. 320unto the actions, wherein and when by it is performed, as they are actions.

Thirdly, That when any part of Worship is instituted in special, and general Rule are given for the practice of it hic … nunc: there the Warranty is sufficient fo… its practice at its due seasons; and for those seasons the nature of the thing it self, with what it hath respect unto, and the ligh… of the general Scripture Rules, will give them an acceptable determination.

And these few Observations will abundantly manifest, the impertinency of those who think it incumbent on any, by vertue of the Principle before laid down, to produce express Warranty in words of Scripture, for every Circumstance that doth attend and belong unto the Actions, whereby the Worship of God is performed: which as they require not; so no such thing is included in the Principle as duly stated. For particular circumstances, that have respect to good order, decency, and external regulation of Divine Worship, they are all of them either circumstances of the Actions themselves, whereby Divine Worship is performed and exercised▪ and so in general they are natural and necessary; which in particular, or actu exercito, depend on Moral Prudence; or Religious p. 321Rites themselves, added in and to the whole, or any parts of Divine Service, which alone in this question come under enquiry.

I know there are usually sundry Exceptions put into this Thesis, as before stated and asserted: and instances to the contrary are pretended; some whereof are touched upon by our Author, pag. 181. which are not now particularly, and at large to be considered. But yet because I am, beyond expectation, engaged in the Explication of this Principle, I shall set it so far forth right and straight unto further examination, as to give in such general Observations, as, being consistent with it, and explanatory of it, will serve to obviate the most of the exceptions that are laid against it. As,

1. Where ever in the Scripture we meet with any Religious duty, that had a preceding Institution, although we find not expresly a consequent Approbation, we take it for granted that it was approved; and so on the contrary, where an Approbation appears, and Institution is concealed.

2. The Question being only about Religious Duties, or things pertaining to, or required in or about the Worship of God; p. 322no exception against the general thesis ca… take place, but such as consists in thing… directly of that nature. Instances in and about things civil, and belonging meerly to humane conversation, or things natural, as signs and memorials one of another are in this matter of no consideration.

3. Things extraordinary in their performance, and which, for ought we know may have been so in their warranty … rule, have no place in our debate. Fo… we are inquiring only after such things as may warrant a suitable practice in us… without any further Authority, which is the end, for which instances against this principle are produced; this actions extr… ordinary will not do.

4. Singular and occasional Actions which may be variously influenced and regulated by present circumstances, are n… Rule to guide the ordinary stated Worship of the Church. Davids eating of th… shew-bread, wherein yet he was justifie… because of his hunger and necessity, was not to be drawn into Example of giving the shew-bread promiscuously to the people. And sundry instances to the same purpose are given by our Saviour himself.

5. There is nothing of any dangerous or had consequence in this whole controversie, p. 323but what lyes in the imposition on mens practices of the Observation of uncommanded Rites, making them necessary unto them in their observation. The things themselves are said in their own nature, antecedent to their injunction for practice, to be indifferent, and indifferent as unto practice. What hurt would it be to leave them so? They cannot, say some, be omitted for such and such Reasons. Are there then Reasons: for their observation besides their Injuction, and such as on the account whereof they are injoyned? Then are they indeed necessary in some degree before their Injunction. For all Reason for them must be taken from themselves. And things wholly indifferent have nothing in themselves one more than another, why one should be taken, and another left. For if one have the advantage of another in the Reasons for its practice, it is no more indifferent: at least it is not comparatively so. Granting therefore, things injoyned to be antecedently to their injunction, equally indifferent in their own nature, with all other things of the same or the like kind, which yet are rejected or not injoyned; and then to give reasons taken from themselves, their decency, their conducingness to edification, their tendency p. 324to the increase of devotion, their significancy of this or that; is to speak daggers and contradictions; and to say, a thing is indifferent before the injuction of its practice; but yet if we had thought so, we would never have enjoyned it; seeing we do so upon reasons. And without doubt this making necessary the practice of things in the worship of God, proclaimed to be indifferent in themselves, and no way called for by any antecedent Reason, is an act of power.

6. Where things are instituted of God, and he himself makes an Alteration in, or of his own Institutions, those Institutions may be lawfully practised and observed, untill the mind of God for their Alteration and Abolition be sufficiently revealed, proposed, and con…irmed unto them that are concerned in them. For as the making of a Law doth not oblige, untill, and without the promulgation of it, so as that any should offend in not yielding obedience unto it; so upon the Abrogation of a Law, Obedience may be conscienciously and without sin yielded unto that Law, untill the Abrogation, by what act soever it was made, be notified and confirmed. An instance hereof we have in the observation of Mosaical Rites, in the forbearance p. 325of God, after the Law of their institution was enervated, and the Obligation of it unto obedience really dissolved; at least the foundation of it laid; for the actual dissolution of it depended on the declaration of the fact, wherein it was founded.

7. There may be a coincidence of things performed by sundry persons, at the same time and in the same place; whereof some may have respect unto Religious Worishp directly, and so belong unto it; and others only occasionally, and so not at all belong thereunto. As if when the Athenians had been worshipping of their Altars, St. Paul had come, and reading the inscription of one of them, and thence taking occasion and advantage to preach the unknown God unto them; their Act was a part of Religious Veneration, his presence and observation of them, and laying hold of that occasion for his own purpose, was not so.

8. Many things, which are meer natural Circumstances, requisite unto the performance of all Actions in communities whatever, and so to be ordered by prudence according unto general rules of the word of God, may seem to be Adjuncts of Worship, unless they are followed to their Original, which will discover them to be of another nature.

p. 3269. Civil usages and customes observed … a religious manner, as they are all to be by them that believe, and directed by them unto moral ends, may have a shew and appearance of Religious Worship; and so, according to the principle before stated, require express institution. But although they belong unto our living unto God is general; as do all things that we do, seeing whether we eat or drink, we are to do a… to the glory of God; and therefore are to be done in faith; yet they are or may be no part of instituted worship, but such Actions of life as in our whole course, we are to regulate by the rules of the Scripture, so farr as they afford us guidance therein.

10. Many observances in and about the Worship of God, are recorded in the Scripture, without especial reflecting any blame or crime on them, by whom they were performed; (as many great sins are historically only related, and left to be judged by the Rule of the world in other places, without the least remark of displeasure on the persons guilty of them,) and that by such whose Persons were accepted of God; yea it may be in that very service, wherein less or more they failed in their observation, God being merciful to them p. 327though not in all things prepared according to the prepartion of the sanctuary; and yet the things themselves not to be approved nor justified, but condemned of God. Such was the fact of Judas Maccabeus in his offering sacrifices for the sin of them that were dead; adn that of instituting an Aniversary feast in commemoration of the dedication of the Altar.

This little search have I made into this great mystery, as it is called, of Puritanism, after which so mighty an outcry is raised by this Author; And if it might be here further pursued, it would as stated by us in these general Rules and Explications, be fully manifested to be a principle in general admitted, untill of late, by all sorts of men: Some few only having been forced sometimes to corrupt it for the security of some especial interest of their own. And it were an easie thing to confirm this Assertion by the testimonies of the most learned Protestant writers, that have served the Church in the last ages. But I know how with many amongst us they are regarded; and that the citation of some of the most reverend names among them, is not unlikely to prejudice and disadvantage the cause, wherein their witness is produced. I shall not therefore expose them to the p. 328contempt of those, now they are dead, who would have been unwilling to have entred the lists with them in any kind of learning, when they were alive. There is, in my apprehension, the substance of this Assertion still retained among the Papists. Bellarmine himself layes it down as the foundtion of all his controversies; and indeavours to prove, Propheticos & Apostolicos libros verum esse verbum Dei, & certam & stabilem regulam fidei. De verbo Dei. lib. 1. cap. 1. That the Prophetical and Apostoiclal books, …are the true word of God, a certain and stable rule of faith, wil go a great way in this matter. For all our Obedience in the Worship of God is the obedience of faith: and if the scripture be the Rule of Faith, our faith is not in any of its concerns, to be extended beyond it; nor more than the thing regulated is to be beyond the Rule.

Neither is this opinion of so late a date, as our Author and others would perswade their ceredulous followers. The full sense of it was spoken out roudly of old. So speaks the great Constantine (that an Emperour may lead the way) in his Oration to the renowned Fathers assembled at Nice. foreign. p. 329i. e. The Evangelical and Apostolical Books, and the Oracles of the Ancient Prophets, do plainly instruct us, what we are to think of Divine things. Laying aside therefore all hostile discord, let us resolve the things brought into Question, by the Testimonies of the writings given by divine inspiration. We have here the full substance of what is pleaded for; and might the Advice of this Noble Emperour be admitted, we should have a readier way to expedite all our present Differences, than as yet seems to be provided for us. The great Basil speaks yet more expresly than Constantine the great lib. de confes. fid. foreign. i. e. It hath the manifest guilt of infidelity and pride, to reject any thing that is written, or to add or introduce any thing that is not written; which is the summ of all that in this matter is contended for. To the same purpose he discourseth Epist. 80. ad Eustath: where moreover he rejects all pretences of Customs and usages of any sorts of men, and will have all differences to be brought for their Determination to the Scripture. Christstome in his Homily on Psalm 95. speaks the same sense, saith he; foreign. p. 330Who is it that promiseth these things? Paul. For we are not to say any thing without Testimony, nor upon our meer Reasonings. For if any thing be spoken without Scripture (Testimony) the mind of the hearers fluctuates, now assenting, anon hesitating, sometimes rejecting what is spoken as frivolous, sometimes receiving it as probable. But where the Testimonies of the Divine Voice comes forth from the Scripture, it confirmeth the word of the Speaker, and the mind of the Hearer. It is even so; whilest things relating to Religion and the Worship of God, are debated and disputed by the reasonings of men, or on any other principles besides the express Authority of the Scriptures, no certainty or full perswasion of mind can be attained about them. Men under such actings are as Lucian in his Menippus, says He was between the Disputations of the Philosophers; sometimes he nodded one way, sometimes another, and seemed to give his assent backwards and forwards to express contradiction. p. 331It is in the Testimony of the Scripture alone, about the things of God, that the Consciences of those that fear him can acquiesce and find satisfaction. The same Author as in many other places, so in his 13 Homily on the 2 Epist. to the Corinth. expresly sends us to the Scripture to enquire after all things, as that which is the exact Canon, ballance, and Rule of Religion. foreign. Among the Latines Tertullian is express to the same purpose. In his Book against Hermogenes, Adoro (said he) plenitudinem Scripturum quae mihi factorem manifestat & facta— again, Scriptum esse hoc doceat Hermogenis officina, aut timeat, rae illud, adjicientibus, aut detrahentibus destinatum. I Adore the fulness of the Scripture;—And let Hermogenes prove what he saith, to be written, or fear the Woe denounced against them, who add to, or take from, the Word. And again in his Book de Carne Christi; Non recipio quod extra Scriptuream de tuo infers. I do not receive, what you bring of your own without Scripture. So also in his Book, de Praescriptionibus. Nobis nihil ex nostro arbitrio indulgere licet; sed nec eligere quod aliquis de arbitrio suo induxerit Apostoles Domini habemus authores, qui nec ipsi quicquam ex suo arbitrio quod inducerent elegerunt, p. 332sed acceptam a Christo disciplain ani, deliter Nationibus assignaverunt. It is … lawful for us (in these things) to ind… unto our own choice; nor to choose what … one brings in of his choosing. We have Apostles of our Lord for our Examp… who brought in nothing of their own min… or choice; But having received the Discipl… (of Christian Religion) from Chrsit, t… faithfully communicated it to the Nation. … Hierome is plain to the same purpose i… sundry places. So Comment. in 23 Matt… Quod de Scripturis authoritatem non habet, ea…dem facilitate contemnitur, qua probatur. Th… which hath not Authority from the Scripture… is as easily despised as asserted. Comm. i… Hagg. cap. 1. Sed & alia quae abs que autho…ritate & testimoniis scripturarum, quasi traditione Apostolica sponte reperiunt at que confingunt, percutit gladius Dei; But those other things which without Authority or Testimony of the Scriptures, they find out or faign of their own accord, as of Apostolical. Tradition; the sword of God smites through. It were easie to produce twenty other Testimonies out of the Ancient Writers of the church, giving sufficient countenance to the Assertion contended about. What account our Author gives of this Principle is now, very briefly, to be considered. p. 333First therefore, pag. 174, 175. he re…es it as a pretence wild and humoursome, …ich men must be absurd if they believe; … impudent if they do not; seeing it hath …t the least shaddow or foundation either …m Scripture or Reason: though it be ex…esly asserted either in its own terms, or …onfirmed by direct deductions, in and …om above forty places of Scripture. …nd so much for that part of the as…ault.

