Accedence Commenced, Part 2
The second part of Grammar, commonly called Syntaxis, or Construction.
HItherto the Eight Parts of speech Declin'd and Undeclin'd have been spoken of single, and each one by it self: Now followeth Syntaxis or Construction, which is the right joyning of these parts together in a Sentence
Construction consisteth either in the agreement of words together in Number, Gender, Case, and Person, which is call'd Concord; or the governing of one the other in such Case or Mood as is to follow.
Of the Concords.
THere be Three Concords or Agreements.
The First is of the Adjective with his Substantive.
The Second is of the Verb with his Nominative Case.
The Third is of the Relative with his Antecedent.
An Adjective (under which is comprehended both Pronoun and Participle) with his Substantive or Substantives, a Verb with his Nominative Case or Cases, and a Relative with his Antecedent or Antecedents, agree all in number, and the two latter in person also: as Amicus certus. Viri docti. Praeceptor praelegit, vos vero negligitis. Xenophon & Plato fuere aequales. Vir sapit, qui pauca loquitur. Pater & Praeceptor veniunt. Yea though the Conjunction be disjunctive, as Quos neque d…sidia neque luxuria vitiarant. Celsus. Pater & Praeceptor, quos quaeritis. But if a Verb singular follow many Nominatives, it must be applyed to each of them apart, as Nisi foro & curiae officium ac verecundia sua constiterit. Val. max.
An Adjective with his Substantive, and a Relative with his Antecedent agree in Gender and Case; but the Relative not in case alwayes, being oft-times govern'd by other constructions: as Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. Liber quem dedisti mihi.
And if it be a Participle serving the Infinitive Mood future, it oft-times agrees not with the Substantive neither in Gender nor in Number, as Hanc sibi rem praesidio sperat futurum. Cic. Audierat non datum ire filio Uxorem. Terent. Omnia potius actum iri puto quam de provinciis. Cic.
But when a Verb cometh between two Nominative cases not of the same number, or a Relative between two Substantives not of the same Gender, the Verb in Number, and the Relative in Gender may agree with either of them; as Amantium irae amoris integratio est. Quid enim nisi vota supersunt. Tuentur illum globum qui terra dicitur. Animal plenum rationis, qu…m vocamus hominem. Lutetia est quam nos Parisios dicimus.
And if the Nominative cases be of several persons, or the Substantives and Antecedents of several Genders, the Verb shall agree with the second person before the third, and with the first before either; And so shall the Adjective or Relative in thir Gender; as Ego & tu sumus in tuto. Tu & Pater periclitamini. Pater & Mater mortui sunt. Frater & Soror quos vidisti.
But in things that have not life, an Adjective or Relative of the Neuter Gender, may agree with Substantives or Antecedents, Masculin or Feminin, or both together; as Arcus & calami sunt bona. Arcus & calami quae fregisti. Pulcritudinem, constantiam, ordinem in Consiliis factisque conservanda putàt. Cic. Off. 1. Ira & aegritudo permista sunt. Sal.
Note that the Infinitive Mood, or any part of a Sentence may be instead of a Nominative Case to the Verb, or of a Substantive to the Adjective, or of an Antecedent to the Relative, and then the Adjective or Relative shall be of the Neuter Gender; And if there be more parts of a Sentence then one, the Verb shall be in the plural number; Diluculo sur…ere saluberrimum est. Virtutem sequi, vita est honestissima. Audito proconsulem in Ciliciam tendere. In tempore veni, quod omnium rerum est primum. Tu multum dormis & saepe potas, quae duo sunt corpori inimica.
Somtimes also an Adverb is put for the Nominative Case to a Verb, and for a Substantive to an Adjective; as Partim signorum sunt combust…. Propè centies & vicies erogatum est. Cic. verr. 4.
Somtimes also agreement, whether it be in Gender or Number, is grounded on the sense, not on the words; as Illum senium for illum senem. Iste scelus for iste scelestus. Ter. Transtulit in Eunuchum suam, meaning Comaediam. Ter. Pars magna obligati, meaning Homines. Liv. Impliciti laqueis nudus uter que for Ambo. Ov. Alter in alterius jactantes lumina vultus, Ovid. that is, Alter & alter. Insperanti ipsa refers te nobis, for mihi. Catul. Disco omn…. Virg. Aen. 2. for tu quisquis es. Duo importuna prodigia, quos egestas tribuno plebis constrictos addix…rat. Cic. pro Sest Pars mersi tenuere ratem. Rhemus cum fratre Quirino jura dab…nt. Virg. that is, Rhemus & frat… Quirinus. Divillimur inde Iphitus & Pelias …. Virg.
Construction of Substantives.
