The Art of Logic and Rhetoric, Book 1
THE FIRST BOOK OF PETER RAMUS His DIALECTICA of Invention.
CAP. 1. What Dialectica is.
Question.
WHat is Dialectica?
A. Dialectica is the art of disputing well, and in that sense is called Logick.
CAP. 2. The parts of Dialectica, and kinds of Arguments.
Q. How many parts hath Dialectica?
A. Dialectica hath two parts, Invention and Judgment.
Q. What is Invention?
A. Invention is a part of Dialectica of inventing Arguments.
Q. What is an Argument?
A. An Argument is that which i… affected to argue any thing: such a… are all reasons considered a part and b… themselves.
Q. What be the Kinds?
A. Artificiall and Inartificiall.
Q. What is an Artificiall Argument
A. That which argueth of it self.
Q. What be the Kinds?
A. First, or derived from the First
Q. What is First?
A. First is that which is of its own Originall.
Q. What be the Kinds?
A. Simple or Comparative.
Q. What is Simple?
A. Simple is that which is considered simply and absolutely.
Q. What be the Kinds?
A. Agreeing or disagreeing.
Q. What is Agreeing?
A. That which agreeth with t… thing which it argueth.
Q. What be the Kinds?
A. Agreeing absolutely or after certain manner.
Q. What is agreeing absolutely?
A. The Cause and Ef…ect.
CAP. 3. The Efficient, Procreant, and Conservant Cause.
Q. What is the Cause?
A. The Cause is that by whose force the thing is.
Q. What is the Pro…it of it?
A. This first place of invention is the foundation of all knowledge: and he is beleeved to know, of whom the cause is held.
As the Poet sayeth worthily:
The man sure happy is, who cause of things doth know.
Q. How is the Cause divided?
A. Into two kinds, Efficient and Matter, or Forme and End.
Q. What is the Efficient Cause?
A. The Efficient Cause is that from which the thing is.
Q. How many kinds hath it?
A. There appeareth to us no true Kinds, yet the great plenty of it is distinguished by certain means.
Q. What is that which effecteth by …he first means?
A. That which procreateth or de…endeth.
Q. Give me an example out of som… Poet.
A. Ovid 1. Remedio Amoris.
Therefore when thou shalt look in this ou… med' cinall Art
My admonition do, set Idlenesse apart.
This causeth thee to love, this doth defen… it still;
This is the cause of joy, as meat somtime… breeds ill.
Take lastly sloth away, God Cupids bow is lost
His torches lose their light, contemn'd away they'r tost.
Q. Give me a more familiar example…
A. The Father and Mother procreate, the Nurse defendeth.
Q. Give an example of this out of some Poet.
A. 4. AEneid.
Th'art not Gods Child, ne Dardanus his son,
Thou rather from the steep …ard rocks didst come
Of Caucasus: it seemeth of that breed,
Hyrcanian Tygers thee with brests did feed.
AEglog. 8.
Now what this whorson love is I well wo…
It is a little busie boy, begot
Not of mans seed, ne like to one of us;
But farthest Garamants and Ismarus,
Or rockie Rhodope, as it should seem,
In their rough ragged hils ingēdred him.
Q. Do not builders and governours of Cities come under this head?
A. Yes: Romulus the builder of the City of Rome, also all other Kings, Consuls, and Emperors are defenders and keepers.
CAP. 4. The Efficient alone and with others.
Q. What is that which effecteth by the second means?
A. That which effecteth alone, or with others.
Q. What are those others?
A. Some oftentimes are Principall, others are helping and Ministers.
Q. Give an example of the Cause that effecteth by it self.
A. AEneid. 6. Nisus calleth back both the blame and the punishment of the Slaughter, from Euryalus upon himself, because he was the only Author.
Loe here I am who only did this deed,
Latians, against me turn your swords with speed.
'Twas my deceit: He could it never do,
Ne would his courage serve him therunto…
Q. Give an example of the solitary Cause, with Principalls and Fellow… out of some Orator.
A. The solitary cause with many both Principalls and Fellows, is diversly set forth pro Marcello. For the warlike Praises (saith the Orator) they are wont to extenuate truly by words… and to detract them from their Leaders, to communicate them with many, least they should be proper to their Commanders: and certainly in war, the strength of the Souldiers, opportunity of places, help of fellows, ranks, pro…vision do much availe. But Fortune (as it were) by her own right, challengeth the cheifest part to her self, and whosoever is prosperously carried, that altogether she leadeth. But yet of this glory (ô Caesar) which a little before thou didst obtain, thou hast no companion: all that, how much soever it is, (which truly is the chiefest) all (I say) is thine. The Centurion, President, Ranks and Companies have taken from thee none of this praise: Yea, even the Lady of humane affairs, Fortune offereth not her self into the society of this glory, to thee she giveth place, and confesseth it all and wholly to be thine.
Q. Are not Instruments numbred among helping Causes?
A. Yes.
Q. Give an example of it?
A. By this Argument the impious Epicure disputeth that the world was never made. Primo de Nat. For by what eys of the minde (saith he) could your Plato behold the frame of so great a work, whereby he maketh it constructed and builded of God? what labour? what iron Ingine? what Leaver? what Devises? what Ministers were there of so great a work?
CAP. 5. The Efficient by it self, or an Accident.
Q. What is that which effecteth by the third means?
A. That which effecteth by it self, or an Accident.
Q. How effecteth it by it self?
A. When it effecteth by its own faculty.
Q. How effecteth it by its own faculty?
A. When it effecteth by Nature or Counsel.
Q. Give an example of that which effecteth by Nature.
A. The Efficient of the windes is Naturall. AEneid. 1.
The East and South winds on the Sea do blow,
They rush through deep, till on the top they show.
The Africks oft with these his blasts conjoynes,
And so the floods are cast up by the Winds.
Q. Give some example of that which effecteth by counsell.
A. That confession of Cicero, touching himself, is an example of Counsell. The war taken in hand (ô Caesar) waged also for the most part; not constrained by any of my Judgment and Will, I came forth to those wars which were undertaken against thee.
Q. How doth the Efficient Cause effect by an A…cident?
A. When it effecteth by an external faculty.
Q. How doth it effect by an externall faculty?
A. When it is done by Necessity or Fortune.
Q. How by Necessity?
A. When as the Efficient is constrained to the Effect.
Q. Give an example of this.
A. There is one in the excuse of the Pompeians. But to me truly (saith the Orator) if there may be sought out a proper and true name of our evil, it doth seem, that we are faln into a certain fatall calamity, that hath occupied the unprovident minds of men; that none should wonder how humane Counsel is overcome by Divine Necessity.
Q. How by Fortune?
A. When somwhat happeneth beyond the Scope of the Efficient.
Q. Give an example.
A. So the case chanced, saith Tullius (tertio de …at. deo.) That Pherius the enemy was profitable to Iason, who opened his impostume with his sword; which the Physicians could by no means heal.
Q. May not imprudence be numbred amongst these kinds of Causes?
A. Yes.
Q. Give an example.
A. Ovid. de Trist. 2.
Why hurtfull light or ought else did I see?
The fault was mine, & not unknown to me.
Wise Acteon Diana naked saw,
And food became to's doggs devouring maw.
Blind fortune amongst the Gods is surely blamed,
Ne pardon gets, the Gods she hath so harmed.
Q. Do not Deprecations then proceed from hence?
A. Yes.
Q. Give an example.
A. Pro P.L. Pardon ô Father: he hath erred: he is slipped: he thought not: if ever hereafter. And a little after, I have erred: I have done rashly: it repenteth me: I flie to thy clemency: I aske pardon for mine offence: I intreat thee that thou wilt pardon me.
Q. What first causeth …he name of Fortune?
A. The ignorances of the Caus…s hath feigned this name: for when as somthing happened beyond Counsell and Hope, it was called by the common people Fortune.
Q. What is Juvenals opinion of it?
A. Wise if we were, no God should want but Fortune,
We place thee high, & oftē thee importune.
CAP. 6. The Matter.
Q. What is the Matter?
A. The Matter is the cause of which the thing is.
Q. Give an example out of some Poet.
A. By this feigned Argument, the house of the Sunne is compounded of gold, carbunkles, Ivory and Silver.
Ovid. 2. Metamorph.