The next chargeth it with infinite follies …nd mischiefs in those which allow it. And 'tis said, that there can never be an end of alterations and disturbances in the Church, whilest it is maintained. The contrary whereof is true, confirmed by Experience and Evidence of the thing it self. The admittance of it would put an End to all disturbances. For let any man judge, whether, if there be matters in difference, as in all these things there are and ever were; the bringing them to an issue and a setled stability, be not likelier to be effected by all mean consenting unto one common Rule, whereby they may be tryed and examined, than that every party should be left at liberty, to indulge to their own▪ Affections and Imaginations about them. And yet we are told, p. 178. p. 334that all the pious Villanies, that ever have disturbed the Christian World, have sheltered themselves in this grand Maxime; that Jesus Christ is the only Law-maker to his Church. I confess, I could heartily desire, that such expressions might be forborn. For let what pretence men please be given to them, and colour put upon them; they are full of scandal to Christian Religion. The Mixime it self, here traduced, is as true as any part of the Gospel. And it cannot be pretended, that it is not the Maxime it self, but the abuse of it, (as all the Principles of the Gospel, through the Blindness and Lusts of men, have been abused;) that is reflected on: seeing the design of the whole Discourse is to evert the Maxime it self. Now whatever Apprehensions our Author may have of his own Abilities, I am satisfied, that they are no way competent to disprove this Principle of the Gospel; as will be evident on the first attempt he shall make to that purpose; let him begin the tryal as soon as he pleaseth.

In the third Section, we have an heap of instances raked together to confront the Principle, in its proper sense before declared and vindicated, in no one whereof it is at all concerned. For the Reason p. 335of things, in matters Civil and Religious, are not the same. All political Government in theWorld consists in the exercise of Principles of natural Right, and their just Application to Times, Ages, People, Occasions and Occurences. Whilest this is done, Government is acted regularly to its proper end: where this is missed, it failes. There things God hath left unto the prudence of men, and their consent; wherein they cannot, for the most part, faile, unless they are absolutely given up unto unbridled lusts; and the things, wherein they may faile, are alwaies convenient or inconvenient; good and useful, or hurrful and destructive; not alwaies, yea very seldome directly and in themselves morally Good or Evil. In such things mens ease and pofit not their Consciences, are concerned. In the Worship of God things are quite otherwise. It is not Convenience or Inconvenience, Advantage or disadvantage, as to the things of this life, but meerly Good or Evil, in reference to the pleasing of God, and to Ternity, that is in question. Particular Applications to the manners, customes, usages of places, times, Countreys, which is the proper field of humane Authority, Liberty, and prudence in Civil things, (because their p. 336due, useful, and regular Administration d…pends upon them;) have here no plac… For the things of the Worship of God b…ing Spiritual, are capable of no variatio… from temporal earthly varieties amon… men; have no respect to Climate… Customes, Formes of Civil Governmen… or any thing of that Nature. But con…sidering men quite under other notions namely, of Sinners and Believers; with respect utterly unto other ends, namely their living spiritually unto God here, and the eternal enjoyment of him hereafter are not subject to such prudential Accommodations or Applications. The Worship of God is or ought to be, the same at all times, in all places, and amongst all People, in all Nations; and the order of it is fixt and determined in all particulars, that belong unto it. And let not men pretend the contrary, untill they can give an instance of any such defect in the Institutions of Christ, as that the Worship of God cannot be carryed on, nor his Church Ruled and Edified, without an addition of something of their own for the supply thereof; which therefore should and would be necessary to that end antecedent unto its addition; and when they have so done, I will subscribe unto p. 337whatsoever they shall be pleased to add of that, or indeed any other kind. …ustomes of Churches, and Rules of Decency, which our Author here casts under the Magistrates power, are ambiguous terms, …nd in no sense express the Hypothesis he …ath undertaken the defence of. In the proper signification of the words, the …hings intended may fall under those natural Circumstances, wherein Religious Actions in the Worship of the Church may have their concern, as they are Actions, and are disposable by humane Authority. But he will not, I presume, so soon desert his fundamental Principle, of the Magistrates appointing things in, and parts of Religious Worship, no where described or determined in the Word of God; which alone we have undertaken to oppose. The instances he also gives us about Actions, in their own nature and use indifferent; as going to Law, or taking Physick; are not, in the least, to his purpose. And yet if I should say, that none of these Actions are indeed indifferent in actu exercito, as they speak, and in their individual performance, but have a Moral good or evil, as an inseparable Adjunct, attending them, arising out of respect to some Rule, general or particular, of Divine p. 338Revelation, I know he cannot dis… prove it; and much more is not pleade concerning Religious Worship.

But this Principle is further charge with mischief equal to its folly; which i…proved by instances in sundry uninstituted Observances, both in the Jewish, an… primitive Christian Churches; as also i… Protestant Churches abroad. I answer that if this Author will consent to Um…pire these differences by either the Old or New Testament, or by any Protestant Church in the World; we shall be nearer an end of them, than, as far as I can see, yet otherwise we are. If he will not be bound, neither to the Example of the Church of the Jews; nor of the Churches of the New-Testament; nor of the present Protestant Churches; it must he confessed, that their names are here made use of, only for a pretence and an Advantage. Under the Old Testament we find, that all that God required of his Church, was, that they should observe the Law of Moses his Servant, which he commanded to him in Horeb, for all Israel, with his Statutes and Judgements, Mal. 4. 4. And when God had given out his Institutions, and the whole Order of his Worship, it being fixed in the Church accordingly; p. 339it is added eight or ten times …n one Chapter, that this was done, as …he Lord commanded Moses, even so did he, Exod. 40. After this God gives them many strict prohibitions, from adding any thing to what he had so commanded; as Deut. 4. 2. and Chap. 12. 32 Prov. 30. 6. And as he had in the Decalogue rejected any Worship not of his own appointment as such, Exod. 20. 4, 5. so he made it afterwards the Rule of his acceptation of that People and what they did, or his refusal of them and it; whether it was by him commanded or no. So in Particular, he expresly rejects that which was so added, as to dayes, and times, and places, though of the nearest Affinity and Cognation to what was appointed by himself, because it was invented by man; yea by a King, 1 Kings 12. 33. And when in process of time, many things of an uncertain original were crept into the observance of the Church, and had firmed themselves with the notion of Traditions; they were all at once rejected in that word of the blessed Holy One; in …ain do ye Worship me, teaching for doctrines (that is, what is in my Worship to be observed,) the traditions of men. For the Churches of the New Testament, the foundation of them is laid i… p. 340that command of our Saviour, Matt 28. 20. go and Teach all Nations; teac…ing them to observe and do all whatsoever command you, and so I am with you to th… end of the world. That they should b… taught to do or observe any thing, bu… what he commanded; that his presenc… should accompany them in the teaching o… observation of any superadditions of their own; we no where find written, intimated, or exemplified by any practice of theirs. Nor, however, in that juncture of time, the like whereunto did never occurt before, nor ever shall do again, during the expiration and taking down of Mosaical Institutions, before they became absolutely unlawful to be observed, the Apostles, according to the liberty given them by our Lord Jesus Christ, and direction of the Holy Ghost, did practise some things complyant with both Churchstates, did they, in any one instance, impose any thing on the practice of the Churches in the Worship of God, to be necessarily and for a continuance observed among them, but what they had express Warrant, and Authority and command of our Lord Christ for. Counsel they gave in particular cases, that depended upon present emergencies; Directions p. 341for the regular and due observation of Institutions, and the Application of general Rules in particular practice; They also taught a due and sanctified use of Civil customes; and the proper use of Moral or Natural Symbols. But to impose any Religious Rites on the constant practice of the Church in the Worship of God, making them necessary to be alwaies observed by that imposition, they did not once attempt to do, or assume power for it to themselves. Yea, when upon an important difficulty, and to prevent a ruining scandal, they were enforced to declare their judgement to the Churches in some points, wherein they were to abridge the practice of their Christian liberty for a season; they would do it only in things made necessary by the state of things then among the Churches, (in reference to the great end of edification, whereby all practices are to be regulated) before the declaration of their judgement, for the restriction mentioned, Acts 15. So remote were they from assuming unto themselves a Dominion over the Religion, Consciences or faith of the Disciples of Christ; or requiring any thing in the constant Worship of the Church, but what was according to the Will, Appointment and Command p. 342of their Lord and Master, Little countenance therefore is our Author like to obtain unto his sentiments, from the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament; or the Example either of the Jews or Christians mentioned in them.

