The Lives and Deaths of Persons Surnamed Great, Life 12

The Lives and Deaths of Persons Surnamed Great · Life 12

p. 280THE LIFE and DEATH OF CHARLES the GREAT, King of FRANCE, And Emperour of GERMANY.

PEPIN, Pepins Children.sirnamed The short, the twenty third King of France, (a wise and valiant Prince) had two Sons, Charles and Caroloman, and five Daughters: Birthe, who was married to Milon Earl of Mans, by whom she had great Rowland: Hiltrude, married to Rene Earl of Genes, by whom she had the renowned Oliver; Rohard, Adeline, Idubergue, Ode, and Alix.

Pepin being toiled out with great Wars, much broken with the care of publick affairs, and now grown Old, that he might imploy his last days in the maintenance of Justice and Peace, the burden of War he laid upon his Eldest Son Charles, a wise and valiant young Prince, of whose modesty and obedience he was well assured: And then retiring to Paris, he was not long after surprised with sickness, in which he recommended his two Sons to the Estates of France, Pepins Death.to give them portions at their pleasures, and so ended his days Anno Christi 768.

He was a Religious Prince,His Character. wise, moderate, valiant, loving to his Subjects and beloved of them, happy in his Father, and his Children, and in his Government; An excellent Pattern for other Princes, who by his Example, p. 281hold it for an undoubted Maxim, That the strongest Fortress, and best security for a Prince, is the love of his Subjects, and the surest bond of his Authority, a respect gotten, and preserved by virtue.

Pepin being dead, the Estates of France assembled together, and by their joynt consents,Charles made King. divide the Kingdom betwixt his two Sons Charles, and Caroloman, by equal portions. Brothers these were of divers humours, who had certainly ruined each other by this equality of power, had not the death of Caroloman, within three years after, divolved the Government of the whole Realm upon Charles.

Charles was endowed with singular gifts both of Body and Mind,His Education. which were much improved by the sedulous care of his Prudent Father, manifested in the virtuous education of him: For which end he procured Paul of Pisa, a learned man, to instruct him in the Greek and Latin Tongues, and one Aymon to read to him Philosophy, and the Mathematicks: Himself also trained him up in Feates of Arms, and Warlike exercises. But above all, and as the ground of all virtues, he was careful to have him trained up, and well instructed in Religion, which all his life after he loved, and honoured with great Reverence the Church and Pastors thereof. He called the study of Humane Sciences his Pastimes, and the companions of his Sword, and did sometimes recreate himself therein. He loved Learning and learned men by Nature. He delighted in Poesy, as some of his Writings do shew; but especially in History, wherein he was exceeding well read. Charity, Temperance, Equity, care of Justice to relieve his Subjects, to keep his Faith and promise, both to Friend and Foe, and to use a Victory modestly, were the notable effects of his excellent knowledg, as remarkable in him as in any Prince that ever lived. The Universities of Paris, and Pisa (either Founded, or endowed by him) witness the great love and honour that he did bear to learning.

During the Life of his Father Pepin, His Valour and other vertues.he shewed how much he had profited in Arms under so good a Schoolmaster, having great Commands under him, which he discharged with notable reputation; and the improvement of his skill and ability after he came to his Kingdom, shew plainly, that there was never any Souldier that carried Sword with more valour, nor great Captain that commanded with more obedience, or that performed Noble Actions with greater success, or that used his Victories with more mildness, and judgment. Neither did ever King or Prince rule with more authority, nor was more reverently obeyed by this Subjects and Souldiers than our Charles; who therefore well deserved the name of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, by reason of his great virtues. He was of a lively disposition, quick, active, and vehement: Quicquid egit, valdè egit: Yet modesty, and wisdom did so season, and moderate his vivacity, and vehemency, as gave a great lustre to both, and kept them within their due bounds: And this mixture of divers humours so tempered with moderation, made him as admirable for his Judgment, as venerable in his Person and countenance.