The Suns high place was built with pillars tall,
The gold did shine, Carbunkles flames let fall.
The top thereof was layd with Ivory neat,
And silver doors in portall shined feat.
AEglog. 3.
A merry Musor fram'd of beechen-tree,
Carv'd work, by hand of divine Alcimeden,
'Tis round impaled with a scattring trail
Of tender Vine, and over all between,
A pale green Ivy, wherewith as a vale,
The thick diffussed clusters shaded been.
Q. Give an example out of some Orator?
A. Caesar 1. Bel. Civil. Caesar commanded his souldiers to make ships of that kind, which in former years the use of the Brittains had taught him: first they made the Keel and Pins of ligh… matter, the rest of the body of the ship being knit together with Osiers, was covered over with Leather.
CAP. 7. The Forme.
Q. The first kind of the Cause, in the Efficient and Matter being expounded; the second followeth, in the Forme and the End; What therefore is the Forme?
A. The Forme is the Cause by which the thing is that which it is.
Q. What is the benefit of it?
A. From hence the thing is distinguished from all other things, and the Forme is ingenerated together with the thing it self.
Q. Give some example of it.
A. A reasonable soul is the form of a man, because by it a man is a man, and is distinguished from all other creatures thereby. The form of the geometricall figures is in traingles and quadrangles. Heaven, Earth, Trees, Fishes are the form of Physicall things… From whence the chief explication of things, as it is by nature, so (if it may be found out) it shall be, as in artific… all things it is more easily met withall.
Q. Give example out of some Orator.
A. Caesar lib. 7. B…t all the French walls are almost of this form; the beams long and plain, with equall distance between themabout two foot, are placed upon the foundation. These are bound within, and fastened very strongly: for those spaces (of which we speak) are filled up to the top with great stones. These placed and knit together, an other row is also added, that the same might keep the spaces: neither do the beams touch one another, but being distant by equall spaces, all of them are strongly fastened, great stones being placed between them. And even so is the whole work knit together until the just height of the wall be fulfilled. This work therefore is not deformed, as well for the comlinesse and variety, beams and stones being by courses, which keep their rows in right lines; as, because it hath the cheif strength for profit and defence of Cities, because it doth defend both from the misch…efe of stones, and the materiall ram, which with its forty feet, being oft bound to the long beams inward, can neither be broken or drawne back again.
Q. Give an example out of some Poet.
A. AEneid. 1. Virgil describeth the forme of this port.
Between two seas, two Ilands there do lie,
Sidwayes they'r made, the waters run fast by.
Huge double Rocks that do reach up to heaven,
VnderUnder the which the sea lie stil and calm:
And by that place the green woods there are growing,
Forth from the same comes great black darknesse flowing.
VnderUnder which rock a den's made very fleet,
Wherein's rich living stones and waters sweet,
Houses for Nymphs and chains for ships there laid,
Which would not by the Anchor chains bestaid.
CAP. 8. The End.
Q. What is the end?
A. The end is the Cause for whose sake the thing is.
Q. Give example.
A. To Physicall things the proposed end is man: to man, God. There is some cheif good and last end of all Arts: as to speak well, of Grammer: to plead well, of Rhetorick: to dispute well, of Logick.
Q. Give example out of some Poet.
A. AEneid. 1. Iuno assumeth the end of Marriage when as she promiseth Deiopeia to Eolus, to wit, for solace and childrens sake.
Nymphs ful fourteen I have of bodies rare;
But who so is most beautiful and faire,
Even Deiopeia, I to thee do give
Her year in Marriage state with thee to live,
Thee to reward for thy love unto me,
And cause thine off-spring beautiful to be.
Q. Give an example out of some Orator.
A. Cicero pro Lig. Urgeth Tubero his accuser, when as he presseth the end of the wars taken up against Caesar. And truly (saith he) he is come forth armed against Caesar himself. But what did this Tubero his sword do in the Pharsalian Army? whose sides did the sharp point aime at? who was to feel the force of thy weapon? where was thy minde, eyes, hands, courage? what didst thou desire? what didst thou wish?
CAP. 9. The Effect.
Q. What is the Effect?
A. The Effect is that which ariseth from the Causes, whether begotten or corrupted, or whether any thing be moved by any means. Here the motion, and the thing done by motion, is called the Effect. Of this place are praises and dispraises, of which sacred and profane books are full.
Q. Give example of this out of some Poet.
A. AEneid 6. The facts of divers people are compared to the praises of the Romans.
Some finly carve upon the boyling brasse,
They'l on the marble grave a living face:
They wish the causes better, they'l descry
Heavens shining parts, and tell the stars i'th sky.
Remember thou Romes people brave to rule.
These things shal be thine Art, peace to impose,
To spare thy subjects, and subdue proud foes.
Q. What else cometh under this head?
A. Hitherto are speeches and writings refer…ed.
Q. Give an example?
A. Pericles and Hortentius did celebrate the praise of pleading well and by the same argument also Demosthenes and Cicero of writing well.
Q. What farther?
A. To this place are referred counsels and deliberations, although not brought to their end.
Q. Give an example.
A. Permenio and Phylotus were beaten to death, because they were suspected to be of the conspiracy against Alexander, as Curtius and Arianus have remembred touching Lentulus, Cethegus and others, the complices of Catiline; they suffered punishment by judgment of the Senat.
Q. Have not vertue and vices their Effects also.
A. Yes.
Q. Give an example.
A… Horace after this manner describeth the Eff…cts of drunkennesse.
Secrets it shews, & hope it doth command,
VntoUnto the wars it drives, although unarmd:
It takes the burden from the carfull man,
It teacheth Art to all that will or can.
Who ere was drunk that wāted Eloquēce?
Was any poor that used this defence?
CAP. 10. The Subject.
Q. The argument agreeing after … certain manner succeedeth, what is tha… then?
A. The Subject and Adjunct.
Q. What is the Subject?
A. The Subject is that to which any thing is adjoined.
Q. Make this plainer by examples.
A. The minde is the Subject of science, ignorance, vertue, vice, becaus… these happen beside the being. The body, of health, sicknes, strength, weaknes… beauty, deformity. Man is the Subject of riches, poverty, honour, infamy, apparell, company. The place is the Subject of the thing placed.
Q. How prove you this last by testimony and example?
A. The Philosophers attribute a place to divine beings, although wanting part and greatnesse. So the place of Geometry, and the difference o… places is in Geometricall things: so o… physick, it is more diligently considered in physicall things: In the world, in simple elements, in compound things.
Q. Give example out of some Poet.
A. So Virgil in his Georgicks admonisheth that the place be diligently sought out for things proposed, as corn, trees, plants, pa…tures.
Before we passe into a sea unknown,
Know we the wind and various manner of Heaven:
Our native soyle and every habitation,
What will refuse or grow in any nation.
Some beareth corne, th'other with grapes doth passe,
Some with tall trees, the rest with unsown grasse.
Q. Proceed further in explicating the subject?
A. The Subjects of senses are called sensibles; of vertues or vices, things proposed to vertues or vices.
Q. Give an example of the former.
A. Colour is the subject of the sight, sound of the hearing; because these senses are occupied and exercised in the sensibles.
Q. Give an example of the later.
A. Vertues and vices are set forth in morall Philosophy by this argument: temperance and intemperance, by pleasure: magnanimity and sloth, by danger: liberality and covetousnesse, by riches.
Q. Explicate the Subject further?
A. So things numerable of Arithmetick: miserable (as I may say) are the Subjects of Geometry.
Q. Give example of the Subject o… of some Orator.
A. By the same Subject Cicer… (second Agra) disputeth that there was no contention amongst the people …o… Campania, because there was no honour. They are not carried (saith he) with the desire of glory: because wher… there is no publick honour, there th… desire of glory cannot be. There is n… discord, neither by contention nor ambition: for there is nothing for which they should strive, nothing for which they should war, nothing for which they should contend.
Q. Give example out of some Poet.
A. …ropertius useth this argument.
Of winds the Saylors talk, the Husband. men of Bulls,
The souldiers of their wounds, and shepherds of their woolls.
CAP. 11. The Adjunct.
Q. What is the Adjunct?
A. The Adjunct is that to which any thing is subjected: which argument, though it be lighter then the subject, yet more copious and frequent: therfore of its signes Ovid speaketh 2. Rem. Am.