The Instances he gives from the Church of the Jewes, or that may be given, are either Civil Observances, as the feast of Purim; or Moral conveniencies directed by general Rules, as the building of Synagogues; or customary signes suited to the nature of things, as wearing of Sackcloth; or such as have no proof of their being approved, As the feast of Dedication, and some monethly Fasts taken up in the Captivity, from none of which any objection can be taken against the position before laid down. Those from the Church of the new Testament had either a perpetual binding institution from the Authority of Christ, as the Lords day Sabbath; or contain only a direction to use Civil Customes and Observances in an holy and sanctified manner, as the Love Feasts and Kiss of Charity; or such as were never heard of in the New Testament at all, as the observation of Lent and Easter. He that out of these instances can draw a warranty for the power of the Civil Magistrate over Religion and the Consciences p. 343of men, to institnte new duties in Religion when he pleaseth, so these do not countenance Vice, nor disgrace the Deity; which all his Christian Subjects shall be bound in conscience to observe; or otherwise make good any of those particulat conclusions, that therefore Christ is not the ouly Law giver to his Church; or that Divin… Revelation is not the adequate rule of Divin… Worship; or that men may add any thing to the Worship of God, to be observed in it, constantly and indispensiely, by the whole Church; will manifest himself to have an Excellency in Argumentation, beyond what I have ever yet met withal.

A removal of the Argument taken from the perfection of the Scripture, and its sufficiency to instruct us in the whole Counsel and Will of God, concerning his Worship and our Obedience unto him, is nextly attempted: but with no Engines, but what have been discovered to be insufficient to that purpose an hundred times. It is alledged, That what the Scripture commands in the Worship of God, is to be observed; that what it forbids, is to be avoided, Which if really acknowledged, and a concernment of the Consciences of men be granted therein, is sufficiently destructive of the principal Design of our Author. But p. 344moreover I say, that it commands and fo…bids things by general Rules, as well by particular Precepts and Inhibition and that, if what is so commanded be d…served, and what is so forbidden be avoided, there is a direct-Rule remaining in for the whole worship of God.

But this is said here to be of substan… duties, but not of external circumstance and if it be so even of substantial dut… it perfectly overthrows all that our Autho… hath been pleading in the three first Cha…ters of his Discourse. For external circumstances; of what nature those are wh… are disposable by humane Authority an… Prudence, hath been now often declare and needs not here to be repeated.

The summ of his Apprehensions in th… matter, about the perfection and suffici…ency of the Scripture in reference to th… Worship of God, our Author gives us pag. 189. Anything, saith he, is lawful (th… is, in the Worship of God) that is no… made unlawful by some prohibition: for things become evil, not upon the scors of there being not commanded; but upon that of their being forbidden, And what the Scripture forbids not, it allows; and what it allows, is not unlawful; and what is not unlawful, may lawfully be done. This tale, I confess, we p. 345have been told many and many a time: but it hath been as often answered, that the whole of It, as to any thing of reasoning, is captious and sophistical.

Once more therefore; what is commanded in the Worship of God, is lawful; yea is our duty to observe. All particular Instances of this sort, that are to have actual place in the Worship of God, were easily enumerated, and so expresly commanded. And why among sundry things that might equally belong thereunto one should be commanded, and another left at liberty without any Institution, no man can divine. Of particular things not to be observed there is not the same reason. It is morally impossible, that all instances of mens Inventions, all that they can find out to introduce into the Worship of God, at any time, in any Age, and please themselves therein, should be before hand enumerated, and prohibited in their particular instances. And if because they are not so forbidden, they may lawfully be introduced into Divine Worship, and imposed upon the practices of men; ten thousand things may be made lawful, and be so imposed. But the truth is, although a particular prohibition be needful to render a thing evil in it self; a general p. 346prohibition is enough to render any thing unlawful in the Worship of God. So we grant, that what is not forbidden is lawful: but withal say, that every thing is forbidden, that should be esteemed as any part of Divine Worship, that is not commanded; and if it were not, yet for want of such a command, or Divine Institution, it can have neither use nor efficacy, with respect to the end of all Religious Worship.

Our Author speaks with his wonted confidence in this matter; yea it seems to rise to its highest pitch: as also doth his contempt of his Adversaries, or whatever is, or may be offered by them in the justification of this principle. Infinite certainty on his own part, pag. 193. baffled and intolerable impertinencies; weak and puny Arguments; Cavils of a few hot-headed and brainsick people, with other opprobrious expressions of the like nature, filling up a great part of his leaves, are what he can afford unto those whom he opposeth. But yet I am not, for all this bluster, well satisfied, much less infinitely certain, that he doth in any competent measure understand aright the Controversie, about which he treats with all this wrath and confidence. For the summ of p. 347all, that here he pleads, is no more but this; that the Circumstances of Actions in particular are various, and as they are not, so they cannot be determined by the Word of God; and therefore must be ordered by humane Prudence and Authority: which if he suppose that any men deny, I shall the less wonder at his severe Reflections upon them; though I shall never judge them necessary or excusable in any case whatever. Pag. 198. He imposeth it on others that lye under the power of this perswasion, That they are obliged in conscience to act contrary to whatever their Superiours command them in the Worship of God: which further sufficiehtly evidenceth, that either be understands not the Controversie under debate, or that he believes not himself in what he saith: which, because the harsher imputation, I shall avoid the owning of in the least surmise.

Section 6. From the Concession, that the Magistrate may take care, that the Laws of Christ be executed; that is, command and require his Subjects to observe the commands of Christ, in that way, and by such means, as those commands, from the nature of the things themselves, and according to the Rule of the Gospel, may be commanded and required; he infers, that he p. 348hath himself power of making Laws in Rel…gion. But why so? And how doth thi… follow? Why, saith he, It is apparently im…plyed, because whoever hath a power to see the Laws be executed, cannot be without a pow… to command their execution. Very good but the conclusion should have been; he cannot be without a power to make Laws is the matter, about which he looks to the execution: which would be good Doctrine for Justices of the Peace to follow. But what is here laid down is nothing but repeating of the same thing in words a little varied; as if it had been said; He that hath power to see the Laws executed, or a power to command their execution, he hath power to see the Laws executed, or a power to command their execution; which is very true. And this we acknowledge the Magistrate hath, in the way before declared. But that because he may do this, he may also make Laws of his own in Religion, it doth not at all follow from hence, whether it be true or no. But this is further confirmed from the nature of the Laws of Christ, which have only declared the substance and morality of Religious Worship: and therefore must needs have left the ordering of its circumstances to the power and wisdom of lawful Authority. The Laws of Christ, which are intended, are p. 349those, which he hath given concerning the Worship of God. That these have determined the morality of Religious Worship, I know not how he can well allow, who makes the Law of Nature to be the measure of Morality, and all Moral Religious Worship. And for the substance of Religious Worship, I wish it were well declared what is intended by it. For my part I think, that whatever is commanded by Christ, the Observation of it, is of the substance of Religious Worship; else I am sure the Sacraments are not so. Now do but give men leave, as rational creatures, to observe those commands of Christ in such a way and manner, as the nature of them requires them to be observed; as he hath himself in general Rules prescribed; as the concurrent actions of many in society make necessary; and all this Controversie will be at an end. When a duty, as to the kind of it, is commanded in particular, or instituted by Christ in the Worship of God, he hath given general Rules to guide us in the individual performance of it, as to the circumstances that the actions whereby it is performed, will be attended withal. For the disposal of those circumstances according to those Rules, prudence is to take place and to be used. p. 350For men, who are obliged to act as men in all other things, are not to be looked on as Brutes in what is required of them in the Worship of God.

But to institute Mystical Rites, and fixed forms of Sacred Administrations, whereof nothing in the like kind doth necessarily attend the acting of instituted Worship, it not to determine circumstances, but to ordain new parts of Divine Worship: and such Injunctions are here confessed by our Author, pag. 191. to be new and distinct commands by themselves, and to enjoyn something that the Scripture no where commands: which when he produceeth a Warranty for, he will have made a great progress towards the determining of the present Controversie.

Page 192. He answers an Objection, consisting of two branches, as by him proposed: whereof the first is; that it cannot stand with the love and wisdom of God not to take order himself for all things, that immediately concern his own Worship and Kingdom. Now though I doubt not at all, but that God hath so done; yet I do not remember at present, that I have read any imposing the necessity hereof upon him, in answer to his Love and Wisdom. I confess Valerianus Magnus, a famous Writer of the p. 351Church of Rome, tells us, that never any one did so foolishly institute or order a Commonwealth, as Jesus Christ must be thought to have done; if he have not left one Supream Judge to determine the faith and Consciences of men in matters of Religion and Divine Worship. And our Author seems not to be remote from that kind of reasoning, who, without an assignment of a power to that purpose, contendeth that all things among men will run into confusion; of so little concernment do the Scriptures and the Authority of God in them, to some seem to be. We do indeed thankfully acknowledge, that God out of his Love and Wisdom hath ordered all things belonging to his Worship and Spiritual Kingdom in the world. And we do suppose, we need no other Argument to evince this Assertion, but to challenge all men, who are otherwise minded, to give an instance of any defect in his Institutions to that purpose. And this we are the more confirmed in, because those things, which men think good to add unto them, they dare not contend that they are parts of his Worship; or that they are added to supply any defect therein. Neither did ever any man yet say, that there is a defect in the divine Institutions of Worship, which p. 352must be supplyed by a Ministers wearing Surplice. All then that is intended in this consideration, though not urged, as is here pretended, is; that God in his Goodness, Love and Care towards his Church, hath determined all things that are needful i… or to his Worship: and about what is not needful, men, if they please, may contend; but it will be to no great purpose.

The other part of the Objection, which he proposeth to himself, is laid down by him in these words; If Jesus Christ hath not determined all particular Rites and Circumstances of Religion, he hath discharged his Office with less wisdom and fidelity than Moses; who ordered every thing appertaining to the Worship of God, even as far as the pint or nails of the Tabernacle. And hereunto in particular he returns in answer, not one word: but only ranks it amongst idle and impertinent reasonings. And I dare say, he wants not reasons for his silence: whether they be pertinent or no, I know not. For setting aside the advantage, that, it is possible, he aimed to make in the manner and terms of the proposal of this Objection to his Sentiments; and it will appear, that he hath not much to offer for its removal. We dispute not about the Rites and Circumstances of Religion, which p. 353are termes ambiguous, and, as hath been declared, may be variously interpreted; no more than we do about the nails of the Tabernacle, wherein there were none at all. But it is about the Worship of God and what is necessary thereunto. The ordering hereof, that is, of the House of God and all things belonging thereunto, was committed to Jesus Christ, as a Son over his own house, Heb. 3. 3, 4, 5. In the discharge of his trust herein, he was faithful as was Moses; who received that testimony from God, that he was faithful in all his house, upon his ordering all things in the Worship of God as he commanded him, without adding any thing of his own thereunto, or leaving any thing uninstituted or undetermined, which was to be of use therein. From the faithfulness of Christ, therefore, in and over the house of God, as it is compared with the faithfulness of Moses, it may be concluded, I think; that he ordered all things for the Worship of God in the Churches of the New Testament, as far as Moses did in and for the Church of the old; and more is not contended for. And it will be made appear, that his Commission in this matter was as extensive, as that of Moses at the least; or he could not, in that trust and the discharge of it, have that p. 354preheminence above him, which in th… place is ascribed unto him.