HItherto of Concord or agreement; the other part followeth, which is Governing, whereby one part of Speech is govern'd by another, that is to say, is put in such Case or Mood as the word that governeth or goeth before in construction requireth.
When two Substantives come together, betokening divers things, whereof the former may be an Adjective in the Neuter Gender taken for a Substantive; the latter (which also may be a Pronoun) shall be in the Genitive Case; as Facundia Ciceronis. Amator studiorum. Ferimur per opaca locorum. Corruptus vanis rerum. Hor. Desiderium tui. Pater ejus.
Somtimes the former Substantive, as this word Officium or Mos, is understood; as Oratoris est, It is the part of an Oratour. Extremae est dementiae, It is the manner of extream madness. Ignavi est, It is the quality of a sloathful man. Ubi ad Dianae veneris; Templum is understood. Justitiaene prius mirer belline laborum. Virg. Understand Causâ. Neque illi sepositi Ciceris, neque longae invidit avenae. Hor. Supply partem.
But if both the Substantives be spoken of one thing, which is call'd apposition, they shall be both of the same case; as P…ter meus vir, amat me puerum.
Words that signifie Quality, following the Substantive whereof they are spoken, may be put …n the Genitive or Ablative Case; as Puer bonae indolis, or bona indole. Some have a Genitive only; as Ingentis Rex nominis. Liv. Decem annorum puer. Hujusmodi pax. Hujus generis animal. But genus is sometimes in the Accusative: as Si hoc genus rebus non proficitur. Varr. de re rust. And the cause or manner of a thing in the Ablative only; as Sum tibi natura parens, preceptor consiliis.
Opus and Usus when they signifie Need, require an Ablative; as Opus est mihi tuo judicio. Vigint… minis usus est filio. But Opus is somtimes taken for an Adjective undeclin'd, and signifieth Needful; as Dux nobis & Author opus est. Alia quae opus sunt para.
Construction of Adjectives, Governing a Genitive.
ADjectives that signifie Desire, Knowledge, Ignorance, Remembrance, Forgetfulness, and such like; as also certain others deriv'd from Verbs, and ending in ax, require a Genitive; as Cupidus auri. Peritus belli. Ignarus omnium. M… mor praeteriti. Reus surti. Tenax propositi. Tempus edax rerum.
Adjectives call'd Nouns Partitive, because they signifie part of some whole quantity or number, govern the word that signifieth the thing parted or divided, in the Genitive; as Aliquis nost…um. Primus omnium. Aurium mollior est sinistra. Oratorum eloquentissimus. And oft in the Neuter Gender; as Multum lucri. Id negotii. Hoc noctis. Sometimes, though seldom, a word signifying the whole is read in the same Case with the Partitive, as Habet duos gladios quibus altero te occisurum minatur, altero villicum, Plaut. For Quorum altero. Magnum opus habeo in manibus; quod jampridem ad hunc ipsum (me autem dicebat) quaedam institui. Cic. Acad. 1. Quod quaedam for cujus quaedam.
A Dative.
ADjectives that betoken Profit or Disprofit, Likeness or Unlikeness, Fitness, Pleasure, Submitting, or Belonging to any thing, require a Dative; as Labor est utilis corpori. Aequalis Hectori. Idoneus bello. Jucundus omnibus. Parenti supplex. Mihiproprium.
But such as betoken Profit or Disprofit have somtimes an Accusative with a Preposition; as Homo ad nullam partem utilis. Cic. Inter se aequales.
And some Adjectives signifying Likeness, Unlikeness, or Relation, may have a Genitive. Par hujus. Ejus culpae affines. Domini similis es. Commune onimantium est conjunctionis appetitus. Alienum dignitatis ejus. Cic. Fin. 1. Fuit hoc quondam proprium populi Romani longè a domo bollare. But propior and proximus admit somtimes an Accusative; as proximus Pompeium sedebam. Cic.
An Accusative.
NOuns of Measure are put after Adjectives of like signification in the Accusative, and somtimes in the Ablative; as Turris alta centum pedes. Arbor lata tres digitos. Liber crassus tres pollices, or tribus pollicibus. Somtimes in the Genitive; as Areas latas pedum denûm facito.
All words expressing part or Parts of a thing, may be put in the Accusative, or somtimes in the Ablative; as Saucius frontem or fronte. Excepto quòd non simul esses caetera laetus. Hor. Nudapedom. Ov. Os humerosque deo similis. Virg. Somtimes in the Genitive, as Dubius mentis.
An Ablative.
ADjectives of the Comparative degree, englisht with this sign then or by, as also Dignus, Indignus, Praeditus, Contentus, and these words of Price, Carus, vilis, require an Ablative; as Frigidior glacie. Multo doctior. Uno pede altior. Dignus honore. Virtute praeditus. Sorte sua contentus. Asse charum.