Some man (for such there be) may count this small:
Yet that helps some which doth not profit all.
Q. Make this plainer.
A. Those things which are called good and evil of the mind, body, and the whole man, are the Adjuncts of the mind, body, man: also whatsoever happens without the Subject is the Adjūct.
Q. May not Time also be reduced unto this head?
A. Yes, as Place was in the Subject, so is Time in the Adjunct, viz. the induring of things past, present, to come.
Q. What further is comprised under this head?
A. All those Qualities beside the Causes adjoyned to the Subject, whether they be proper or common.
Q. What is Proper?
A. That which agreeth only & wholly with the subject, as laughing with a man, neying with a horse, barking with a dog.
Q. What is Common?
A. That which is not Proper after …his manner.
Q. Give example of the Adjunct o… of some Orator.
A. By this kind of argument, Cicer… in the defence of Roscius the Comedia… cavilleth with Fanius Chercus. Do… not his head and eye-brows, altogeth…bald, seem to savour of malice, and … out of deceit? doth he not seem to b… compounded from the foot to the he… (if a man may conjecture by his shape… of frauds, fallacies, lyes? Who ther…fore is altogether bald on the head an… eye-brows, lest he should be said to ha… one haire of a good man.
Q. Give example out of some Poet?
A. So Martial lib. 2. mocketh Zoil…
Red haire, black mouth, short feet and il… squint-eyes,
'Tis marvell Zoilus if goodnesse in th… lie…
Q. What further may be reduced u…der this head?
A. Garments and company are A…juncts.
Q. Give example.
A. By this kind of circumstanc… Dido going a hunting is magnificentl… set forth, AEneid: 4.
The morne appear'd, Dido forsook the s…
The day stir up, to th'heaven youth guid… the way.
Both nets and gins with pickst…ves all were ready,
Messalian horse with hunting dogs so greedy:
Princes did wait, the slow queen did expect,
With fair clad horse, her way for to direct.
Forth cometh she at length with mighty traine,
In her long robe with many a long seame:
Her horse down trapt, with gold her haire was tress'd,
Her robes with golden hooks she close did wrest.
Q. What is the benefit of Adjuncts?
A. There is great use of Adjuncts to the Subjects by which they are occupied.
Q. Give example.
A. By this argument Plato foretold those Cities to be miserable, where the multitude of Physicians and Judges were wanting: because, of necessity, there was conversant in those cities both intemperance, and injustice.
And thus much for the place of agreeings, from whence every agreeing argument may be said to be one or the same: and all manner of unity and (as I may say) identity are referred hither… as the first and simple fou…taines.
CAP. 12. Diverses.
Q. You have expounded the first agre… ing Argument: the disagreeing followe… What then is Disagreeing?
A. That which disagreeth from th… thing.
Q. How are Disagreeings manifeste…
A. Disagreeings are equally man…fested amongst themselves, and equal… argued one of another, although th… do more clearly shine in their Dis…greeings.
Q. What are the kinds of Dis…greeings?
A. Two, Diverse and Opposite.
Q. What are Diverses?
A. Diverses are Disagreeings whi… disagree only in reason.
Q. What are the most frequent no… of speech for this Argument?
A. These; Not this, but that; a…though, yet.
Q. Give example from some Orator.
A. Pro Pompeio. He carried not th… victory, but the ensignes of the victo…
Q. Give some other examples?
A. Ovid. secund. Art. Amand.
Ulysses was not fair but Eloquent.
AEneid. 2.
This Priamus though held in dust of death,
Yet ceased not.
Also this of the like matter, Pro. Lig. Callest thou that wicked (ô Tubero)? Why, he hath not hitherto deserved this name. For some called error, some fear; that which more hardly, hope, defire, hatred, pertinacy; the most grave, …emerity: none wicked, besides thy self.
CAP. 13. Desperates.
Q. What are Opposites?
A. Opposites are disagreeings, which disagree in reason and thing; therefore cannot be attributed to the same, according to the same, and at the same time.
Q. Make this plain by example.
A. So Socrates cannot be black and white of one and the same part; Father and Son of the same man; whole and sick at the same time; b…t he may be white on the one part, black on another; Father of this, Son of that man; …ound to day, sick to morrow.
Q. It should seem by this, that the one being affirmed, the other is denied.
A. So it is.
Q. What are the …inds af Opposites?
A. Disparates or Contraries.
Q. What are Disparates?
A. Disparates are opposites, whereo… one is opposed equally to many.
Q. Give example.
A. Green, Ash-color, Red, are means between White and Black, which ar… Disparates, both with the extreams, an… among themselves. So liberality an… covetousnesse are disparates among themselves. So a man, a tree, a ston… and infinite of this kind are Disparates neither can one thing be a man, a tree… a stone.
Q. Give example out of some Poet.
A. Virgil. (AEneid. 1.) disputeth b… this Argument.
O virgin, how shall I remember thee,
Whose countenance not mortal seems to be
Thy voyce is sure above the humane reac…
Both which thee Goddess proves, and so … teach.
CAP. 14. Relates
Q. What are Contraries?
A. Contraries are Opposites, whereof one is opposed to one only.
Q. What are the kinds of it?
A. They are either affirming, or denying.
Q. What is affirming?
A. Affirming is that of which both of them affirme.
Q. How many kinds hath it?
A. Two, Relates and Adverses.
Q. What are Relates?
A. Relates are Contraries affirming; of which one consisteth of the mutuall affection of the other: and from hence they are named Relates.
Q. Make this plain by example.
A. The Father who hath a Sonne; and the Sonne who hath a Father, are Relates.
Q. They may seeme by this, to be together by nature.
A. So they are: so that he which perfectly knoweth the one, knoweth also the rest.
Q. Give some examples of Relates.
A. Pro Marc. By which thou truly understandest how much praise there is for the benefit given, when as for the receiving, is so much glory, Marc. against Sosib.
Sosibian, thou yeeld'st thou wast bor… thrall,
When flattering thou thy Father Lord dos… call
So Quint. lib. 5. cap. 10. If it b… honest to place himself at Rhodes, and to lodge at Hirmaereon. After whic… manner Tullius, in the perfect oration… It is therefore dangerous (saith he) les… any should think it dishonesty, to teac… that in the great and glorious Art to others, which it was honesty for him to learn.
Q. Doth not earnest affection sometimes flow from these Relates?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example out of some Orator.
A. Cicero in his oration hath brough… forth a certain earnest affection fro… these Relates. Now these are grav… (saith he) wife of the son in law, stepmother of the son, and baud of th… daughter.
Q. Give example out of some Poet.
A. All this Ovid hath affected m…nifestly in his description of the Iron age. Met 1.
Ne doth the guest safe in his Inn… r…main,
His host him troubles who doth him r…ain.
Sisters ev'n from their brethren are not free,
The husband longs the death of's wife to see.
She hateth him, and 'gainst him doth consp…re;
The cursed stepdame 's alwayes in an ire.
The sonne …re's time doth's fathers years inquire.
Q. But the argument of such relations hath nothing contrary: yea it rather argueth mutuall causes: as, thou art my Father, I therefore am thy son. How then appeareth the Contraries?
A. When I say I am thy father, I am not therefore thy son, then are the Contraries true.
CAP. 15. Adverses.
Q. Wh…t are Adverses?
A. Adverses are Contraries affirming, which are perpetu…lly adverse among themselves.
Q. Give example out of some Po…t.
A. AEneid. 11.
No health in war, we all desire peace,
Q. Give further example.
A. White and black, hot and cold… vertue and vice, are opposed.
Q. Give example out of some Orator.
A. Parad. 1. Cont. Epe. Yet they do hold strongly, and defend accurately, that pleasure is the chief good: which to me truly doth seem to be the voyce of beasts, not of men; when as, whether God or Nature (as I may say) the mother of all things, hath given thee a soul, then which nothing is more excellent, nothing more divine; dost thou so cast and throw down thy self, as that thou thinkest there is no difference betwix… thee and the four-footed beasts?
Q. Wherein consists the force of this example?
A. Cicero hath opposed beasts and men, Adverses: pleasure is the good of beasts, and therefore of men.
Q. Give another example out of some Poet.
A. So liberty and servitude in Tib. lib. 2.
So servitude I see prepar'd for me,
Yet, parents, freedom would far better be.