There appeared in him a grave,His Endowments. sweet Majesty in a goodly Personage: His Body was large and strong: He was very patient of labour: Had a quick spirit, was cleer and sound, both in apprehension, memory, and judgment: Resolution never failed him in difficulties, nor a Reply in Discourses. Terrible he was to some, Amiable to others, according to the Cause, Persons, and Occurrents: which virtues purchased him such great esteem, as that he was beloved, respected, and reverenced of all men, which effects the story of his raign will shew: For having received a great Kingdom from his Father, he enlarged it with wonderful success; God having raised him up to be a Bulwork to Christians against the inundation and rage of Barbarous Nations in the decay and ruin of the Empire. And in prosecuting the Narrative hereof, p. 282I shall first set down his actions during the Life of his Brother Caroloman, then what he did from the the time of his death, till he was made Emperour, and lastly what his Deportment was from thence to his Death.

Caroloman, Carolomans Envy.being Crowned King at Soissons, as Charles was at Wormes, began to be extream jealous of his Brothers greatness, whom, with grief, he saw to be beloved, honoured, and obeyed by all the French, and that deservedly for his singular virtues and endowments both of Body and mind. This jealousie (too ordinary a concomitant of Princes) made him seek by all means to undermine, and overthrow the affairs of Charlemagne, whose Eyes were fixed upon Italy, as the fittest, and most glorious Theatre wherein to exercise his valour, and to maintain his authority and power amongst Christians; and Caroloman did all that possibly he could to cross his designs therein. But before I bring him upon that stage, give me leave to shew you what at this time was the State of Italy, and Rome.

Rome (sometimes the Head of the World) was of late become the Chios ofThe State of Rome. all confusion, the Randevouz of all Barbarous Nations, as if they had vowed the ruin thereof by turns, having already sackt it three times. For under the Empire of Honorious, Anno Christi 414. The Goths, under their King Alaricus, after two years siege, took it, and sackt it, but did not dismantle it. Forty five years after, during the Empire of Martian, Anno Christi 459. the Vandales, under the conduct of Genserick their King, took it again, sackt it, spoiled and disgraced it, leading the Widow of the Emperour Valentinian the third, away in Triumph. And in the time of Justinian the Emperour, the Goths, under the command of Totila, having weakned it by a long siege, took it, sackt, and dismantled it. Thus Rome was no more Rome, but a spectacle of horrid confusion; after so many devastations retaining nothing of her antient beauty, but only the traces of her old buildings, and the punishment of her Idolatry and Tyranny; Afterwards the Longobards, or Lombards held Italy, for the space of two hundred years, till by our Charlemagne they were subdued, and expelled.

Presently after the Death of Pepin, the Church of Rome fell into great confusions by the pactices of Didier King of Lombardy, who having corrupted some of the Clergy, caused Constantine, Brother to Toton, Duke of Nepezo, to be chosen Pope,Several Popes chosen. which he persecuted with such violence, that he procured Philippicus, who ws already Canonically chosen, to be deposed: But the better party, seeing themselves contemned by the Lombards, assembled together, and by common consent, chose Steven the third (a Sicilian by birth) Pope; who being conscious to his own weakness, resolved to call in the King of France, and to oppose him against his too-powerful enemies.

Charles being thus sollicited by the Pope, sent twelve Prelates speedily to Rome, that he might strengthen the Popes party against the other, intending in a greater need to apply a greater remedy; and the matter succeeded according to his desire. For a Counsel being assembled at Lateran, they confirmed Steven, Steven confirmed.lawfully chosen, and deposed Constantine, who was set up by disorder and violence. But Didier would not rest satisfied with this affront, and seeing that force had succeeded no better, he rosolved to try Policy, intending to undermine Steven with fair pretences; For which end he sent to congratulate his Election,Didiers Policy. purged himself in reference to the Anti-Pope Constantine, now degraded: accused both him and his Brother Toton of ambition, and protested to live with Steven in amity; and to manifest this his good meaning, he desired him to be pleased with his repair to Rome, that there he might confer with him in private. The Pope (who never seeks to the French but in case of necessity) was easily perswaded by Didier, who came to Rome, confered with the Pope, and made great Protestations of his Obedience to him. But these his fair shews continued not long.