But of Comparatives, plus, amplius, and minus, may govern a Genitive, also a Nominative, or an Accusative; as Plus quinquaginta hominum. Amplius duorum millium. Ne plus tertia pars eximatur mellis. Varro. Paulo plus quingentos passus. Ut ex sua cujusque parte n… minus dimidium ad fratrem perveniret. Cic. Verr. 4. And Dignus, Indignus, have somtimes a Genitive after them; as Militia est operis altera dign…tui. Indignus avorum. Virg.
Adjectives betokening Plenty or Want, will have an Ablative, and somtimes a Genitive; as Vacuus ira, or irae. Nulla Epistola inanis re aliqua. Ditissimus agri. Stultorum plena sunt omnia Integer vitae, scelerisque purus. Expers omnium. Vobis immunibus hujus esse mali dabitur.
Words also betokening the cause, or form, or manner of a thing, are pu… after Adjectives in the Ablative Case; as Pallidus i…a. Trepidus morte futura. Nomine Grammaticus, re Ba…s.
Of Pronouns.
PRonouns differ not in Construction from Nouns, except that Possessives, Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, by a certain manner of speech, are sometimes joyn'd to a Substantive, which governs thir Primitive understood with a Noun or Participle in a Genitive Case; as Di…o mea unius opera … esse liberatam Cic. For Mei unius o…era. In like manner Nostra, duorum, trium, pau…um, omnium virtute, for nostrum duorum, &c. Meum solius peccatum, Cic Ex tuo ipsius animo, For …ui ipsius. Ex sua cujusque parte, Id. Verr. 2…. Ne tua quidem recentia proximi Praetoris vestigia persequi po…erat. Cic. verr. 4. Si meas presentis preces non pu…as profuisse, id. Pro Planc. Nostros vidisti slentis ocellos. Ovid.
Also a Relative, as qui or is, somtimes answers to an Antecedent Noun or Pronoun Primitive understood in the Possessive; as Omnes laudare fortunas meas qui fi…ium haberem tali ingenio praeditum. Terent.
Construction of Verbs.
VErbs for the most part govern either one case after them, or more then one in a different manner of Construction.
Of the Verb Substantive Sum, and such like, with a Nominative, and other oblique Cases.
VErbs that signifie Being, as Sum, existo, fio; and certain Passives, as dicor, vocor, salutor, appellor, habeor, existimor, videor; also Verbs of motion or rest, as incedo, discedo, sed…o, with such like, will have a Nominative Case after them as they have before them, because both Cases belo…g to the same person or thing, and the latter is rather in apposition with the former, then govern'd by the Verb; as Temperantia est virtus. Horatius silutatur Poeta. Ast ego quae divum incedo regina.
And if est be an impersonal, it may sometimes govern a Genitive, as Usus Poetae, ut moris est, licentia, Phaedrus l. 4. Neg…vit moris esse Graecorum, ut &c Cic. verr. 2.
But if the following Noun be of another person, or not directly spoken of the former, both after Sum and all his Compounds, except possum, it shall be put in the Dative; as Est mihi do…i pater. Multa petentibus desunt multa.
And if a thing be spoken of, relating to the person, it may be also in the Dative; as Sum tibi praesidio. Haecres est mihi voluptati. Qu…rum alteri Capitoni cogn men fuit. Cic. Pastori nomen … fuisse serunt. Liv.
Of Verbs Transitives with an Accusitive, and the Exceptions thereto belonging.
VErbs Active or Deponent, call'd Transitive, because thir action passeth forth on some person or thing, will have an Accusative after them of the person or thing to whom the action is done; as Amo te. Vitium fuge. Deu… venerare. Usus promptos facit. Juvat me. Oporte… te.
Also Verbs call'd Neuters, may have an Accusative of thir own signification; as Duram servit servitutem. Longam ire viam. Endimion… somnum dormis. Pastillos Rufillus olet. Ne… vox hominem sonat. Cum Glaucum saltasset. Paterc. Agit laetum convivam. Horat. Hoc me latet.
But these Verbs, though Transitive, Misereor and Miseresco, pass into a Genitive; as Miserer… mei. Somtimes into a Dative. Huic misereor. Sen. Dilige bonos, miseresce malis. Boet.
Reminiscor, Obliviscor, Recordor, and Memini, somtimes also require a Genitive; as Datae fidei veminis…itur. Memini tai. Obliviscor carminis. Somtime retain the Accusative; as Recordor pueritiam. Omnia quae curant senes meminerunt. Plaut.
These Impersonals also, interest and resert, signifying to concern, require a Genitive, except in these Ablatives Feminine, Moa, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, c…ja. And the measure of concernment is often added in these Genitives, magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, with thir Compounds; as Interest omnium rectè agere. Tua resert teipsum nosse. Vestra parvi interest.