Section 7. An account is given of th… great variety of circumstances, which do a…tend all humane actions: whence it is in possible that they should be all determine by Divine Prescription. The same we sa… also; but add withal, that if men woul… leave these circumstance free under t… conduct of common prudence in the in…stituted Worship of God, as they are com…pelled so to do in the performance of Mo…ral Duties, and as he himself hath le… them free; it would be as convenient fo… the Reasons and Consciences of men, an attempt to the contrary. Thus we hav… an instance given us by our Author in th… Moral Duty of Charity; which is command…ed us of God himself; but the times, sea…sons, manner, objects, measures of it are le… free, to be determined by humane pru…dence, upon emergencies and occasions▪ It may be now enquired, whether th… Magistrate, or any other, can determine those circumstances by a Law? and whether they are not, as by God, so by al… wise men, left free, under the conduct of their Reason and Conscience, who are obliged to the duty it self by the command of God? And why may not the same Rule p. 355and Order be observed with respect to the circumstances that attend the performance of the duties of instituted Worship? Besides, there are general circumstances that are capable of a determination: such are time and place as naturally considered, without such Adjuncts as might give them a moral consideration, or render them good or evil; these the Magistrate may determine. But for particular circumstances attending individual actions, they will hardly be regulated by a standing Law. But none of these things have the least interest in our debate. To add things necessarily to be observed in the Worship of God, no way naturally related unto the actions wherewith prescribed Worship is to be performed, and then to call them circumstances thereof, erects a notion of things which nothing but interest can digest and concoct.

His eighth Section is unanswerable. It contains such a strenuous reviling of the Puritans, and contemptuous reproaches of their Writings, with such Encomi…ms of their Adversaries, as there is no dealing with it. And so I leave it. And so likewise I do his ninth, wherein, as he saith, he upbraids the men of his contest with their shameful overthrows: and dares them to look p. 356those enemies in the face, that have so lamentably cowed them, by so many absolute triumphs and victories. Which kind of juvenile exultations on feigned suppositions, will, I suppose, in due time receive an allay from his own more advised thoughts and considerations. The instance, wherewith he countenaunceth himself in his triumphant Acclamations unto the victory of his party, is the Book of Mr. Hooker and its being unanswered. Concerning which I shall only say; that, as I wish the same moderation, ingenuity and learning unto all, that engage in the same cause with him in these dayes; so if this Author will mind us of any one Argument in his longsome Discourse, not already frequently answered, and that in Print, long ago, that it shall have its due consideration. But this kind of Discourses, it may be, on second thoughts will be esteemed not so comely. And I can mind him of those, who boast as highly of some Champions of their own against all Protestants, as he can do of any Patron of those Opinions, which he contendeth for. But it doth not alwayes fall out, that those who have the most outward advantages, and greatest leisure, have the best cause, and abilities to mannage it.

p. 357The next Sections treat concerning Superstition, Will-worship and Popery; which, as he faith, having been charged by some on the Church unduly, he retorts the crime of them upon the Authors of that charge. I love not to strive, nor will I contend about words that may have various significations fixed on them. It is about things that we differ. That which is evil, is so, however you call it, and whether you can give it any special name or no. That which is good, will still be so, call it what and how men please. The giving of a bad or odious name to any thing, doth not make it self to be bad or odious. The managing therefore of those Appellations, either as to their charge or recharge, I am no way concerned in. When it is proved, that men believe, teach or practise otherwise, than in duty to God they ought to do; then they do evil: and when they obey his mind and will in all things, then they do well; and in the end will have the praise thereof. In particular, I confess Superstition, as the Word is commonly used, denotes a vicious habit of mind with respect unto God and his Worship; and so is not a proper denomination for the Worship it self, or of any evil or crime in it. But yet, if it were worth contending about, I p. 358could easily manifest, that according to the use of the word by good Authors in all Ages, men have been charged with that crime, from the kind and nature of the Worship it self observed by them. And when St. Paul charged the Athenians with an excess in Superstition, it was from the multiplication of their Gods, and thronging them together, right or wrong, in the dedication of their Altars. But these things belong not at all to our present design. Let them, who enjoyn things unto an indispensible necessary Observation in the Worship of God, which are not by him prescribed therein, take care of their own minds, that they be free from the Vice of Superstition; and they shall never be judged, or charged by me therewith. Though I must say, that a multiplication of Instances in this kind, as to their own observation, is the principle, if not the only way whereby men who own the true and proper object of Religious Worship, do or may manifest themselves to be influenced by that corrupt habit of mind; so that they may relate unto Superstition, as the Effect to its Cause. But the Recrimination here insisted on, with respect unto them, who refuse admittance unto, or observance of things so enjoyned, is such as ought to p. 359be expected from provocations, and a desire of Retortion. Such things usually taste of the Cask; and are sufficiently weak and impertinent. For it is a mistake, that those charged do make, as 'tis here expressed, any thing necessary not to be done; or put any Religion in the not doing of any thing, or the non-observance of any Rites, Orders, or Ceremonies; any other, than every one puts in his abstinence from what God forbids; which is a part of our Moral Obedience.

And the whole Question, in this matter, is not, whether, as it is here phrased, God hath tyed up his creatures to nice and pettish Laws; laying a greater stress upon a doubtful or indifferent Ceremony, than upon the great duty of obedience. But meerly, whether men are to observe in the Worship of God, what they apprehend he hath enjoyned them; and to abstain from what he doth forbid; according to all the light that they have into his mind and will; Which enquiry, as I suppose, may be satisfied; that they are so to practise, and so to abstain, without being lyable to the charge of Superstition. No man can answer for the minds of other men; nor know what depraved vicious habits and inclinations, they are subject unto. Outward actions are all, p. 360that we are in any case allowed to pass judgement upon; and of mens minds, as those Actions are Indications of them. Let men therefore, observe and do in the Worship of God whatever the Lord Christ hath commanded them; and abstain from what he hath forbidden, whether in particular instances, or by general directive precepts and Rules, by which means alone many things are capable of falling under a prohibition; without the least thought of placing any Worship of God in their abstinence from this or that thing in particular; and I think, they need not much concern themselves in the charge of superstition, given in, or out, by any against them.

For what is discoursed Section 11. about will-worship, I cannot so far agree with our Author, as I could in what passed before about superstition; and that partly because I cannot discern him to be herein at any good Agreement with himself. For superstition, he tells us, consists in the Apprehensions of men, when their minds are possessed with weak and uncomly conceits of God, pag. 201. here, that will-worship is one sort of superstition; and yet this willworship consists in nothing else, than in mens making their own phancys and inventions necessary p. 361parts of Religion, which outward actings are not coincident with the inward frame and habit of mind before described. And I do heartily wish, that some men could well free themselves from the charge of will worship, as it is here described by our Author; though cautelously expressed, to secure the concernments of his own Interest from it. For although I will not call the things, they contend to impose on others in the worship of God, their phancys; yet themselves acknowledge them to be their Inventions: and when they make them necessary to be observed in the whole Worship of God, as publick and stated; and forbid the celebration of that Worship without them; when they declare their Usefulness, and spiritual or mystical significancy in that Worship or service, designed to Honour God in or by their use; setting up some of them to an Exclusion of what Christ hath commanded; if I cannot understand, but that they make them necessary parts of Gods Worship, as to the actual observance of it, I hope they will not be angry with me: since I know the worst they can possibly with truth charge upon me in this matter, is, that I am not so wise, nor of so quick an understanding as themselves. Neither doth our p. 362Author well remove his charge from those whose defence he hath undertaken: for … doth it only by this consideration; tha… they do not make the things, by them introduced in the Worship of God, to be parts of Religion. They are not so, he saith, nor are made so by then. For this hinders not, but that they may be looked on as parts of Divine Worship; seeing we are taught by the same hand, that external Worship is no part of Religion at all. And let him abide by what he closeth this section withall; namely, that they make not any Additions to the Worship of God, but only provide, that what God hath required, be performed in an orderly and decent manner, and as to my concern, there shall be an end of this part of our controversie.

The ensuing paragraphs about Christian Liberly; adding to the commands of God; and Pope…y; are of the same nature with those preceeding about superstition and Will-worship. There is nothing new in them, but words; and they may be briefly passed through. For the charge of Popery, on the one side or other, I know nothing in it; but that, when any thing is injoyned or imposed on mens practice in the Worship of God, which is known to have been invented in and by the Papal Church p. 363during the time of its confessed Aposta…y, it must needs beget prejudices against it in the minds of them, who consider the wayes, means, and ends of the fatal de…ection of that Church; and are jealous of a sinful complyance with it in any of those things. The Recharge on those, who are said to set up a Pope in every mans conscience, whilest they vest it with a power of countermanding the decrees of Princes; if no more be intended, by countermanding, but a refusal to observe their decrees, and yield Obedience to them in things against their Consciences, which is all can be pretended; if it fall not on this Author himself, as in some cases it doth; and which by the certain conduct of right reason, must be extended to all, wherein the Consciences of m…n are affected with the Authority of God; yet it doth on all Christians in the World, that I know of, besides himself. For adding to the Law of God, it is not charged on any, that they add to his commands; as though they made their own divine, or part of his word and law: but only that they add in his Worship to the things commanded by him, which being forbidden in the Scripture, when they can free themselves from it, I shall rejoyce; but as yet see not how they can p. 364so do. Nor are there any, that I ko… of, who set up any prohibitions of their ow… in or about the Worship of God, or as thing thereunto pertaining, as is unduly and unrighteously pretended. There … be indeed some things injoyned by me… which they do and must abstain from, … they would do from any other sin whateve… But their consciences are regulated by … prohibitions, but those of God himsel… And things are prohibited and made sinf… unto them, not only when in particular and by a specification of their instances they are forbidden; but also when ther… lye general prohibitions against them … any account whatever. Some men indee… think, that if a particular prohibition of any thing might be produced, they would a… quiesce in it; whilst they plead an ex…emption of sundry things from being in…cluded in general prohibitions; althoug… they have the direct formal Reason attending them, on which those prohibition… are founded. But it is to be feared, tha… this also is but a pretence. For let any thing be particularly forbidden, yet i… mens interest and superstition induce them to observe or retain it; they will find out distinctions to evade the prohibition and retain the practice. What can be more p. 365directly forbidden, than the making or use…g of graven Images, in or about Religious Worship? and yet we know how little …ome men do acquiesce in that prohibi…on. And it was the Observation of a …earned Prelate of this Nation, in his re…ection of the distinctions whereby they …ndeavoured to countenance themselves in their Idolatry; that the particular instances of things forbidden in the second Commandment, are not principally intended; …ut the general Rule, of not adding any thing in the Worship of God without his Institution. Non imago, saith he, non simulachrum prohibetur; sed non facies tibi. What way, therefore, any thing becomes a sin unto any, be it by a particular or general prohibition; be it from the scandal that may attend its practice; unto him it is a sin. And it is a wild notion, that when any persons abstain from the practice of that in the Worship of God, which to them is sinful as so practised, they add prohibitions of their own to the commands of God.