Q. Give example out of an Orator.
A. Pro Marcell. For …emerity is never joyned with wisdom… neither is chance admitted to counsell.
CAP. 16. Contradicents.
Q. Having spoken of Contraries Affirming, we are come to Contraries Denying: What are they then?
A. Contraries denying are such, of which one saith, the other denyeth the same.
Q. What are the kinds?
A. They are Contradicents or Privants.
Q. What are contradicents?
A. Contradicents are contraries denying, of which one denyeth every where.
Q. Give example.
A. Just, not Just; a creature, not a creature; it is, it is not: These are Contradicents.
Q. Give example out of some Orator.
A. Pro Murena. The sentences of Cato and Cicero are Contraries; this of the Stoicks, that man of the Academicks. The Dialogue is in these words; Thou hast known nothing: yea somthings, but not all things. Thou hast done nothing meerly for thanks; yet refuse not thanks when as thine office and trust requireth it. Be not moved wit… mercy in condemning; But yet ther… is some praise of humanity. Stand in thine own opinion: except a better should overcome.
Q. Give example from some Poet.
A. Mart. lib. 2.
Th'art fair Fabulla, rich, & als' a maid
Can you deny tis truth that I have said…
But if thou boastest of thy self too much,
Th'art neither fair, a virgine, nor yet rich.
Q. Give another example out of som… Orator.
A. Cicero (primo Tusc.) forceth Atticus the Epicure by this argument to confesse, That the dead were not mis… rable, if they were not at all, as the Epicures beleeve: I had rather (saith he) thou shouldst fear Cerberus, then spea… so inconsiderately. Attic. Why? Marcus, That which thou denyest, that thou sayest. Where is thy wit? For whenas thou sayest, He is miserable; thou then sayest, He is, which is not. Then after long disputation Atticus said, Go to, now I grant, that those which are dead are not miserable; because thou hast forced me to confesse, that, they be not at all, lest they should be miserable.
Q. Give another example.
A. Terrence in Ev. Phedria frameth his speech to Dorus, when as he had affirmed that which hee denyed afterwards. After a manner (saith he) he saith; after a manner he denyeth.
CAP. 17. Privants.
Q. What are Privants?
A. Privants are Contraries denying, of which one denyeth in the same Subject only, in which the Affirmative (of its own nature) is.
Q. What is the A…firmative called?
A. The Habit.
Q. And what the Negative?
A. Privation.
Q. Make this plainer.
A. Motion and Rest, Drunkenness and Sobriety are comprised under this head.
Q. Give example.
A. Mart. lib. 3.
Th' art drunken s…re; sober thou would not do't.
Q. What may further be under th… head?
A. To be blind, and to see.
Q. Give example.
A. Pro Celio. There is therefore one of this family, and he truly is grea…ly blinde: For he shall take no grief who shall not see her.
Q. What may further be under this head?
A. Poverty and Riches are thus opposed.
Q. Give example.
A. Mart. lib. 5.
Poore shalt thou be, Emilian if poore:
Wealth's never given but to th' rich before.
Q. What further?
A. Death and Life.
Q. Give example.
A. Cont. Mil. Sit ye still, O revengers of this mans death; Whose life, if you thought you could restore, would you?
Q. What further?
A. Silence and Speech.
Q. Give example.
A. Primo Cat. What expectest thou the authority of the speakers, whose silence thou beholdest to be their pleasures?
Q. What more?
A. Mortality and Immortality.
Q. Give example.
A. Pro Marc. I grieve when as the common-wealth ought to be immortal, that it consisteth of one mortal life.
And this sufficeth to be spoken of Disagreeing, from whence every thing may differ from another by certain means.
CAP. 18. Equals.
Q Simple arguments were Agreeings & Disagreeings; we are now come unto Comparatives. What are Comparatives therefore?
A. Comparatives are those which are compared amongst themselves.
Q. How are they manifested?
A. Although they be equally known by the nature of Comparison; yet one to another is more known and illust…ated then another: and oftentimes are judged by shorter notes, somtimes di…stinguished by fuller parts.
Q. What may these parts be call'd?
A. They are named the Propo…ition and Reddition.
Q. May not Comparatives also arg… fictions?
A. Yes, Comparatives doe argu… feigned things, and doe cause trust.
Q. What be the kindes of Compari…sons?
A. Comparison, is in Quantity, o… Quality.
Q. What is Quantity?
A. Quantity is that whereby … shewed how much the thing compared is.
Q. What be the kindes of Quantity…
A. Equals or Unequals.
Q. What are Equals?
A. Equals are those of which ther… is one quantity.
Q. What is an Equall argument then…
A. An equall argument is, when an Equall is explicated by an Equall.
Q. What are the notes of it?
A. Even, equall, like, the same, that, so much the more, how much the more, by so much, by how much so much, how much, not more nor lesse.
Also AEneid. 2. Equall with light windes. AEneid. 3.
And now't should grow in equal age with thee, AEneid 6.
Behold this thing, Great Rome with earth is euen:
The spirit of man shall also equall heauen.
Q. What further is necessary to these Equalls?
A. A proposition or Reddition doth distinguish them.
Q. Give example out of some Orator.
A. Quart. Cat. Whose things done, and the vertues to the same; by which things onelyonly the course is contained in its regions and bounds.
Q. Give example out of some Poet.
A. AEneid 4.
As well a bruter of things false that be,
As messenger of truth and verity.
Cat.
By how much I am worst of poets all,
By so much thee men best of Patrons call.
Ovid de Trist. 4.
As many shels on shore, as roses sweet;
As many sleeps as men by poppy get;
As many beasts in woods, fish in sea lie;
As many birds as in the ayr do fly;
So many griefs me pass, which could I tel,
Icarian waters I might number well.
Q. Proceed to further examples.
A. Phil. 9. Neither had he more skill of the Law then of Justice: therefore those things which the Laws had brought forth, chiefly the civill, he always referred to ease and equity: neither had he rather approve actions of strife, then take away controversies.
Ovid. de Art. Amand.
'Tis no less vertue for to keep then get.
Pro Mur. I acknowledge this to be equall for Lucius Murena: and so equal, that neither he shall bè overcome by dignity, neither by dignity shall overcome thee.
Phil. 2. Whose burthen being common, why not a common pay of them?
Ter. in Adelph. When as I care not for thine, care not thou for mine.
Q. What may further be comprised under this head?
A. Of this place are those that follow derived truely from Contraries, but treated of in the place of Equalls; as this of Mart.
Sosibla…, thou yeeld'st thou wast born thrall,
When flattring thou thy father Lord dost call.
Ovid 1. Fast.
There's price in price, the Censors honors give;
He giveth friendship: poor alone do live.
Q. But are they not more frequen… from Adverses?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Cicero Syl. Neither do I understand my self to have been angry. But if I defend him whom…thou accusest, why should I not be angry with thee, who accusest him whom I defend? he saith, I accuse mine own enemy: and I said, I defend my friend. So, primo Tus…. But when they confess that there is force enough in vices to cause a miserable life; why should it not be granted, that there is force enough in vertues to effect a blessed life?
Q. it should seem by this, that Contraries are sequences of Contraries.
A. So they are.
Q. What may further be comprised under this head?
A. Somtimes there is put forth like for like.
Q. Give example.
A. Such is the contention of the shepherds in Virg. Eclog. 3. Dametas first of all putting forth this riddle;
Tell in what place (and I will reckon thee
For great Apollo's self) the welkin large
Iust three els broad & no more seems to be.
And Menal…as answering in this other riddle;
Tell in what place the flowers have their marge
With kings names in their leaves inscribed plain,
And to thy self take Phillis for thy pain.
Q. Give example of feigned Equalls.
A. Feigned equalls are such as is in AEschinus Sacraticus, wherein Socrates sheweth Aspatìa speaking to Xenophons wife, and Xenophon himself. Tell me I pray thee, thou wife of Xenophon, if thy neighbour should have better gold then thou, whether hadst thou rather have hers or thine? Hers, said she. And if she have a gowne, and other womens garments of a greater price then thou, whether hadst thou rather have hers or thine? Hers, said she. Go to then, If she have a better husband then thou, hadst thou rather have hers? Here the woman blushed. But Aspatia spake to Xenophon himself; I pray thee (said she) if thy neighbour have a better horse then thou, hadst thou rather have his or thine? His, said he: but if he have better ground then thou, whether hadst thou rather have his? His, said he: viz. the best. But if he have a better wife then thou hast, whether hadst thou rather have his or thine? And here Xenophon also himself held his peace.