But Verbs of Profiting or Disprofiting, Believing, Pleasing, Obeying, Opposing, or being angry with, pass into a Dative; as non potes mihi commodare nec incommodare. Placeo omnibus. Crede mihi. Nimium ne crede colori. Pareo parentibus. Tibi repugno. Adolescenti nihil est quod succenseat. But of the first and third sort, Juvo, adjuvo, laedo, offendo, retain an Accusative.
Lastly, these Transitives, fungor, fruor, utor, potior, and Verbs betokening want, pass direct into an Ablative. Fungitur officio. Aliena frui insania. Utere sorte tua. But fungor, fruor, utor, had antiently an Accusative. Verbs of want, and potior, may have also a Genitive. Pecuniae indiget. Quasi …u hujus indigeas patris. Potior Urbe, or Urbis.
Somtimes a phrase of the same signification with a single Verb, may have the Case of the Verb after it; as Id operam do, that is to say, id ago. Idne estis authores mihi? for id suadetis. Quid mo vobis tactio est? for tangitis. Plaut. Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem? Id.
The Accusative with a Genitive.
HItherto of Transitives governing thir Accusative, or other Case, in single and direct Construction: Now of such as may have after them more Cases then one in Construction direct and oblique, that is to say, with an Accusative, a Genitive, Dative, other Accusative, or Ablative.
Verbs of Esteeming, Buying or Selling, besides thir Accusative, will have a Genitive betokening the value of price, flocci, nihili, pili, hujus, and the like after Verbs of Esteeming: Tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, and such like, put without a Substantive, after Verbs of Buying or Selling; as Non hujus te aestimo. Ego illum flocci pendo. Aequi boni hoc facio or consulo. Quanti mercatus es hunc equum? Pluris quam vellem.
But the word of Value is somtimes in the Ablative; as Parvi or parvo aestimas probitatem. And the word of Price most usually; As Teruncio eum non emerim. And particularly in these Adjectives, Vili, paulo, minimo, magno, nimio, plurimo, dimidio, duplo, put without a Substantive, as Vili vendo triticum. Redimete captum quàm queas mini…o. And somtimes minore for minoris. Nam a Caelio propinqui minore centessimis nummum movere non possunt. Cic. Att. l. 1. E…t Verbs Neuter or Parsive have only the oblique Cases after them; as Tanti eris aliis, quanti ribi …. Pudor parvi penditur. Which is also to be observ'd in the following Rules.
And this Neuter Valeo governeth the word of value in the Accusative…; as Denarii dicti quod denes aeris valebant. Varr.
Verbs of admonishing, accusing, condemning, acquitting, will have, besides thir Acc…sative, a Genitive of the Crime, or …, or Thing; a… Admonuit me errati. Accusas me … …em sc…leris damnat. Furem d…pli …. And somtimes an Ablative with a preposition, or without; …s Condemnsbo eodem ego to …. Accusas furti, an stu…ri, an utroque? De repetundis accusavit, or d…mnavit. Cic.
Also these impersonals, poenitet, taedet, miseret, miserescit, pudet, piget, to thir Accusative will have a Genitive, either of the person, or of the thing; as Nostri no…met poenitet. Urbis me taedet. Miseret …e tui. Pudet me negligentiae.
An Accusative with a Dative.
VErbs of Giving or Restoring, Promising or Paying, Commanding or Shewing, Trusting or Threatning, add to thir Accusative a Dative of the person; as Fortuna multis nimium d… dit. Haec tibi promitto. Aes alienum mihi numeravit. Frumentum imperat civitatibus. Q…id & cui dicas, videto.
Hoc tibi suadeo. Tibi or ad te s…ribo. Pecuniam omnem tibi credo. Utrique mortem minatu… est.
To these add Verbs Active compounded with hese prepositions, prae, ad, ab, con, de, ex, ante, sub, post, ob, in and inter; as Praecipio hoc tibi. Admovit urbi …. Collegae suo imperium abrogavit. Sic parvis componere magna solebam.
Neuters have a dative only; as Meis majoribus virtute praeluxi. But some compounded with prae and ante may have an accusative; as Praestat ingenio alius alium. Multos anteit sapientia. O…hers with a Preposition; as Quae ad ventris victum conducunt. In haec studia incumbite. Cic.
Also all Verbs Active, betokening acquisition, likening, or relation, commonly englisht with to or for, have to thir accusative a dative of the person; as Magnam laudem sibi peperit. Huic habeo non tibi. Se illis aequarunt. Expedi mihi hoc negotium: but mihi, tibi, sibi, somtimes are added for El…gance, the sense not requiring; as Suo hunc sibi iugul…t gladio. Terent Neuters a dative only; as Non omnibus dormio. Libet mihi. Tibi licet
Somtimes a Verb Transitive will have to his accusative a double dative, one of the person, another of the thing; as Do tibi vestem pignori. Verto hoc tibi vitio. Hoc tu tibi laudi du….