The same is to be said concerning Christian Liberty. No man, that I know of, makes things indifferent to be sinful, as is pretended; nor can any man in his right wits do so. For none can entertain contradictory notions of the same things, at p. 366the same time: as those are, that the fa… things are indifferent, that is, not sin… and sinful. But this some say; that this in their own nature indifferent, that … absolutely so, may be yet relatively … lawful; because with respect unto that …lation forbidden of God. To set up Altar of old for a Civil memorial in a place, was a thing indifferent: but to … up an Altar to offer Sacrifices on, who the Tabernacle was not, was a sin. It… indifferent for a man that understands th… Language, to read the Scripture in La… or in English: but to read it in Latine u… a Congregation that understands it … as a part of Gods Worship, would be … Nor doth our Christian Liberty consist al… in our judgement of the indifferency things in their own nature, made nec…sary to practice by commands, as hath b… shewed. And if it doth so, the Jews h… that priviledge as much as Christians. A… they are easily offended, who complain… that their Christian Liberty, in the P…ctice of what they think meet in the W…ship of God, is intrenched on, by such, leaving them to their pleasure, because their Apprehension of the will of God the contrary, cannot comply with them their practice.

p. 367The close of this Chapter is designed to the removal of an Objection, pretended to be weighty and difficult; but indeed made so meerly by the Novel Opinions advanced by this Author. For laying aside all respect unto some uncouth Principles broached in this Discourse, there is scarce a Christian Child of ten years old, but can resolve the difficulty pretended, and that according to the mind of God. For it is supposed, that the Magistrate may establish a Worship that is Idolatrous and Superstitious: and an enquiry is made thereon, what the subject shall do in that case? why? where lyes the difficulty? why, saith he, in this case they must be either Rebels, or Idolaters. If they obey, they sin against God: if they disobey, they sin against their Soveraign. According to the Principles hither to received in Christian Religion, any one would Reply, and say, no: for it is certain, that men must obey God, and not contract the guilt of such horrible sins, as Idolatry and Superstition; but in so doing they are neither Rebels against their Ruler, nor do sin against him. It is true, they must quieily and patiently submit to what they may suffer from him: but they are in so doing guilty of no Rebellion nor sin against him. Did ever any p. 368Christian yet so much as call it into question, whether the Primitive Christians were Rebels, and sinned against their Rulers because they would not obey those Edicts, whereby they established Idolatrous Worship? or did any one ever think, that they had a difficult case of Conscience to resolve in that matter? They were indeed accused by the Pagans as Rebels against the Emperours; but no Christian every yet thought their case to have been doubtful. But all this difficulty ariseth from the making of two Gods, where there ought to be but one. And this renders the case so perplexed, that, for my part, I cannot see directly, how it is determined by our Author. Sometimes he speaks, as though it were the duty of Subjects to comply with the establishment of Idolatry supposed, as pag. 214, 215. for with respect, as I suppose it is, to the case as by him stated, that he sayes; men must not withdraw their obedience: and better submit unto the unreasonable impositions of Nero or Caligula, than to hazard the dissolution of the State. Sometimes he seems not to oblige them in Conscience to practise according to the publick prescription; but only pleads, that the Magistrate may punish them, if they do not; and sain would have it thought, p. 369that he may do so justly. But these things are certain unto us in this matter, and are so many foreign in Christian Religion; that if the supream Magistrate command any thing in the Worship of God that is Idolatrous, we are not to practise it accordingly; because we must obey God rather than men. Nextly, that in our refusal of complyance with the Magistrates commands, we do neither rebel nor sin against him. For God hath not, doth not at any time, shut us up in any condition unto a necessity of sinning. Thirdly, that in case the Magistrate shall think meet, through his own mistakes and misapprehensions, to punish, destroy and burn them alive, who shall not comply with his Edicts, as did Nebuchadnezzar; or as they did in England in times of Popery; after all honest and Lawful private wayes of self-preservation used, which we are obliged unto; we are quietly and patiently to submit to the Will of God in our sufferings, without opposing or resisting by force, or stirring up seditions or tumults, to the disturbance of publick peace. But our Author hath elsewhere provided a full Solution of this difficulty, Chap. 8. p. 308. Where he tells us, that in cases and disputes of a publick concern, Private men are not properly p. 370sui juris; they have no power over thi… actions; they are not to be directed by thei… own judgements, or determined by their ou… wills; but by the commands and determina…ons of the publick Conscience. And if the… be any sin in the command, he that imposed i… shall answer for it, and not I whose Duty it i… to obey. The commands of Authority will warrant my Obedience, my Obedience will hall… or at least excuse my action; and so secure … from sin if not from errour, because I folle… the best guide and most probable direction, … am capable of; and though I may mistake, my integrity shall preserve my innocence; and in all doubtfull and disputable cases it is better to err with Authority, than to be in the right against it. When he shall produce any o… Divine Writer, Any of the Ancient Fathers, any sober Schoolmen, or Casuists, any Learned modern Divines, speaking at this rate, or giving countenance unto this direction given to men, for the regulating of their moral actions, it shall be farther attended unto. I know some such thing is muttered amongst the pleaders for blind Obedience upon Vowes voluntarily engaged into, for that purpose. But as it is acknowledged by themselves, that by those Vowes, they deprive themselves of that Right and Liberty which naturally belongs unto them, p. 371as unto all other men, wherein they place much of the merit of them; so by others those Vowes themselves, with all the pretended bruitish Obedience that proceeds from them, are sufficiently evidenced to be an horrible Abomination, and such as make a ready way for the perpetration of all villanies in the world, to which purpose that kind of Obedience hath been principally made use of. But these things are extreamly fond; and not only, as applyed unto the Worship of God, repugnant to the Gospel, but also in themselves to the Law of our Creation, and that Moral dependance on God, which is indispensible unto all individuals of mankind. We are told in the Gospel, that every one is to be fully perswaded in his own mind; that whatever is not of faith is sin; that we are not to be (in such things) the Servants of men; that other mens leading of us amiss, whoever they are, will not excuse us; for if the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch; and he that followeth, is as sure to perish as he that leadeth. The next Guids of the souls and Consciences of men, are doubtless those who speak unto them in the name of God, or Preachers of the Gospel. Yet are all the Disciples of Christ, frequently warned to take heed that they be p. 372not deceived by any, under that pretence, but diligently examining what is proposed unto them, they discern in themselves what is good and evil. Nor doth the great Apostle himself require us to be followers of him, any further than he was a follower of Christ. They will find small relief, who at the last day shall charge their sins on the commands of others, whatever hope to the contrary they are put into by our Author. Neither will it be any excuse that we have done according to the Precepts of men, if we have done contrary to those of God. Ephraim, of old, was broken in judgement, because he willingly walked after the commandment, Hos. 5. 14 But would not his Obedience hallow, or at least excuse his action? And would not the Authority of the King warrant his Obedience? Or must Ephraim now answer for the sin, and not be only that imposed the command? But it seems that when Jeroboam sinned, who at that time had this goodly Creature of the publick Conscience in keeping, he made Israel sin also, who obeyed him. It is moreover a brave attempt to assert that Private men with respect to any of their Moral Actions, are not properly sui juris, have no power over their actions, are not to be directed by their own p. 373judgements, or determined by their own wills. This is Circes Rod, one stroke whereof turned men into Hoggs. For to what purpose serve their Understandings, their Judgements, their Wills, if not to guide and determine them in their Actions? I think he would find hard work, that should go about to perswade men to put out their own eyes, or blind themselves, that they might see all by one publick Eye. And I am sure it is no less unreasonable, to desire them to reject their own Wills, Understandings, and Judgements, to be lead and determined by a publick Conscience; considering especially that that publick Conscience it self is a meer Tragelaphus, which never had Existence in Rerum natura. Besides, suppose men should be willing to accept of this condition of renouncing their own Understandings and Judgements, from being their Guides as to their Moral actions; I fear it will be found that indeed they are not able so to do. Mens Understandings, and their Consciences, are placed in them by him who made them, to rule in them and over their actions in his name, and with respect unto their dependance on him. And let men endeavour it whilest they please, they shall never be able utterly to cast of this Yoke of God, p. 374and destroy this order of things, which by him inlaid in the Principles of all Rational Beings. Men, whilest they are me… in things that have a Moral Good or E… in them or adhering to them, must be guided and determined by their own Understandings whether they will or no. A… if by any means, they stisle the actings … them at present, they will not avoid the Judgement, which according to them, shi… pass upon them at the last day. But the… things may elsewhere be farther pursue. In the mean time the Reader may take thi… Case as it is determined by the Learned P…late before mentioned, in his Dialogue abou… Subjection and Obedience against the P… pists, whose words are as follow. Par. 3 pag. 297. Philand. If the Prince establish any Religion, whatever it be, you must by you… oath obey it. Theoph. We must not rebel… and take arms against the Prince; but will Reverence and Humility serve God before the Prince, and that is nothing against our Oath. Philand. Then is not the Prince Supream. Theoph. Why so. Philand. Your selves are superiour, when you serve whom you list. Theoph. As thought to serve God according to his will, were to serve whom we list, and not whom Princes and all others ought to serve. Philand. But you will be Judges, when God is well served, and p. 375when not. Theoph. If you can excuse us before God when you mistead us, we will serve him as you shall appoint us; otherwise if every man shall answer for himself, good reason he be Master of his own Conscience, in that which toucheth him so near, and no man shall excuse him for. Philand. This is to make every man Supream Judge of Religion. Theoph. The poorest wretch that is, may be Supreme Governour of his own heart; Princes rule the publick and external actions of their Countreyes, but not the Consciences of men. This in his dayes was the Doctrine of the Church of England; and as was observed before, no Person who then lived in it, knew better what was so.