p. 283There was at this time at Rome a Governour for the Eastern Emperour, called Paul Ephialte, him Didier corrupted, and the administration of Justice being in his hands, he made use of him so cunningly, as that in the presence of Pope Steven, he caused him to seize upon two of his chief Secretaries, Christopher, and Sergius (whom Didier accused of some pretended crimes)The Popes Secretaries hanged. and presently to hang them in an infamous manner. Their greatest offence was, because they favoured the French. Neither did he rest here, but caused all the principal Citizens to be banished, whom he observed to be of the French faction, that so, having removed all hinderances, he might be Master of Rome in despite of the Pope.

Steven was not so dull but he discovered the Lombards practice exceedingly to tend to his prejudice:The Pope sends for King Charles. whereupon he sent to Charlemagne, beseeching him to prepare an Army against Didiers force. This Charlemagne easily assented to, and fully resolved upon: But Didier had provided a divertisement in France by the means of Caroloman, to stop Charles his passage into Italy, making work for him in Guienne, where there arose a perilous War upon this occasion.

Though the Country of Guienne depended upon the Crown of France, Troubles in Guienne.yet were there many Tumults raised by the practices of some Noblemen of the Country, who frequently stirred up the people (mutinous enough of themselves) to Rebellion. The cause of these Troubles, was the abuse of the former Kings Clemency and Bounty, who suffered such people as he conquered, to enjoy their priviledges and liberties. Eudon (a Nobleman of Guienne) began first under Martel, Jeffery and Hunalt his Children, and heirs of his discontent, had continued it under Pepin; and Jeffery being now dead, Hunalt succeeded him with the like hatred, which Caroloman fomented, that he might imploy him against his Brother Charles.

Guienne was a part of Charles his portion: But Hunalts design was, to withdraw that Country wholly from the Crown of France, and for that end he pretended a Title to the Dukedom thereof, labouring to procure the people to Elect him, having the promise, and assistance of Caroloman to further him therein. Indeed the countenance of Caroloman could do much; but the wisdom and courage of Charlemagne prevailed more: For being advertised of Hunalts practice, and of his Brothers secret designs, he armed with such speed, as that he surprised the Towns of Poictiers, Xante, and Angoulesm, and all the Country adjoyning,Charles subdues Hunalt. Hunalt (who had reckoned without Charles) finding himself thus prevented, fled to a Noble man of that Country called Loup, whom he held, not only to be firm to his faction, but also his trusty and affectionate friend.

Charlemagne being informed hereof, sent presently to Loup, requiring him to deliver Hunalt into his hands, who was guilty of high Treason; and in the mean time he built a Fort in the midst of the Country,Charles his Policy and Glemency. where the Rivers of Dordonne, and Lisle do joyn, which he called Fronsac, the better to secure his Country against such Invaders. Loup, not daring to refuse, delivered up Hunalt, and all his Family into the hands of Charles, who pardoned Loup, and all that obeyed him; thus ending a dangerous War without blows: And to Hunalt he granted life, and liberty, and the enjoyment of his goods; leaving a memorable example to all Princes how to carry themselves in a Civil War, preventing a mischief by prudence; and diligence, and not to thrust their vanquished Subjects into despair by rigour.