A double Accusative.
VErbs of asking, teaching, arraying, and concealing, will have two accusatives, one of the person, another of the thing; as Rogo is pecuniam. Doceo te literas. Quod te jamdudum h…rtor. Induit se calceos. Hoc me cel…bas.
And being Passives, they retain one accusative of the thing, as Sumptumque recingitur anguem, Ovid. Met. 4. Induitur togam. Mart.
But Verbs of arraying somtimes change the one accusative into an ablative or dative; as Induo to tunica, or tibi tunicam. Instravit equum penula, o… eque penulam.
An Accusative with an Ablative.
VErbs Transitives may have to thir accusative an ablative of the instrument or cause, matter, or manner of doing; and Neuters the ablative only; As Ferit eum gladio. Taceo metu. Ma…is gaud… alienis. Summa eloquentia causam egit. Capitolium sa…o quadrato substructum est. Tuo consilio ni…. … pan…. Affluis opibus. Amore abundas. Somtimes with a Preposition of the manner; as Summa …um humanitate me tractavit.
Verbs of endowing, imparting, depriving, discharging, filling, emptying, and the like, will have an ablative, and somtimes a genitive; as Dono te …oc …. Plurima salute …e impertit. Aliquem … suo sermone participavit. Paternum servum …ui participavit consilii. Interdico tibi aqua & igni, …ibero …e hoc metu. Impl…ntur veteris Bacchi.
Also Verbs of comparing, or exceeding, will have an ablative of the excess; as Praefero hunc …ultis gradibus. Magno intervallo eum superat.
After all manner of Verbs, the word signifying any part of a thing, may be put in the gènitive, accusative, or ablative; as Absurdè facis qui angas … animi. P…et animi. Dis…rucior animi. Desipit …entis. Conde… dentes. Rubet capillos. Aegrot…t ani…, magu quàm corpors.
Nouns of Time and Place after Verbs.
NOuns betokening part of time, be put after Verbs in the ablative, and somtimes in the accusative; as Nocte vigilas, luce dormis. Nullam partem noctis requiescit. Cic. Abhinc triennium ex Andro comigravit. Tit. Respondit triduo illum, ad summum quatriduo periturum, Cic. Or if continuance of time, in the accusative, somtimes in the Ablative: as Sexaginta annos natus. Hyemem totam stertis. Imperium deponere maluerunt, quam id tenere punctum temporis contra Religionem. Cic. Imperavit triennio, & decem mensibus. Suet. Somtimes with a Preposition; as Ferè in diebus paucis, quibus haec acta sunt. Ter. Rarely with a genitive; as Temporis angusti mansit concordia discors. Lucan.
Also Nouns betokening Space between places are put in the accusative, and somtimes in the ablative; as Pedem hinc ne discesseris. Abest ab Uybe quingentis milibus passuum. Terra marique gentibus imperavit.
Nouns that signifie Place, and also proper Names of greater places, as Countries, be put after Verbs of moving or remaining, with a Preposition, signifying to, from, in, or by, in such case as the Preposition requireth; as Proficiscor ab Urbo. Vivit in Anglia. Veni per Galliam in Italiam.
But if it be the Proper Name of a Lesser Place, as of a City, Town, or Lesser Island, or any of these four, Humus, Domus, Militia, Bellum, with these signs, on, in, or at before them, being of the first or second Declension, and singular number, they shall be put in the genitive; if of the third Declension, or Plural Number, or this word rus, in the dative or ablative; as Vixit Romae, Londini. Ea habitabat …hodi. Conon plurimum Cypri vixit. Cor. Nep. pro…bit … bos. Domi bellique simul viximus. Militavit Carthagini or Carthagine. S…duit Athenis. Ruri or rure educatus est.
If the Verb of moving be to a Place, it shall be put in the accusative; as Eo Romam, Domum, Ru…. If from a Place, in the ablative; as Discessie Londino. Abii… Domo. Rure est reversui.
Somtimes with a Preposition: as A Brundisio profectus est. Cic. Manil. Ut ab Athenis in Boeotian… trem. Sulpit. apud. Cic. Fam. l. 4. Cum te profectum ab domoscirem. Liv. l. 8.
Construction of Passives.
A Verb Passive will have after it an ablative of the doer, with the Preposition a or ab before it, somtimes without, and more often a dative: as Virgilius legitur a me. Fortes creantur sortibus. Hor. Tibi sama petatur. And Neutropassives, as Vapulo, veneo, liceo, exulo, …, may have the same Construction; as Ab hoste …enire.