The sole enquiry remaining is, whether the Magistrate, having established such a Religion, as is Idolatrous or Superstitious, may justly and lawfully punish and destroy his Subjects, for their non-complyance therewithall? This is that, which, if I understand him, our Author would give countenance unto; contrary to the common sense of all Christians, yea of common sense it self. For wherereas he interweaves his Discourse with suppositions, that men may mistake in Religion, and abuse it; all such Interpositions are purely sophistical, seeing the Case proposed to p. 376Resolution, which ought in the whole to be precisely attended unto, is about the refusal to observe and practise a Religion Idolatrous or Superstitious. Of the like nature is that Argument, which alone he makes use of here and elsewhere, to justifie his Principles; namely, the necessity of Government; and how much better the worst Government is, and the most depraved in its administration, than Anarchy or Confusion. For as this by all mankind is unquestioned; so I do not think there is any one among them, who can tell how to use this concession to our Authors purpose. Doth it follow, that because Magistrates cannot justly nor Righteously prescribe an Idolatrous Religion, and compel their Subjects to the Profession and Obedience of it; and because the Subjects cannot, nor ought to yield Obedience therein, because of the antecedent and superiour power of God over them; that therefore Anarchy or Confusion must be preferred before such an Administration of Government? Let the Magistrate command what he will in Religion, yet whilest he attends unto the ends of all Civil Government, that Government must needs be every way better than none; and is by private Christians to be born with, and p. 377submitted unto, untill God in his Providence shall provide relief. The primitive Christians lived some Ages in the condition described; refusing to observe the Religion required by Law; and exercising themselves in the Worship of God, which was strictly forbidden. And yet neither Anarchy, nor Confusion, nor any disturbance of publick Tranquility did ensue thereon. So did the Protestants here in England in the dayes of Queen Mary, and sometime before. The Argument, which he endeavours in these Discourses to give an Answer unto, is only of this importance. If the supream Magistrate may command what Religion he pleaseth, and enact the observation of it under destructive penalties; whereas the greatest part of Magistrates in the World will and do prescribe such Religions and wayes of Divine Worship, as are Idolatrous or Superstitious, which their Subjects are indispensibly bound in Conscience not to comply withall; then is the Magistrate justified in the punishing of men for their serving of God as they ought; and they may suffer as evil doers, in what they suffer as Christians. This, all the World over, will justifie them that are uppermost, and have power in their hands, (on no other ground, but p. 378because they are so, and have so,) in this Oppressions and destructions of them, th… being under them in Civil respects, d… dissent from them in things Religious, No… whether this be according to the mind … God or no, is left unto the judgement … all indifferent men. We have, I confes… I know not how many expressions inte…posed in this Discourse, as was observed about sedition, troubling of publick peace men being turbulent against prescribe Rules of Worship, whereof if he pretend that every peaceable dissenter and dissent from what is publickly established in Religious Worship, are guilty, he is a pleasa… man in a disputation; and, if he do any thing, he determines his case proposed o… the part of complyance with Idolatro… and Superstitious Worship. If he do not so; the mention of them in this place it very importune and unseasonable. All men acknowledge, that such miscarriages and practices may be justly coerced and punished. But what is this to a bare refusal to comply in any Idolatrous Worship, and peacable Practice of what God doth require, as that which he will accept and own?

But our Author proceeds to find out many pretences, on the account whereof, Persons whom he acknowledgeth to p. 379be innocent and guiltless, may be punished. And though their Apprehensions in Religion be not, as he saith, so much their crime, as their infelicity, yet there is no remedy, but it must expose them to the publick Rods and Axes, pag. 219. I have heard of some wise and Righteous Princes, who have affirmed, that they had rather let twenty nocent persons go free, than punish or destroy one that is innocent. This seems to render them more like him, whose Vice-gerents they are; than to seek out colourable reasons for the punishment of them, whom they know to be innocent; which course is here suggested unto them. Such advice might be welcome to him, whom men called foreign, Clay mingled and leavened with blood; others no doubt will abhor it, and detest it. But what spirit of meekness and mercy our Author is acted by, he discovereth in the close of this Chapter, pag. 223. for, saith he, it is easily imaginable how an honest and well-meaning man may, through meer ignorance, fall into such errours, which, though God will pardon, yet governours must punish. His integrity may expiate the crime, but cannot prevent the mischief of his errour. Nay so easie is it for men to deserve to be punished for their Consciences, that there is no Nation in the World, in p. 380which, (were government rightly understood and duty managed,) mistakes and abuses of Religion would not supply the gallies with vastly greater numbers, than Villany. There is no doubt, but that if Phaeton get into the Chariot of the Sun, the world will be sufficiently fired. And if every Absalom who thinks he understands government and the due management of it, better than its present possessours, were enthroned, there would be havock enough made among mankind. But blessed be God, who in many places, hath disposed it into such hands, as under whom, those who desire to fear and serve him according to his Will, may yet enjoy a more tolerable condition than such Adversaries are pleased withall. That honest and well-meaning men, falling into errours about the Worship of God, through their ownignorance, wherein their integrity may expiate their crime; must be punished, must not be pardoned; looks, methinks, with an appearance of more severity, than it is the Will of God, that the World should be Governed by; seeing one end of his instituting and appointing Government among men, is, to represent himself in his Power, Goodness and Wisdom unto them. And he that shall conjoyn another assertion of p. 381our Author, namely, that it is better and more eligible to tolerate debaucheries and immoralities in conversation, than liberty of conscience for men to worship God according to those apprehensions which they have of his will; with the close of this Chapter, that it is so easie for men to deserve to be punished for their consciences, that there is no Nation in the world, in which, were Government rightly understood, and duly managed, mistakes and abuses of Religion would not supply the Gallies with vastly greater numbers, than Villany; will easily judge with what Spirit, from what principles, and with what design, this whole Discourse was composed.

But I find my self, utterly besides and beyond my intention, engaged in particular controversies: and finding by the prospect I have taken of what remains in the Treatise under consideration; that it is of the same nature and importance, with what is past and a full continuation of those opprobrious reproaches of them whom he opposeth; and open discoveries of earnest desires after their trouble and ruine, which we have now sufficiently been inured unto; I shall choose rather here to break off this Discourse, than further to pursue the ventilation of those differences, wherein I shall not willingly, or of choice, at any p. 382time engage. Besides, what is in the whole Discourse of especial and particular controversie, may be better handled apart by it self: as probably ere long it will be; if this new Representation of old pretences, quickned by invectives, and improved beyond all bounds and measures formerly fixt or given unto them, be judged to deserve a particular consideration. In the mean time this Author is more concerned than I, to consider, whether those bold incursions, that he hath made upon the antient boundaries and rules of Religion, and the consciences of men; those contemptuous revilings of his Adversaries, which he hath almost fill'd the Pages of his Book withal; those discoveries he hath made of the want of a due sense of the weaknesses and infirmities of men, which himself wants not; and of fierce, implacable, sanguinary thoughts against them, who appeal to the Judgement Seat of God, that they do not in any thing dissent from him or others, but out of a Reverence of the Authority of God, and for fear of provoking his holy Majesty; his incompassionate insulting overmen in distresses and sufferings, will add to the comfort of that account, which he must shortly make before his Lord and ours.