CAP. 18. Greaters.
Q. What are unequals?
A. Unquals are those of which the quantity is not one.
Q. What be the kindes of unequals?
A. Unequall is greater or lesser.
Q. What is Greater?
A. Greater is that which quantity exceedeth.
Q. What be the proper notes of it?
A. Not only, but also; I had rather
Q. Give example.
A. Cicero pro Mur. There is take… from amongst us not onelyonly that verb… counterfeit of prudence, but also that Lady of things, Wisdom it self: The thing is carried by force; not onelyonly the hatefull Orator in pleading, or the pratler, but also the truly good is despi…sed. A horrid souldier is loved.
Q. Is not a certain logicall gradation… somtime joyned with a rhetorical climax, taken from hence?
A. Yes.
Q. Shew example.
A. Pro Mil. Neither did ho…se handle himself to the people onelyonly, but also to the Senate; neither to the Senate only, but also to the publick President and souldiers: neither to these alone, but also to the power of those… to whom the care of the Senate, souldiers, and the whole common-wealth of Italy was committed.
Q. Give a poeticall example.
A. Iu. Sat. 8. against a proud nobleman.
Rather had I Thirses thy Sire should be,
Whil'st that AEatides is like to thee:
And that thou shouldst with Vulcan armour make,
Then for Achilles son men should thee take,
Or that thy feature should like Thirses be.
Q. Proceed to further example.
A. Pro. Marc. Having more admiration then glory. AEneid. 1.
O fellows, we these evils knew before;
God will them end, we greater far have bore.
Cic. pro Mur. Be not so unjust, that when as thy fountains are opened by thine enemies, our rivers should be stopped up even by our friends.
Q. …ve an example of a gradation, without a rhetorical climax.
TER. Thr. But doth Thais give me many thanks for it? Gn. Many. Thr. Sayest thou so? is she glad? Gn. Not so much for the gift it self, as that i… was given by thee: for that she triumpheth in good earnest.
Q. Are not also Greaters feigned?
A. Yes, and of great force.
Q. Give example
A. TER. Hert. A Noble-man, if he be made a Lover, can never undergo the charges: much lesse thou then.
AEneid. ….
O great AEneas, although Jove should not
Promise to help or aid me now one jot,
I hope that Italy shall reach to heaven,
The winds once chang'd, their forces cros… have driven,
Arising from black night i'th city cast,
Our pow'r is weak, our greatest streng… but wast
CAP. 20. Lessers.
Q. What is Lesser?
A. Lesser is that whose quantity is exceeded.
Q. How is a Lesser judged?
A. Oftentimes by proper notes.
Q. What be these notes?
A. Not only: But not all: Rather this then that: Whenas… As also.
Q. How else?
A. By Grammaticall comparison.
Q. How lastly?
A. By the denying of parts.
Q. Give example of the notes out of some Orator.
A. CIC. secund. Cat. No man, not onelyonly of Rome, but in no corner of all Italy was ever oppressed with so great a Tax, as that he once knew of so incredible a Cesar. Cat. 1. Thou canst rather as an Exul tempt, then as a Consul. vex the Common-wealth. Ag. 2. Which, when to all it is very hard, and an evill reason, then truly to me above the rest.
Q. Give poeticall examples.
A. Ovid. Trist. 1.
More fierce then Busiros, more fierce then he
Who in slow fire his ox burnt furiously.
Ovid. 1. de Remed. Amor.
Thy body to redeem, bear sword and fire,
Ne drink to cool thy thirsty hot desire:
To save thy soul wilt thou not all forbear?
This part exceeds the other price by far.
Q. Give example of those which are done by the denying of parts.
A. Phil. 9. All in all ages who have had the understanding of the Law in this city, if they might be brought together into one place, are not to be equalled with Servius Sulpitius. Cat. 2. Although those which say that Catilina is gone to Messilia, do not so much complain of it, as fear it.
Q. Is it not somtimes without notes?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Pro Mur. Thou art so much wanting from the perfection of g… works, as the foundation, which thou thinkest thou hast not yet layd. Pu… Arch. The stones and desarts ofte… times answer to the voyce; wild beas… are tamed and subdued by singing… shall not then the instructions of the Poets in the best thing move us?
Q. Is there not also a gradation fr… Lesses?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Ver. 7. Is it a great act to overthrow the city Rome, to beat a knave, to kill a Parricide? What shall I say? to hang him upon the gallows?
Q. Are not Lessers also somtimes feigned?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Virg. Eclog. 1.
The light heel'd Hinds in th' air shal fe… therfore,
And in the Ocean all the fishes die
For want of water, on the naked shore:
The wandring Parthian first shall drinken dry
Huge Araxis; and gus…ing Germany
Suck down their thirsty throats swif… Tigris tide,
Ere his sweet face shall from my bosome slide.
Q. Give another example.
A. Phil. 2. O filthy thing, not only to the sight, but also to hear of! If it had happened to thee amongst thine inhumane pots, who would not have accounted it filthy? but in the assembly of the Romans about publick affairs, the Master of the Horse, to whom it is not comely to belch, he vomiting a crust of bread and wine, filled his lap and all the Tribunal with stink.
CAP. 21. Likes.
Q. You have expounded Comparison in Quantity, Comparison in Quality followeth. What therefore is Quality?
A. Quality is that whereby the things compared are said to be such.
Q. What are the kindes of Quality?
A. Like or Dislike.
Q. What are Likes?
A. Likes are those of which there is the same quality.
Q. What are Likes called?
A. Like is called Proportion, as the Likes are proportionable.
Q. What are t…e notes of Likenes, whereby it is concluded in one word?
A. Like, effigies, in that manner; as also denials of dislikenes.
Q. What be they?
A. Such as this; Not otherewise.
Q. Give example of the first sort.
A. AEn…id. 1. His mouth and shoulders being like to God. Phi. 9. Thoug… S…rvius Sulpitius could leave no cleare monument then his son, the effigies o… his māers, vertues, constancy, piety, wi…
Q. Give example out of some Poet.
A. Ovid. Trist. 1.
For he or none, even he that made th… wound
OnelyOnly Achilles 'tis can make me sound.
Q. Proceed to farther examples.
A. In Phis. There was one day… which was to me the likenes of immortality, wherein I returned to my country. Ver. 1. But presently from the sam… likenes of a man, as it were by som… Circean pot, he is made a Beare. P… Pomp. Therefore all in this place d… behold Cons. Pompeius not as one sen… from the city; but fallen from heaven. AEneid. 3. They do not that which I hav… commanded. Ter. I am not, neithe… have beene otherwise then he.
Q. What is the partition of likeness?
A. Disjoyned or continued.
Q. What is a disjoyned similitude?
A. A disjoyned similitude is when as foure termes are distinguished to the thing.
Q. Give example.
A. Eclog. 5.
So me thy song as sleep on grass doth please
The traveller, his weary limbs to ease.
Q. What is the force of this example?
A. The songs to the hrarers, as sleepe to the weary, are foure distinct termes.
Q. Give another example.
A. Ad fratrem: As the best governours cannot overcome the force of the tempest, so the wisest men oftentimes cannot overcome the violence of fortune.
Q. Shew the force of this example.
A. Here are four termes, as the governour to the shippe, so wise men to fortune.
Q… Proceed to farther examples.
A. Trist. 1.
As yellow glod in flaming fire is seen,
So men may trust in time that's sharp and keen.
Cic. Phil. 2. But even as those who in a great sickness do not taste the sweetnesse of meat; so the lustfull, covetous, wicked have not the taste of true praise. Virgil made these Verses;
All night it rain'd, next day the signes were seen.
Th' Empire's parted Cesar and Jove between.
Battillus arrogated them to himself, and obtained a great reward: therefore Virgil in these Verses mocketh Battillus:
I made these rhimes, another had the land,
So Birds, you nests not for your selves have made:
So you, ô Bees, make hony not for you:
So you, ô Sheep, bear wool, but not for you:
So you, ô O xen, plough, but not for you.