Somtimes an accusative of the thing is found after a Passive; as Coronari Olympia. Hor. Epist. I. Cycl… movetur. Hor. for salta… or agit. Purgor …ilem. Id.
Construction of Gerunds and Supines.
GErunds and Supines will have such cases as the Verb from whence they come; as Otium scrib…ndi literas. Eo …uditum Poe…s. Ad consulendum tibi.
A Gerund in di is commonly govern'd both of Substantives and Adjectives in manner of a genitive; as Causa videndi. Amor habendi. Cupidus visendi. Certus eundi. And sometimes governeth a genitive Plural; as Illorum videndi gratia. Ter.
Gerunds in do are us'd after Verbs in manner of an ablative, according to former Rules, with or without a preposition; as Defessus sum ambulando. A discendo facile deterretur. Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, gloriam adeptus est. In apparando consumunt diem.
A Gerund in dum is us'd in manner of an accusative after prepositions governing that case; as Ad capiendum hostes. Ante domandum ingentes tollent animos. Virg. Ob redimendum captivos. Inter …nandum.
Gerunds in signification are o…t-times us'd as Participles in dus; Tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa. Cic. Orationem Latinam legendis nost is … pleniorem. Cic. Ad accusandos homines praemio ducitur.
A Gerund in dum joyn'd with thè Impersonal est, and implying some necessity or duty to do a thing, may have both the Active and Passive construction of the Verb from whence it is deriv'd; as Utendum est aetate. Ov. Pacem Trojano a rege pe…endum. Virg. Iterandum eadem ista mihi. Cic Serviendum est mihi amicis. Plura dixi quam di…endum suit. Cic. pro Sest.
Construction of Verb with Verb.
WHen two Verbs come together without a nominative case between them, the latter shall be in the Infinitive Mood; as Cupio discere. Or in the first Supine after Verbs of moving; a… Eo cubitum, spectatum. Or in the latter with an adjective; as Turpe est dictu. Facile sactu opus scitu.
But if a Case come between, not govern'd of the former Verb, it shall alwayes be an accusative before the Infinitive Mood; as Te rediisse incolumem gaudeo. … me divitem esse, quam haberi.
And this Infinitive esse, will have alwayes after it an accusative, or the same case which the former Verb governs; as Expedit bonos esse vobis. Quo mihi commisso, non licet esse piam. But this accusative agreeth with another understood before the Infinitive; as Expedit vobis vos esse bonos. Natura be…tis omnibus esse dedit. Nobis non licet esse tam di ortis. The same Construction may be us'd after other Infinitives Neuter or Passive like to esse in signification; as Maximo tibi post…a & civi, & duci … con…. Val. Max. L. 6.
Somtimes a Noun …ctive or Substantive governs an Infinitive; as Audax omnia perpeti. Dignus amari. Consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere. Caes. Minari divisoribus ratio non erat. Cic. verr. 1.
Somtimes the Infinitive is put absolute for the preterimperfect or preterperfect Tense; as Ego …lud sedulo negare factum. Ter. Galba autem mul…as similitudines afferre. Cic. Ille contra haec omnia …uere, agere vitam. Ter.
Construction of Participles.
PArticiples govern such cases as the Verb from whence they come, according to their Active or Passive signification; as Fruiturus amicis. Nunquam audita mihi. Diligendus ab omnibus. Sate sanguine divûm. Yelamone creatus. Corpore mortali cretus. Lucret. Note deâ. Edite regibus. Laevo suspensi loculos tabulasq…e locerto. Hor. Census eque strem summam. Id. Abeundum est mihi. Venus orta mari. Exosus Bella. Virg. Exosus diis. Gell. Ar…a Perosus. Ovid. But Pertaesus hath an accusative otherwise then the Verb; as Pertaesus …gnaviam. Semet ipse portaesus. Suet. To these add participia… adjectives ending in bilis of the Passive signification, and requiring like case after them; as Nulli penetrabilis astro lucus erat.
Participles chang'd into Adjectives have thir Construction by the Rules of Adjectives; as Appetens vini, Fugitans litium. Fidens animi.
An Ablative put absolute.
TWo Nouns together, or a Noun and Pronoun with a Participle express or understood, put absolutely, that is to say, neither governing nor govern'd of a Verb, shall be put in the ablative; as Authore Sena…u bellum geritur. Me duce vinces. Caesare veniente hostes fugerunt. Sublato clamore praelium committitur.
Construction of Adverbs.
EN and ecce will have a Nominative, or an accusative, and somtimes with a dative; as En Priamus. Ecce tibi status noster. En habitum. Ecce au…em alterum.
Adverbs of quantity, time, and place require a genitive; as Satis loquentiae, sapientiae parum Sa… also compounded with a Verb; as Is rerum suarum satagit. Tunc temporis. Ubique gentium. Ed impudentiae processit. Quoad ejus fieri poterit.