p. 383To close up this Discourse; The principal design of the Treatise thus far surveyed, is to perswade or seduce Soveraign Princes, or Supream Magistrates unto two evils, that are indeed inseparable, and equally pernicious to themselves and others. The one of these is, to invade or usurp the Throne of God; and the other, to behave themselves therein unlike him. And where the one leads the way, the other will assuredly follow. The Empire over Religion, the souls and consciences of men in the Worship of God, hath hitherto been esteemed to belong unto God alone, to be a peculiar Jewel in his glorious Diadem. Neither can it spring from any other fountain but absolute and infinite Supremacy, such as belongs to him, as he hath alone, who is the first cause and last end of all. All attempts to educe it from, or to resolve it into any other principle, are vain and will prove abortive. But here the Sons of men are enticed to say with him of old; We will ascend into Heaven; we will exalt our Throne above the Stars of God; we will sit upon the Mount of the Congregation, in the sides of the North; we will ascend above the heights of the clouds; we will be like the Most High. For wherein can this be effected? What Ladders have p. 384men to climb personally into Heaven? and who shall attend them in their attempt? It is an assuming of a dominion over the souls and consciences of men in the Worship of God, wherein and whereby this may be pretended, and therein alone. And all this description of the invasion of the Throne of God, whence he, who did so, is compared to Lucifer, who sought Supremacy in Heaven; is but the setting up of his power in and over the Church in its Worship, which was performed in the Temple, the Mount of the Congregation, and in Sion, on the North of the City of Jerusalem, Isaiah 14. This now Princes are perswaded unto: and can scarce escape without reproaches, where they refuse or omit the attempting of it. Suppose they be prevailed with, to run the hazzard and adventure of such an undertaking; what is it that they are thereon perswaded unto? How are they directed to behave themselves, after they have assumed a likeness unto the Most High, and exalted themselves to his Throne? Plainly that which is now expected from them, is nothing but wrath, fury, indignation, persecution, destructions, banishments, ruine of the persons, and families of men innocent, peaceable, fearing God, and useful in their several stations, p. 385to satisfie their own wills, or to serve the interests of other men. Is this to act like God, whose power and authority they have assumed, or like to his greatest Adversary? Doth God deal thus in this world, in his Rule over the souls of men? or is not this that, which is set out in the Fable of Phaeton, that he, who takes the Chariot of the Sun, will cast the whole world into a combustion? So he, who of old is supposed to have affected the Throne of God, hath ever since acted that cruelty to his power, which manifests what was his design therein, and what would have been the end of his coveted Soveraignty. And whoever at any time shall take to himself that power, that is peculiar to God, will find himself left in the exercise of it, to act utterly unlike him, yea contrary unto him. Power, they say, is a liquor, that let it be put into what vessel you will, it is ready to overflow: and as useful as it is, as nothing is more to mankind in this world, yet when it is not accompanied with a due proportion of Wisdom and Goodness, it is troublesome if not pernicious to them concerned in it. The power of God is infinite, and his Soveraignty absolute: but the whole exercise p. 386of those glorious dreadful Properties of his nature, is regulated by Wisdom and Goodness no less infinite than themselves. And as he hath all power over the souls and consciences of men; so he exercises it with that Goodness, Grace, Clemency, Patience and Forbearance, which I hope we are all sensible of. If there be any like him, equal unto him in these things, I will readily submit the whole of my Religion and conscience unto him, without the least hesitation. And if God, in his Dominion and Rule over the souls and consciences of men, do exercise all Patience, Benignity, Long-suffering and Mercy; for it is his compassion that we are not consumed; doth he not declare, that none is meet to be entrusted with that Power and Rule, but they, who have those things like himself: at least, that in what they are or may be concerned in it, they express, and endeavour to answer his example. Indeed Soveraign Princes and Supream Magistrates are Gods Vice-gerents, and are called Gods on the earth; to represent his Power and Authority unto men in Government, within the bounds prefixed by himself unto them, which are the most extensive that the nature of things is capable of; p. 387and in so doing, to conform themselves and their actings to him and his, as he is the great Monarch, the Proto-type of all Rule and the exercise of it, in Justice, Goodness, Clemency and Benignity; that so the whole of what they do may tend to the relief, comfort, refreshment and satisfaction of mankind, walking in wayes of peace and innocency, in answer unto the ends of their Rule, is their Duty, their Honour and their Safety. And to this end, doth God usually and ordinarily furnish them with a due proportion of Wisdom and understanding: for they also are of God; He gives them an understanding suited and commensurate to their work; that what they have to do, shall not ordinarily be too hard for them: nor shall they be tempted to mistakes and miscarriages from the work they are imployed about, which he hath made to be their own. But if any of them shall once begin to exceed their bounds, to invade his Throne, and to take to themselves the Rule of any Province, belonging peculiarly and solely to the Kingdom of Heaven; therein a conformity unto God in their actings is not to be expected. For be they never so amply furnished with all Abilities of mind p. 388and soul for the work, and those duties which are their own, which are proper unto them: yet they are not capable of any such stores of Wisdom and Goodness, as should fit them for the work of God, that which peculiarly belongs to his Authority and Power. His Power is infinite; his Authority is absolute; so are his Wisdom, Goodness and Patience. Thus he rules Religion, the souls and consciences of men. And when Princes partake in these things, infinite Power, infinite Wisdom, and infinite Goodness, they may assume the same Rule and act like him. But to pretend an interest in the one, and not in the other, will set them in the greatest Opposition to him. Those therefore, who can prevail with Magistrates to take the power of God over Religion and the souls of me… in their observance of it, need never fea… that when they have so done, they will imitate him in his Patience, Clemency, Meekness, Forbearance and Benignity; for they are no way capable of these things in a due proportion to that Power which is not their own; however they may be eminently furnished for that which is so. Thus have we known Princes, (such as Trajan, Adrian, Julian of old) whilst they p. 389kept themselves to their proper Sphere, ordering and disposing the affairs of this world, and all things belonging to publick Peace, Tranquility and Welfare, to have been renowned for their Righteousness, Moderation and Clemency, and thereby made dear to mankind: who, when they have fallen into the excess of assuming Divine power over the consciences of men and the Worship of God, have left behind them such footsteps and remembrances of Rage, Cruelty and Blood in the World, as make them justly abhorred to all Generations. This alone is the seat and posture, wherein the Powers of the Earth, are delighted with the sighs and groans of innocent persons, with the fears and dread of them, that are and would be at peace; with the punishment of their Obedient Subjects; and the binding of those hands of industry, which would willingly employ themselves for the publick good and welfare. Take this occasion out of the way, and there is nothing that should provoke Soveraign Magistrates, to any thing that is grievous, irksome or troublesome to men peaceable and innocent; nothing that should hinder their Subjects from seeing the presence of God with them in their p. 390Rule, and his Image upon them in their Authority, causing them to delight in the thoughts of them, and to pray continually for their continuance and prosperity. It may be some may be pleased for a season with s…rities against Dissenters, such as concerning whom we discourse; who falsely suppose their interest to lye therein. It may be they may think meet, rather to have all debaucheries of life and conversation tollerated, than liberty for peaceable men to Worship God, according to their light and perswasion of his mind and will; as the multitude was pleased of old with the cry of, Release Barrabas, and let Jesus be crucified; Magistrates themselves will at length perceive, how little they are beholding to any, who importunately suggest unto them fierce and sanguinary connsels in these matters. It is a saying of Maximilian the Emperour celebrated in many Authors; Nullum, said he, enormins peccatum dari potest, quam in conscientias imperium exercere velle. Qui enim conscientiis imperare volunt, ii arcem caeli invadunt, & plerum que terrae possessionem perdunt. Magistrates need not fear, but that the open wickedness and bloody crimes of men, will supply them with objects to p. 391be Examples and Testimonies of their Justice and severity. And methinks it should not be judged an unequal Petition by them, who Rule in the stead and fear of God, that those who are innocent in their lives, useful in their callings and occasions, peaceable in the Land, might not be exposed to trouble, only because they design and endeavour, according to their light, which they are invincibly perswaded to be from God himself, to take care, that they perish not eternally. However I know, I can mind them of Advice, which is ten thousand times more their interest to attend unto, than to any that is tendred in the Treatise we have had under consideration, and it is that given by a King, unto those that should pertake of the like Royal Authority with himself; Psalm 2. 10, 11, 12. Be wise now therefore, O ye Kings; be instructed, ye Judges of the earth. Serve the Lord with fear, and rejoyce with trembling. Kiss the Son, left he be angry, and ye perish from the way, when his wrath is kindled but a little; blessed are all they that put their trust in him. And he who can inform me, how they can render themselves more like unto God, more acceptable unto him, and more the Concern and Delight p. 392of mankind, than by relieving peaceable and innocent persons from their Fears, Cares, and Solicitousness about undeserved evils, or from the suffering of such things, which no mortal man can convince them, that they have merited to undergo or suffer; he shall have my thanks for his discovery.

And what is it, that we treat about? What is it, that a little Truce and Peace is desired unto, and pleaded for? What are the concerns of publick good therein? Let a little sedate consideration be exercised about these things, and the causelesness of all the Wrath we have been conversing withall, will quickly appear. That there is a sad degeneracy of Christianity in the world, amongst the Professors of Christian Religion, from the Rule, Spirit, Worship and Conversation of the first Christians, who in all things observed and expressed the Nature, Vertue, and Power of the Gospel, all must acknowledge, and many do complain. Whatever of this kind comes to pass, and by what means soever, it is the interest and design of them, who are present gainers by it in the world, to keep all things in the posture, that yields them their advantage. p. 393Hence upon every Appearance of an Alteration, or Apprehension that any will desert the Wayes of Worship, wherein they have been engaged, they are cast into a storm of passion and outrage, like Demetrius and the rest of the Silver-smiths, pretending divisions, present settlement, ancient veneration, and the like; when their gain and advantage, whether known or unknown to themselves, is that, which both influenceth them with such a frame of Spirit, and animates them to actings suitable thereunto. Thus in the Ages past there was so great and universal an Apostacy, long before fore-told, overspreading Christianity, that by innumerable sober persons it was judged intolerable: and that, if men had any regard to the Gospel of Christ, their own freedom in the world, or everlasting blessedness, there was a necessity of a Reformation, and the reduction of the profession of Christian Religion unto some nearer conformity to the Primitive times and pattern. Into this design sundry Kings, Princes, and whole Nations engaged themselves, namely what lay in them, and according to the sentiments of Truth they had received, to reduce Religion unto its pristine Glory. What p. 394Wrath, Clamours, Fury, Indignation, Revenge, Malice, this occasioned in them whose Subsistence, Wealth, Advantages, Honour and Reputation, all lay in preserving things in their state of defection and Apostacy, is known to all the world, Hence therefore arose bloody persecutions in all, and fierce Wars in many Nations, where this thing was attempted; stirred up by the craft and cruelty of them, who had mastered and managed the former declensions of Religion to their own use and advantage. The guilt of which mischiefs and miseries unto mankind, is by a late Writer amongst our selves, contrary to all the monuments of times past, and confessions of the Adversaries themselves, endeavoured to be cast on the Reformers. However a work of Reformation was carried on in the world, and succeeded in many places: in none more eminently, than in this Nation wherein we live. That the end aimed at, which was professedly the Reduction of Religion to its antient Beauty and Glory in Truth and Worship, is attained amongst us, some perhaps do judge, and absolutely acquiesce therein: and for my part I wish we had more did so. For, p. 395be it spoken, as I hope, without offence on the part of others, so without fear of giving it, or having it taken, on my own; there are among many, such evident Declensions from the first established Reformation, towards the old or a new, and it may be worse Apostacy; such an apparent weariness of the principal Doctrines and practices, which enlivened the Reformation; as I cannot but be troubled at, and wherewith many are offended. For although I do own a dissent from some present establishments in the Church of England, yet I have that honour for the first Reformers of it, and Reformation it self; that love to the Truth declared and established in it; that respect to the Work and Grace of God, in the conversion of the souls of thousands by the Ministry of the word in these Nations; that I cannot but grieve continually to see the acknowledged Doctrines of it deserted, its ancient principles and practices derided, its pristine zeal despised by some, who make advantage of its outward constitution; inheriting the profits, emoluments and wealth, which the bounty of our Kings have endowed it withal; but not its Spirit, its Love, its stedfastness in p. 396owning the Protestant Truth and Cause. But to return; for these things may better elsewhere be complained of, seeing they relate only to particular persons. That what is done in Reformation be established; that any farther publick work of the same nature be attempted; or the retrivement of what is done to its original condition and estate, belongs to the determination of the Supream Magistrate, and to that alone. Private persons have no Call, no Warrant to attempt any thing unto those purposes. However many there are, who dislike some Ecclestastical Constitutions and Modes of outward Worship, which have been the matter of great contests from the first Reformation: but much more dislike the degeneracy from the Spirit, way and principles of the first Reformers before mentioned, which in some at present, they apprehend, And therefore though many seem to be at a great distance from the present established Forms of the Church of England; yet certainly all who are humble and peaceable, when they shall see the Ministry of the Church, as in former dayes in some measure, acted rightly and zealously towards the known ends of it, p. 397and such as are undeniably by all acknowledged, namely, the Conviction of the World, the Conversion of Souls, and Edification of them that do believe; and the discipline of it exercised, in a conformily at least to the Rule of the Discipline of the secular powers of the earth, not to be a terrour to the good, but to them that do evil; and in these things a demonstration of the Meekness, Humility, Patience, forbearance, condescension to the weakness, mistakes, errings and wandrings of others, which the Gospel doth as plainly and evidently require of us, as it doth, that we should believe in Jesus Christ; will continually pray for its prosperity, though they cannot themselves joyn with it in sundry of its practices and wayes. In the mean time, I say, such persons as these, in themselves and for their own concerns, do think it their duty, not absolutely to take up in what hath been attained amongst us; much less in what many are degenerated into; but to endeavour the Reduction of their practice in the Worship of God, to what was first appointed by Jesus Christ; as being perswaded, that he requires it of them; and being convinced, p. 398that in the unspeakable variety that is in humane constitutions, Rest unto their Souls and Consciences is not otherwise to be obtained. And if at the same time they endeavour not to reduce the Manner and Course of their Conversation to the same Rule and Example, by which they would have their Worship of God regulated; they are hypocrites. Short enough, no doubt, they come in both of perfection; but both they profess to aim equally at. And herein alone can their Consciences find rest and peace. In the doctrine of faith, consented on in the first Reformation, and declared in the allowed Writings of the Church of England, they agree with others; and wish with all their hearts they had more to agree withall. Only they cannot come up to the practice of some things in the Worship of God; which being confessedly of humane prescription, their Obedience in them would lye in a perfect contradiction to their principal design before mentioned. For those things, being chosen out from a great multitude of things of the same nature, invented by those, whose Authority was rejected in the first Reformation, or Reduction of p. 399Religion from its Catholick Apostacy; they suppose, cannot justly be imposed on them; they are sure, cannot be honestly received by them, whilest they design to reduce themselves unto the primitive Rules and Examples of Obedience, In this design they profess themselves ready to be ruled by, and to yield subjection unto any Truth or Direction, that can or may be given them from the Word of God, or any Principles lawfully from thence educed. How their conviction is at present attempted, let the Book under consideration, and some late unparallel'd and illegal Acts of Violence, conformable to the spirit of it, be a Testimony. But in the management of their design, they proceed on no other Principles, than those of the Libetty of judgement (of di…eretion or discerning they call it,) for the determining of themselves and their own practices, in what they believe and prosess about Religion, and the liberty of their Consciences from all humane impositions, than were owned, pleaded and contended for by the first Reformers, and the most learned defenders of the Church of England, in their disputations against the Papists; those p. 400they will stand to, and abide by: yea than what are warranted by the Principles of our nature and constitution; for no man practiseth any thing, nor can practise it, but according to his own will and choice.