Q. Ar… not the notes sometimes omitted?
A. Yes, somtimes there is no note at all.
Q. Give an example.
A. Virg. Eclog. 2.
Ah my fair boy, trust not thy hue too much
Hurtles, though black, by every handsome hand
Are pluck'd; while Daysies none vouchsafe
Though they be white, yet shed they as they stand.
Q. What is continuall likeness?
A. A continuall likenesse is when as the first terme is to the second, so the second to the third.
Q. Give an example.
A. De Leg. 3. See you not that this is the Magistrates power, that he should rule and prescribe right, profitable, and agreeing things with the lawes? for as the lawes do govern the Magistrates, so the Magistrates do rule the people.
Q. What is the force of this example?
A. Here are three terms, Laws, Magistrates, People.
Q. Have not feigned likeness equal force with these above?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. It appeareth chiefly in this explicated similitude of Esope his Apology, taken out of Horace, Epist… 1.
But if Romes people ask me happily,
Why not 'mongst Iudges on the bench fit I,
And do that which they love, fly that they hate?
I answer as the crafty Fox of late,
When toth' sick lion he this message sen…,
Fain would I come, to that thing was I bent;
But that! I saw the steps of many feet
That way to go, none back again to get.
CAP. 22. Dislikes.
Q. What are dislikes.
A. Dislikes are comparatives, whose quality is diverse.
Q. What are the proper notes of dislikes?
A. Dislike, different, another.
Q. Give example.
A. Pro Plan. Although the paying of mony and thanks be unlike. AEneid. 1. O ancient house! O how unlike for that Lord to govern! Caes. Pri. Bel. Gal. All these differed in their tongues, instructions, lawes. Agra. 2. One is known by his countenance, another by his voyce, another by his gate. De Nat. Deo. 2. Because I have begun to do otherwise then I had said in the beginning.
Q. Are not dislikes also knowne by denying the likes?
A. Yes.
Q. Give an example.
A. De orat. 2. Philosophy is not like the other artes. AEneid 2. But he was not of that seed wherein thou remembrest Achilles, such was Priamus his enemy. Lor. Epist. 1. There is not the same age, the same minde. Ad frat. 1. So thy ring is not as a certain vessel, but as thy self. Phil. 3. This certain day he is wont to expect not so much of sacrifice as counsel.
Q. Give some poeticall examples.
A. By this argument the shepherd confesseth his error, AEclog. 1.
Ah fond friend Melie, I whilom deem'd
That famous city which I now and then
In common chat amongst our country men,
Have heard denoted by the name of Rome
For all the world like to our homely home.
And by and by;
—so did I dare
Kids liken to their Goats, whelpes to their dams,
And Moul-hills wont to mountains to compare.
Q. Shew the force of this example.
A. As neither the whelpes to the dogges, nor kids to their dams; so n… ther is Mantua like to Rome.
Q. Be not notes of dislikes sometime… wanting?
A. Yes, oftentimes, and the dislikeness is more clearly explicated.
Q. Give an example out of some Orator.
A. Quint. l. 1.… 11. Brutus slew th… children of the traitors: Muntius di… punish by death the vertue of his sonne.
Q. Give another example.
A. Cat: the sunne sets and riseth again: but when our little light setteth, there is a perpetual night.
CAP. 23. Conjugates.
Q. Hitherto you have expounded th… first arguments, those derived from the first follow; What are they then?
A. Those derived from the first are these, which are even to that which they argue, as the first from whence they are derived.
Q. What be the kinds of these arguments?
A. A Conjugate, a Notation, … Distribution, and a Definition.
Q. What are Conjugates?
A. Conjugates are names drawn diversly from the same principle.
Q. Give example.
A. Justice, just, justly.
Q. Is there not a symboll in conjugate… of agreeing arguments?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Propert. lib. 2.
Because in love there is no liberty,
Who ever loves, that man can ne'r be free.
Q. Shew the force of this example.
A. Here liberty is the cause why we should be free.
Q. Give another example.
A. Cic. Nat. Deo. 2. Where he speaketh of Dionysius the Tyrant. He commanded that the tables of silver in which were the images o… the gods, should be taken away; in which, after the manner of the Graecians, should b… ingraven, The goods of the gods; saying, that he was willing to use of their goodness.
Q. Shew the force of this example.
A. The Gods are good, therefore their goodnesse is to be used; here from the Effects it is directed to the Causes.
Q. Give another example.
A. Ter. I am a man, no humane thin… is strange to me.
Q. Is it not sometimes from the subject to the adjunct?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Phil. 2. I will not handle thee as a Consul, lest thou handle me as one st…nding for the Consulship. In Pis. When as all the cause was of the Consuls and Senate, both the Consuls and Senate had need of my help.
CAP. 24. Notations.
Q. What is notations?
A. Notation is the interpretation of a name.
Q. What are names?
A. Names truely are notes of things.
Q. May there not be rendred a reason of the names?
A. Yes, either from the deriation or composition, if they be made by true notation, from some first argument.
Q. Give example.
A. Homo ab humo. Ovid. Fast. 6.
…tat vi terra sua, vi stando vesta vocatur.
Q. Shew the force of this example.
A. This is a notation from the cause.
Q. Give another example.
A. At focus à flammis, & quod fovit omnia dictus.
Q. Shew the force of this example.
A. This is a notation from the effects.
Q. Give another example.
A. Vir. 4. O Verrea praeclara… quid enim accessisti, quo non attuleris tecum istum diem? & enim quam tu domum, quam urbem adiisti, quod fanum denique, quod non eversum, atque extersum reliqueris? quare appellentur sanè ista Verrea, quae non ex nomine, sed ex moribus, naturâque tuâ constituta esse videantur?
Q. Shew the force of this example.
A. This is also a notation from the effects.
Q. Give another example.
A. Ovid. Fast. 1.
Prima dies tibi carna datur, dea cardinis haec est,
Nomine clausa aperit, claudit aper… suo.
Q. Wherein is the force of this exāple?
A. This is a notation from the subjects in the inward, about which the deity of this goddesse is exercised.
Q. Give another example.
A. From the adjuncts there is … notation from Bambalion, Phil. 2. Quia balbus & stupidus: hinc igitu… cavillatio in Antonium generum. Tu… conjugis, bonae foeminae, locupletati… quidem certè, Bambalio quidem pater, ho…o nullo numero, nihil illo contemptius, qui propter haesitantiam linguae, stuporémque cordis, cognomen ex contumelia traxerit.
Q. Shew the force of this example.
A. This is a notation from adjuncts.
Q. Are there not notations also from disagreeings?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Quint. lib. 1. cap. 6. Lucus, quia umbra opacus parum luceat…: & ludus, quia sit longissimè a lusu; & dis, quia minimè dives.
Q. May not notation be also from comparatives?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Pyropus, quod ignis flammam imitetur.
Q. But is there not, as to the notation to his name, so an affection of the name to the notation?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Animi plenus, ergo animosus.
Q. Shew the contrary.
A. Animosus, ergo animi plenus.
CAP. 25. Distribution.
Q. What are the other derived arguments?
A. Distribution and Definition.
Q. Is there not a reciprocall affection in both these?
A. Yes.
Q. What is the affection in the distribution?
A. Of all parts with the whole.
Q. What is the affection in the de…inition?
A. Of the Definition with the things defined.
Q. What is a Distribution?
A. A Distribution is, when the whole is distributed into parts.
Q. What is the whole?
A. The whole is that which containeth parts.
Q. What are parts?
A. Parts are those which are contained of the whole.
Q. It should seem then that the distinction of the whole into parts, is Distribution.
A. So I said.
Q. What is then the collection of the parts to the making up of the whole?
A. It is called Induction.
Q. Whence is Distribution taken?
A. Distribution is taken from arguments altogether agreeing, but disagreeing amongst themselves: therefore it shall be by so much more accurate, by how much the agreeings of the parts shall be with the whole, and the disagreeing among themselves.
CAP. 26. The destribution from the cause.
Q. Whence is the First Distribution?
A. The first distribution is from absolute Agreeings.
Q. What are these absolute Agreeings?
A. The Causes and Effects.
Q. What is distribution from the Causes?
A. Distribution from the Causes, is when the parts are causes of the whole. Here the distribution of perfect into its members is greatly praised.