To these add Ergo signifying the cause; as Illius ergo Virg. Virtutis ergo. Fugae atque formidinis ergo non abiturus Liv.
Others will have such case as the Nouns from whence they come; as Minime gentium. Optime omnium. Venit ob…iam illi. Canit similiter huic. Albanum, sive Falernum te magis appositis delectat. Hor.
Adverbs are joyn'd in a Sentence to several Moods of Verbs.
Of Time, Ubi, postquam, cum or quum, to an Indicative or Subjunctive; as Haec ubi dicta de…it. Ubi nos laverimus. Postquam excessit ex Ephebis. Cum faciam vitula Virg. Cum canerem reges. Id.
Donec while, to an Indicative. Donec er is feliae. Donec untill, to an Indicative or Subjunctive; Cogere donec oves jussit. Virg. Donec ea aqua decocta sit. Colum.
Dum while, to an Indicative. Dum apparatur Virgo. Dum untill, to an Indicative or Subjunctive; as Dum redeo. Tertia dum Latio regnante… viderit aestas. Dum for dummodo so as, or, so that, to a Subjunctive. Dum prosim tibi.
Quoad while, to an Indicative. Quoad expectas contubernalem. Quoad untill, to a Subjunctive. Omnia integra servabo, quoad exercitus huc mittatur.
Simulac, simulatque to an Indicative or Subj… ctive; a… Simulac belli patiens erat simulatque adoleverit atas.
Ut as, to the same Moods. Ut salutabis, ita resalutaberis. Ut sementem feceris, ita & metes. Hor. Ut so soon as, to an Indicative only: as Ut ventum est in Urbem.
Quasi, tanquam, perinde, ac si, to a Subjunctive only; as Quasi non nori…us nos inter nos. Tanquam feceris ipse aliquid.
Ne of forbidding, to an Imperative or Subjunctive; as Ne saevi. Ne metuas.
Certain Adverbs of quantity, quality, or cause; as Quam, quoties, cur, quare, &c. Thence also qui, quis, quantus, qualis, and the like, coming in a sentence after the principal Verb, govern the Verb following in a Subjunctive; as vide…e quàm valdè mal… tiae suae considat. Cic. Quid est cur tu in isto loco sedeas? Cic pro Cluent. Subsideo mihi diligentiam comparavi quae quanta sit intelligi non potest, nisi &c. Cic. pro Quint. Nam quid hoc iniquius dici potest, Quam me qui caput alterius fortunas que defendam, Priore loco dicere. Ibid. Nullum est Officium tam sanctum at que solenne, quod non avaritia violare s… leat. Ibid. Non me fallit, si consulamini quid sitis responsuri. Ibid. Dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere. Ibid. Docui quo die hunc fibi promisisse dicat, eo die ne Romae quidem eum fuisse. Ibid. Conturbatus discedit ne que mirum, cui haec optio tam misera daretur, Ibid. Narrat quo in loco viderit Quintium. Ibid. Recte majores eum qui socium fefellisse… in virorum bonorum numero non putarunt haberi oportere. Cic. pro Rosc. Am. Quae concursatio percontantium … Praetor edixisset, ubi caenaret, quid enuntiasset. Cic. Agrar. 1.
Of Conjunctions.
COnjunctions Copulative and Disjunctive, and these four, Quam, nisi, …raeterquam, an, couple like cases; as Socrates docuit Xenophontem & Platonem. Aut dies est, aut nox. Nescio albus an ater sit. Est minor natu quàmtu. Nemini placet praeterquam sibi.
Except when some particular construction requireth otherwise; as Studui Romae & Athenis. Emi fundum centum nummis & pluris. Accusas furti, on stupri, an utroque?
They also couple for the most part like Moods and Tenses; as Recto stat corpore, despicitque terras. But not alwayes like Tenses; as Nisi mo lactasses, & vana spe produceres. Et habetur, & referetur tibi a me gratia.
Of other Conjunctions, some govern an Indicative, some a Subjunctive, according to thir several significations.
Etsi, tametsi, etiamsi, quanquam an Indicative; quamvis and licet most commonly a Subjunctive; as Etsi nihil novi afferrebatur. Quanquam animus meminisse horret. Quamvis Elysios miretur Graecia campos. Ipse li…et venias.
Ni, nisi, si, siquidem, quod, quia, postquam, posteaquam, antequam, priusquam an Indicative or Subjunctive; as Nisivi mavis eripi. Ni faciat. Cas… go te, non quòd odeo habeam, sed quòd amem. Antequam dicam. Si for quamvis a Subjunctive onelyonly. Redeam? Non si me obsecret.
Si also conditional may somtimes govern both Verbs of the sentence in a Subjunctive; as Respiraro, si te videro. Cic ad Attic.