Now in these things, in their Principle, or in their management of it, it may be they are mistaken; it may be they are in an errour; or under many mistakes and errours. But from their integrity they know themselves innocent, even in their mistakes. And it is in the nature of men to think strange of sedate violences, that befall them without their demerit, and of suffering by Law without any Guilt. Their design of reducing themselves in Worship and Conversation to the primitive pattern, they openly avow: nor dare any directly condemn that design; nor can they be convinced of insincerity in what they profess. And shall they they be destroyed, if they miss it in some matters of smaller concernment? which, whatever some may boast of, is not hitherto tolerably proved. Shall now their dissent in Religious Observances on this occasion, and those, and that about things mostly and chiefly, if not only, p. 401that appear neither name nor thing in the Scripture, be judged a crime not to be expiated, but by their ruine? Are immoralities or vicious debaucheries rather to be tolerated, or exempted from punishment, than such a dissent? What place of Scripture in the Old or New Testament, which of the ancient Fathers of the Church, do speak at this rate? Opinions inconsistent with publick Tranquility, with the general Rules of Moral Duties in all Relations and Conditians; practices of any tendency in themselves to political disturbances, are by none pleaded for. Meer dissent it self, with different Observances in the Outward Worship of God, is by some pretended indeed to be a Civil disturbance. It hath alwayes been so by some, even by those, whose own established wayes have been Superstitious and Idolatrous. But wise men begin to smile, when they hear private interest pleaded as publick good, and the affections which it begets, as the common Reason of things. And these pretences have been by all parties, at one time or another, refuted and discarded. p. 402Let the merit of the cause be stated and considered, which is truly as above proposed, and no other: set aside Prejudices, Animosities, Advantages from things past and by-gone in political disorders and tumults, wherein it hath no concern; and it will quickly appear how little it is, how much, if possible, less than nothing, that is or can be pleaded for the countenancing of external severity in this case. Doth it suite the Spirit of the Gospel, or his commands, to destroy good Wheat, for standing, as is supposed, a little out of order, who would not have men pluck up the tares, but to let them stand quietly in the field untill Harvest? Doth it answer his mind to destroy his Disciples, who profess to love and obey him, from the Earth; who blamed his Disciples of old for desiring to destroy the Samaritans, his Enemies, with fire from Heaven? We are told, that he, who was born after the flesh, persecuted him, who was born after the promise: and a work becoming him it was. And if men are sincere Disciples of Christ, though they may fall into p. 403some mistakes and errours, the outward persecuting of them on that account, will be found to be of the works of the flesh. It is certain, that for those in particular, who take upon them, in any place or degree, to be Ministers of the Gospel, there are commands for meekness, patience and forbearance, given unto them. And it is one of the greatest duties incumbent on them, to express the Lord Jesus Christ, in the frame of his mind and Spirit unto men; and that eminently in his meekness and lowliness, which he calls us all in an especial manner to learn of him. A peculiar conformity also to the Gospel, to the holy Law of Love, self-denyal and condescention, is required of them; that they may not in their spirits, wayes and actings, make a false representation of him, and that which they profess.

I know not therefore whence it is come to pass, that this sort of men do principally, if not only stir up Magistrates and Rulers to Laws, Seventies, Penalties, Coercions, Imprisonments, and the like outward means of fierce and carnal power, against those, who in any thing p. 404dissent from them in Religion. Generally abroad throughout Christendome, those, in whose hands the Civil Powers are, and who may be supposed to have inclinations unto the severe exercise of that power which is their own, such as they think possibly may become them as men and Governours, would be inclineable to moderation towards dissenters, were they not excited, provoked and wearied by them, who pretend to represent Jesus Christ to the world; as if any earthly Potentate had more patience, mercy and compassion, than he Look on those Lutheran Countreyes where they persecute the Calvinists; it is commonly declared and proved, that the Migistrates, for the most part, would willingly bear with those dissenters, were they not stirred up continually to severities by them, whose duty it were to perswade them to clemency and moderation, if in themselves they were otherwise enclined. And this hath ruined the interest of the Protestant Religion in Germany, in a great measure. Do men, who destroy no more than they can, nor punish more than they are able, and cry out for Assistence where p. 405their own arm fails them, render themselves hereby like to their heavenly Father? Is this Spirit from above? Doth that, which is so, teach men to harrase the consciences of persons, their brethren and fellow-servants, on every little difference in judgement and practice about religious things? Whom will such men fulfill the commands of patience, forbearance, waiting, meekness, condescension, that the Gospel abounds with, towards? Is it only towards them, who are of the same mind with themselves? They stand in no need of them: they stand upon the same terms of advantage with themselves. And for those that dissent, arise, kill, and eat, seems to be the only command to be observed towards them. And why all this fierceness and severity? Let men talk what they please, those aimed at, are peaceable in the Land; and resolve to be so, whatever may befall them. They despise all contrary insinuations. That they are, in their stations severally, usefull to the Commonwealth, and collectively in their industry and trading, of great consideration to publick welfare, is now apparent p. 406unto all indifferent men. It is or must be, if it be for any thing, (as surely no men delight in troubling others for trouble sake;) for their Errors and Mistakes, in and about the Worship of God. All other Pleass are meer pretences of passion and interest. But who judgeth them to be so guilty of errors? Why those, that stir up others to their hurt and disquietment. But is their Judgement infallible? How if they should be mistaken themselves in their judgement? If they are, they do not only err, but persecute others for the Truth. And this hath been the general issue of this matter in the world. Error hath persecuted Truth ten times, for Truths once persecuting of Error. But suppose the worst; suppose them in errors and under mistakes; let it be proved, that God hath appointed, that all men who so err, should be so punished, as they would have Non-conformists, and though I should believe them in the truth, I would never more plead their cause. And would these men be willingly thus dealt withall, by those who judge, or may judge them to err? It p. 407may be some would; because they have a good security, that none shall ever judge them so to do, who hath power to punish them: for they will be of his mind. But sure none can be so absolutely confined unto themselves, nor so universally in all their affections and desires unto their own personal concerns, as not to have a compassion for some or other, who in one place or other are judged to err by them, who have power over them to affix what guilt they please unto that, which is not their crime. And will they justifie all their oppressors? All men have an equal right in this matter, nothing is required, but being uppermost, to make a difference. This is that, which hath turned Christendome into a Shambles; whilest every prevailing Party, hath judged it their duty and interest, to destroy them that do dissent from them.

Once more; what name of sin or wickedness will they find to affix to these errors? Nullum criminis nomen, nist nominis crimen. No man errs willingly, nor ought to be thought to tempt or seduce his own will, when his error p. 408is to his disadvantage. And he is innocent whose will is not guilty. Moreover, those pretended errors in our case, are not in matters of faith; nor for the most part, in or about the Worship of God, or that which is acknowledged so to be: but in or about those things, which some think it convenient to add unto it, or conjoyn with it. And what quietness, what peace is there like to be in the world, whilst the sword of vengeance must be continually drawn about these things? Counsels of peace, patience, and forbearance, would certainly better become Professors of the Gospel, and Preachers of everlasting peace than such passionate and furious enterprizes for severity, as we meet withal.

And I no way doubt, but that all generous noble and heroick spirits, such as are not concerned in the impaleed peculiar interest and advantages of some, and do scorn the pedantick humours of mean and emulous souls; when once a few more clouds of prejudices are scattered, will be willing to give up to God the Glory of his Soveraignty p. 409over the consciences of men; and despise the thoughts of giving them disquietments for such things, as they can no way remedy; and which hinder them not from being servants of God, good Subjects to the King, and usefull in their respective lots and conditions.

And now instead of those words of Pilate, What I have written, I have written, which though uttered by him maliciously and despightfully, as was also the Prophecy of Caiaphas, were by the Holy Wise Providence of God, turned into a Testimony to the Truth; I shall shut up this Discourse, with those of our Saviour, which are unspeakably more our concernment to consider, Matth. 24. 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51. Who then is a faithfull and wise Servant, whom his Lord hath made Ruler over his houshold, to give them meat in due season; blessed is that servant, whom his Lord when he cometh shall find so doing. Verily I say unto you, he shall make him Ruler over all his goods. But and if that evil servant shall say in his heart, my Lord deferreth his coming; And shall begin to smite his fellow p. 410servants, and to eat and drink with the dru… ken; The Lord of that servant shall come in a day that he looketh not for him, and in an hour that he is not aware of; and shall cu… him assunder, and appoint him his portion with the Hypocrites; there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.

FINIS.

End of the text · John Owen, Truth and Innocence Vindicated (1669)