Q. What is Perfect?
A. Perfect is the whole, to which the parts are essentiall.
Q. What is a member?
A. A member is a part of the whole.
Q. Give example.
A. Grammer is divided into Etymology and Syntaxis; Rhetorick, into Elocution and Action; Dialectica, into Invention and Judgment: for those Arts are constituted of those parts.
Q. What is the principall Distribution?
A. When the explication of a longer thing is received.
Q. Give example.
A. Georg. 1.
What makes glad corn, and how to till the ground,
How to plant elms, that be so strong and sound:
How to guide oxen, cattell how to tend,
And how the little pretty B…e defend,
I will declare.—
Q. Give another example.
A. Cic. pro Mur. I understand, O you Judges, that the whole accusation hath three parts; one of which is in reprehension of life, another in contention of dignity, the third touching the fault.
Q. How is the second kinde of handling this kinde of argument?
A. Either from the Parts to the Whole; or from the Whole to the Parts.
Q. Give example.
A. Cat.
Quintia is faire to many, so to me,
I will not therefore this same thing deny;
But wholly faire I will not say she's not,
True beauty in her there is not a jot.
Lesbius faire in every part, most fine,
Venus adorn'd her, cleer did make her shine.
CAP. 27. The distribution from the Effects; also the Genus and Species.
Q. What is the Distribution from the Effects?
A. The Distribution from the Effects, is when the Parts are Effects.
Q. Give example.
A. In a ship the sea-men, some scale the masts, some run in at the doors, some draw water, the Governour holdeth the rudder in the ship.
Q. May not distribution of Genus into Species be comprised under this head?
A. Yes, distribution of Genus into Species doth here excell.
Q. What is Genus?
A. Genus is the whole essential in par…s
Q. What is Species?
A. Species is the parts of Genus.
Q. Give example.
A. We say, A living creature is the genus of a man, and a beast; for a living creature is the whole of that effect; viz. a corporall living substance, which commonly pertaineth to the beasts and men: We say, the species of a man and a beast is living, because they are parts of a living subject, which living essence they have common: We say, A man is the genus of every man, and a lion the genus of every lion; but contrary, every man the species of a man, every lion of a lion.
Q. What is the kinds of the Genus?
A. The Genus is most generall, or subalternat.
Q. What are the kinds of the Species?
A. The Species is subalternate, or most speciall.
Q. What is the most generall Genus?
A. The most generall Genus, is that of which there is no kinds.
Q. Give example.
A. In Logical Invention, an argument is the most generall genus of artificials, and inartificials.
Q. VVhat is the subalternate Genus, and the subalternate Species?
A. The subalternate Genus, as also the subalternate Species, is that which is the species of this, but the genus of that.
Q. Give example.
A. The Cause is the species of an absolute arguing Argument, but the genus of the Matter, and Form.
Q. But what is the most special Species?
A. The most speciall Species is that which is individable into other species.
Q Give example.
A. The matter and forme si…gly.
Q. What are the Genus and Species notes of?
A. Of the Causes and Effects.
Q. Give example.
A. In a living thing there is a corporeal essence, which in the matter is belonging commonly to the species, as also the faculty of life & sense, which in the form pertaineth commonly to the species.
Q. It should seeme that the Genus contains the causes which attain to the …pecies of it; and therefore contrarily, the Species contains the Effects of their Genus.
A. So it is.
Q. From whence then is that universall famousnes and excellency?
A. From hence, because it declareth the causes.
Q. Shew some example now of the distributions of the Genus into Species.
A. Distribution of Genus into Species is very excellent truly, but hard and seldom found; yet we wil bring what illustrations and examples wee can. Ovid. (Met. 1.) divideth living creatures in…o five Species; Starrs, Birds Beasts, Fish, Men: hee giveth life to the stars, as the Philosophers doe.
No region is without some living thing,
Stars in the skies, the forms of gods being;
Birds in the aire in abundance be,
Beasts on the earth, and fishes in the sea.
But yet 'mongst these a creature more divine,
Who may them rule & govern all, in fin…
There wanted much, until the man w… born.
So Cic. (Offic. 1.) divideth vertue into four Species, Prudence, Justice, Fo…titude, and Temperance; but all that is honest springeth out of one of these four parts; for either it is conversant in the knowledg and skill of the truth, or in the defending the society of men, and giving every one his owne; Also in trust of things bargained, or in a high mind and admirable greatness and courage. Or lastly, in all things which are made and called order and means, in which is modesty and temperance.
Q. What is distribution of the Genus into the formes of the Species?
A. Distribution of the Genus into the formes of the Species is the same; because the forme with the Genus, constitute their Species.
Q. Give example.
A. Of living creatures, one is speaking, another dumb.
Q. May not Genus and Species be …andled apart and severally?
A. Yes, Genus and Species are not only handled after this simple forme of division, but also apart one from another.
Q. Give example.
A. Pro Arc. But least any should wonder that we say so, that there is a certain faculty of wit, and this reason or discipline of speaking; neither that we have truly given our selves altogether to this study: For all Arts which pertain to humanity, have a certain common hand, and are contained (as it were) in a certain knowledg amongst themselves.
Q. Shew the force of this example.
A. Art is the Genus, Poesie and Eloquence the Species.
Q. Is not the Genus handled also by the Species?
A. Yes.
Q. Give example.
A. Ovid de Trist. 4.
Fill thy sad matter with thy vertues grave.
Hot glory doth decay, it none can save.
Who had known Hector, if Troy well had been?
Through publick vices way to vertue'… se…
Thine Art, ô Typhis lyes, if in the sea
There be no floods: if men be well, truly,
Then Phoebus Art decayeth instantly.
That which they hid, and is not known f… good,
Appears at last, and shews where evi… stoo…
Q. But are there no speciall example… fitted to this kinde?
A. Yes, such as this. Attic. 7. Wil… thou leave the city? what if the Frenchmen come? The common-weal… (he saith) is not in walls, but Altars and Religion. Themistocles did the same, and a whole host of Barbaria… were not able to take one city. B… Pericles did not so, who in the year almost before fifty, when he kept nothing but a wall; our city before being taken, they kept the tower notwithstanding.
CAP. 28. Distribution from the Subject.
Q. What is the other distribution?
A. The other distribution is of Agreeings after a certain manner.
Q. What are Agreeings after a certain manner?
A. The subjects and adjuncts.
Q. What is the distribution from subjects?
A. The distribution from Subjects, is, when the parts are subjects.
Q. Give example.
A. Cat.
Thy maiden-head's not wholly thine, I ween,
One part thy father gave, the part between
Thou of thy mother had'st; so that to thee
None but the third remaineth for to be:
Therefore resist not two, cast not away
The thing thy parents gave to thee, I say.
Q. Give example out of some Orator.
A. Cic. Tnsc. 1. There are therefore three kindes of good, as I un…erstond from the Stoicks, to whose use, oftener then I am wont, we give place. There are therefore those kinde… of good, which may be externally enjoyed of the body: Also because others ar… to be undertaken, they are therefore called good. There are other divine things which do more nearly concern us, and are heavenly; so that those who have attained them, why may I not call them after a manner blessed, yea most happy?
CAP. 29. Distribution from adjucts.
Q. What is distribution from A… juncts.
A. Distribution from Adjuncts is… when the parts are Adjuncts.
Q. Give example.
A. Of men, some are sound, some sick, some rich, some poor.
Q. Give a poeticall example.
A. Virgil (Georg. 1.) divideth th… world into five parts; the middle scorc… ing hot, the other two extream col… the two last temperate.
Five zones the heavens do hold, the …i… dle hot,
The sun there burns, cold in it the… is n…
But on the right and left ha… there i… seen
Rain, frost and cold, that's bitter, sharpe and keen.
The two last temperate, yet in them is
Mortality, and many sicknesses.
Q. Give an Orators example.
A. Caes. Bel. Gal. 1. All France is divided into three parts; of which, one the Belgians inhabite, the other the AEquitans, the third those who in their tongue are called Cetts, in our language the Gaules.
CAP. 30. Definition.
Q. What is definition?
A. Definition is when it is explicated what the thing is, and that interchangeably may be argued with the thing defined.
Q. What are the …des of Definition?
A. A Definition is perfect or imperfect.
Q. What is the Perfect definition callde?
A. This is properly called a Definition.
Q. What is the Imperfect called?
A. A Description.
Q. VVhat is a perfect Definition?
A. A Perfect definition is a definition consisting of the onelyonly Causes which constitute the Essence: such as the causes comprehended by the genus and form.