Quando, quandoquidem, quoniam, an Indicative; as Dicite quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba. Quoniam convenimus ambo
Cum seeing that, a Subjunctive; as Cum sis officiis Gradive virilibus aptus.
Ne, an, num, of doubting, a Subjunctive; as Nihil resert, fecerisne, an persuaseris. Vise num redierit.
Interrogatives also of disdain or reproach understood govern a Subjunctive; as tantum dem, quantum ille poposcerit? Cic. verr. 4. Sylvam tu Scantiam vendas? Cic. Agrar. Hunc tu non ames? Cic. ad Attic. …urem aliquem aut rapacem accusaris? Vitanda semper erit omnis avaritiae suspicio. Cic. verr. 4. Sometimes an Infinitive; as Méne incaepto desistere victam? Virg.
Ut that, lest not, or although, a Subjunctive; as Te aro, ut redeat jam in viam. Metuo ut substes hospes. Ut omnia contingant quae volo.
Of Prepositions.
OF Prepositions, some will have an accusative after them, some an ablative, some both, according to thir different signification.
An accusative these following, Ad, apud, ante, adversus adversum, cis citra, circum circa, circiter, contra, erga, extra, inter, intra, infra, juxta, ob, ponè, per, propè, propter, post, penes, praeter, secundùm, supra, secùs, trans, ultra, usque, versus; But versus is most commonly set after the case it governs, as Londinum versus.
And for an accusative after ad, a dative somtimes is us'd in Poets; as It clamor coel…. Virg. Coelo si gloria tollit Aeneadum. Sil. for ad coelum.
An ablative these, A, ab, abs, absque, cum, coram, de, e, ex, pro, prae, palàm, sine, tenus, which last is also put after his case, being most usually a genitive, if it be Plural; as Capulo tenus. Aurium tenus.
These, both cases, In, sub, super, subter, clam, procul.
In, signifying to, towards, into, or against, requires an accusative; as Pisces emptos obolo in coenam seni. Animus in Teu…ros benignus. Versa est in cineres Troja. In te committere tantum quid Troes potuere? lastly, when it signifies future time or for; as Bellum in triges…um diem indixerunt. Designati consules in annum sequentem. Alii pretia faciunt in singula capita canum. Var. Otherwise in will have an ablative; as In Urbe. In Te…ris.
Sub, when it signifies to, or in time, about, or a little before, requires an accusative; as sub umbram properemus. Sub id tempus. Sub noctem. Otherwise an Ablative. Sub pedibus. Sub umbra.
Super signifying beyond, or present time, an accusative; as Super Garamantas & Indos. Super coenam. …uet. at supper time. Of or con…erning, an ablat…ve; as Multa super Priamo rogitans. Super hac re.
Super, over or upon, may have either case; as Super ripas Tiberis effusus, Saeva s…dens super arma. Fronde super viridi.
So also may subter; as pugnatum est super subterque terras. Subter densa testudine. Virg. Clam patrem or patre. Procul muros. Liv. Patria pr…ul.
Prepositions in composition govern the same cases as before in apposition. Adibo hominem. Petrudunt n…ves scopulo. And the Preposition is somtimes repeated; as Detrahere de tua f…ma nunquam …ogitovi. And somtimes understood, governeth his usuall case; as Habeo te loco parentis. Apparuit humana specie. Cumis erant oriundi. Liv. Liberis parentibus oriundus. Colum Muta… quadrotarotundis. Hor. Pridie Compitalia. Pridie nonas or calendas. Postridie Idus. Postridie ludos. Before which accusatives ante or post is to be understood, Filii id aetatis. Cic. Hoc noctis. Liv. Understand Secundum. Or refer to part of time. Omnia Mercurio similis. Virg. Understand per.
Of Interjections.
CErtain Interjections have several cases after them. O, a Nominative, Accusative or Vocative; as O sestus d…es hominis. O ego l…vus. Hor. O fortunatos. O formose puer.
Others a Nominative, or an Accusative; as Heu prisca fides! Heu stirpem invisam! Proh sancte Jupiter! Proh deum atque hominum fidem! Hem tibi davum!
Yea, though the Interjection be understood; as Me miserum! Me coecum, qui haec ante non viderim!
Others will have a Dative; as Hei mihi. Vae misero mihi. Terent.
FINIS.
ERRATA.
PAge 16. Line 5. for hoc nostrate Read hoc nostras or nostrate.
P. 31. L. 11. f. visi r. vici.
P. 35. l. 21: f. Quaesimus r. Quaesumus.
P. 54. l. 8. f. Transitives r. Transitive.
P. 55. l. 8. f. Tit. r. Ter.
End of the text · John Milton, Accedence Commenced (1669)