Q. Give example.
A. After this manner is a man desined, viz. by the genus (a living creature) we understand (as it is said) a Corporeal Essence full of life and sense, which is the Matter, and a part of the Form of a man; to which, if thou addest reasonable, thou comprehendest the whole form of a man, by the whole faculty of his Life, Sense, Reason.
Q. It should seem then that the Perfect definition is nothing else then an universall symbol of the Causes constituting the Essence an… Nature of things?
A. So it is.
Q. Give an example.
A. the Arts have such definitions; Grammer, of well speaking; Rhetoricke, of pleading well; Dialectica, of disputing well; Arithmetick, of numbring well; Geometry, of measuring well.
CAP. 31. Description.
Q. VVhat is Description?
A. Description is a definition defining the thing from other arguments also.
Q. Give example.
A. This is the description of a man; A man is a living creature, mortall, capable of discipline.
Q. Are not proper circumstances also mingled with common causes sometimes?
A. Yes.
Q. Then it seemeth that succint brevity is not alwayes in this kinde.
A. No, oftentimes it desireth a clearer and greater explication.
Q. Give an example out of some Orator.
A. In Mil. Glory is described. But yet of all rewards of vertue (if there be a reason of rewards) the greatest is glory; this one comforteth us touching the shortness of our life, causeth that we are present with the absent; of dead, maketh us to live. To conclude; by these steps we do seem to ascend into heaven.
Q. Give a poeticall example.
A. AEneid. 4. Fame is described.
From Lybians temple cometh forth great fame,
Nought swifter then ill news which bears this name,
Moving she goes, by going strength she gets;
She feares at first, at last with windes she fleets,
VValkes on the earth, her head she lifts to th' skie;
Earth brought her forth, the gods were angery;
In Coeus and Encelladus his land
She was at last, as I do understand;
Her feet were swift, her wings most hurtful were,
A horrid monster, wicked, ful of feare.
As many feathers as upon her are,
So many eyes attend her every where,
So many tongues, so many mouths do sound,
So many ears do listen her around.
In night she flies through heaven, and in the shade
About the earth she goes, no noyse is made:
She …itteth by the light on houses high,
And causeth townes to quiver fearfully;
As well a bruiter of things false that be,
As messenger of truth and verity.
Q. Procced to further example?
A. Such are the descriptions of plants and living creatures, in Physicke: also of rivers, mountains, cities, in Geography and History.
CAP. 32. Divine testimony.
Q. You have expounded the Artificial arguments, the Inartificiall followeth; Tell me then what an Inartificiall argument is?
A. An Inartificiall argument is, that which argueth not by its own nature, but taketh force from some artificiall argument.
Q. It seemeth by this, when a hidden truth of things is more subtily searched for, that this argument hath small force of proofe.
A. So it is: but in civill and humane things oftentimes this argument effecteth the greatest trust from the moving arguments, if wisdome, vertue, and good will be present.
Q. VVhat is it called?
A. In one name it is called Testimoyn.
Q. What are the kindes of Testimo…y…
A. Divine or Humane.
Q. What may be comprised under the head of Divine Testimony?
Q. Not onelyonly the miracles of the gods, but also the answers of prophets and fortune-tellers are counted amongst divine Testimonies.
Q. Give example.
A. All these are brought forth, Cat. 3 For that I may omit (saith the Orator) the fires seen in the night from the West, and the burning of heaven, as also lightning, and earthquakes, with other many things done to us Consuls, as those which are now done, do seem to proclaime the gods immortality. And a little after; At which time, when the Araspatians were come together out of all Hetruria, they said that slaughter, burning, perishing of the lawes, civill and domesticall war, and the fall of the whole City and Empire approached, unless the immortall gods (pleased by all reason) by their power should change those destinies. At length, when he had said that they mocked at the answer of the Arispatians, and that they did more regard the signe of Iove turning to the East; He then said; But is not he so present, that it should, seem to be done at the beck of the mighty Iove, that when this, morning before my doore, by my command and conjuration, the Judges being then in the house of Concordia; at the same time there appeared a signe which being turned towards you and the Senate, both you and the Senate saw manifestly laid open, who they were that were against the health of all men?
Q. Give another example.
A. That of Tibullus is more short.
But if that oracles true things do tell,
Then this in our name see thou do declare:
That he doth promise Delius to give
To be thy spouse, with whom thou'lt happy live.
CAP. 33. Testimony from humane law and sentences.
Q. What be the kindes of humane Testimony?
A. Humane Testimony is common, or proper.
Q. What is common?
A. Law, and a famous Sentence.
Q. What is legall testimony?
A. Legall testimony is both unwritten and written.
Q. Bring forth authority for this.
A. Pro Mil. For there is (O ye Judges) a law not writtē, but born with us, which we have not received, learned, read; but taken, drawn, expressed from Nature: as if our life should be in some hazard, force, danger either of theeves or enemies, all honest reasō were to be sought of safety; but if the twelve Tables will have the night thee…e, yea the day theef too, if he defend himself after any manner, killed without punishment; who is there that will thinke him that is slain to be punished, when as there is a sword reached to us, to kill that man by the Lawes themselves?
Q. What are famous Sentences?
A. Proverbs.
Q. Give example.
A. They be such as these. Pares cum paribus facillimè congregantur. Spartam nactus es, hanc exorna.
Q. What may further be under this head?
A. Sayings of wisdome also.
Q. Give example.
A. Nosce teipsum. Nequid nimis. Sponde praestò ad detrimentum.
Q. What is Proper testimony?
A. Such as this of Plato. 1. ad Quint. fratr. And then truely, Plato the Prince of wisdome, and learning, thought those cōmon-wealths blessed, if either learned and wise men governed them, or those that did govern, placed all their study in wisdome and learning.
Q. Proceed to further example.
A. Such were in the Poets, AEneid 4 Learn justice and admonitions, and contemn not the rich. So in Homer.
foreign
Ajax led out of Salaminus 12 ships.
The Magatenses were overcome by the Athenians.
Q. What are testimonies of the living?
A. Testimonies of the living, are not only when it is inquired of ground, felling of wood, and such like business; but also there are testimonies of obligation, confessing, oath.
Q. Give an example of obligation.
A. Phil. 5. For I dare bind my faith (P.C.) to you and the people of Rome, that truly, when no force constrained me, I durst not do; and I feared an opinion of temerity, in a thing greatly hurtfull; I promise and swear (P.C.) to become alwayes such a citizen to Cesar, as he himself is, and as we ought chiefly to wish or desire.
Q. Have we not an obligation set forth sometimes with a pledge?
A. Yes: Virg. Eclog. 3.
Wilt then by turnes, we hand to hand do try
What either can, and prove each by our deed?
Ile pawn this heiser (which lest thou deny)
She twice hath come already to the payle,
And two twins suckles at this time. Now say,
What pawn thou'lt gage with her to countervail.
Q. What are the kindes of confession?
A Confession is free, or extorted by torments.
Q. What is this later properly called?
A A question.
Q. Give example.
A. Such an argument there is against Milon, who… Cicero derided. Go to then, VVhat, or how is the question? how? where was Roscius? where was Casca? Doth Clodius lay snares for Milon? he hath done, surely the gallows. He had done nothing.
Q. What further may be reduced hitherto?
A. Hitherto may be referred the argument which we use when we bring forth our approbation, and experience of our affirmative.
Q. Give example.
A. Ver. 4. Even Volcatio, if he had come freely, would he have given a little book? he shall come, he shall be tryed; no man truely receiveth it. Ter. Spend thy time in letters, in the woods, in musick: It is meet for youth to know these liberal things. I will give diligence.
Q. Give a poeticall example.
A. Ovid. Trist. 3.
The which, that thou mayst better credit me,
Try thou my pains, beleeve it then to be.
Q. Give an example also of the Testimony of an oath.
A. AEneid. 6.
I swear by th' gods, and all in earth unseen,
I have departed from thy shore, ô Queen.
Q. This reciprocation seemeth to be more obscure, as because the testimony is true, the witnes is also true.
A. So it is: and thus much sufficeth to have spoken of Invention, the first part of the science Dialectica.