Caroloman seeing his practices against his Brother to succeed so ill, undertook a journy to Rome, with an intent to cause some alterations there, which yet he covered with a pretence of devotion. He also took his Mother Berthe along with him, and in their passage, they were hourably entertained by Didier King of the Lombards, where Berthe treated, and concluded a marriage between her Son Charlemagne, and Theodora, Sister, or Daughter to this Didier, who was one of the greatest enemies to her Sons good fortune. Yet p. 284Charlemagne (to please his Mother) received his Wife,Charles his marriage. but soon after, put her away, as neither suiting with his affects, or affairs, and so, that which was intended as a cause of love, bred a greater hatred betwixt these two Princes. Caroloman having affected nothing at Rome answerable to his desire, but only discovered his foolish, and malicious jealousie, too apparent under his feigned devotion,Carolomans death. returned into France, and there soon after died. Anno Christi 770. Leaving the intire Kingdom to his Brother, who had how no Corrival.

Charlemagne having put away his Wife Theadora upon suspition of incontinency,Charles his second marriage. he married Hildegard, or Ildegrade, Daughter to the Duke of Sueve, his Vassal, by whom he had Charles, Pepin, and Lewis, and three Daughters, Rotrude, Berthe, and Gille, who were the Nursery of his Noble Family. But Carolomans jealousie died not with him, but survived in his Wife Berthe, who (being impatient of her present condition, and thrust headlong with a spirit of revenge against her Brother in Law, Charles) retired with her two Sons to Didier, King of Lombardy, as to the most bitter, and irreconcilable enemy of her Brother Charles. Didier intertained her and her Children very courteously, hoping by them to promote his design: But it proved the leaven of his own destruction. His practice (together with the Widows) was to procure the present Pope,Pope Adrian. who (Steven being dead) was one Adrian, a Roman Gentleman, to Crown, and confirm the Sons of Caroloman for Kings of France, wherein the Lombard had two designs. First, by this means to bring the Pope in disgrace with Charlemagne, that he might the easilier suppress him, being destitute of the French aides, whereon he chiefly relyed; and Secondly to set France in a flame, by setting up new Kings in it. Didier therefore earnestly besought the Pope to grant this favour to the Sons of Caroloman for his sake:Didiers Policy. besought the Pope to grant this favour to the Sons of Caroloman for his sake: But Adrian (well acquainted with the Lombards humour) was so resolute in denying his request, as that they fell into open hatred. And Didier being much displeased with this repulse, took Arms, and with his Forces entred into the Exarchy, He makes War against the Pope.being a Signory under the Popes jurisdiction, and besieged Ravenna, the chief City of the Exarchy: Whereupon the Pope sent his Nuncio to him, to expostulate the cause of this so sudden War against his Subjects; desiring him to restore what he had taken, and not to procced in this Hostile manner without any reasonable cause, and that upon the pain of Excommunication.

At the same time there fell out a great occasion to encrease the hatred betweenHunalts ingratitude. Charlemagne and Didier: For that Hunalt (who had been before vanquished in Guienne, and to whom Charles had shew'd so much favour) very ingratefully retired himself to Didier, who did not only receive him courteously, but honoured him by making him General of his Army which he had raised against the Pope. And Didier suffered himself to be so far abused by the insinuations, and perswasions of Hunalt, touching the means to attempt something against the Estates of Charlemagne, that holding Italy undoubtedly for his own, he plotted a War, and assured himself of a certain Victory in France. Thus Ambition and Covetousness hastens mens ruin. The Pope having no other defence to secure his Estate but his Excommunication, which against Didier proved but Brutum fulmen, a meer scare-crow, he was forced to have recourse to Charlemagne, The Pope sends to Charles for aid.as to his Sacred Anchor, or last Hope, intreating speedy aid from him in this his great necessity. Charlemagne had great reason to Arm against Didier, who had always crossed his affairs; fed and fomented his Brothers jealousies, entertained his Widow, and Children, and laboured to have them chosen Kings of France, and all to trouble or ruin his estate. He had also received his rebellious Subjects, and with their aid, practice to make a War against him.

The sollicitation, and request also of the Roman Church was a great incentive p. 285to induce him to Arm, against him, who professed himself to be an open Enemy to the Christian Religion,Charles Arms against Didier. whereof the former Kings of France had shewed themselves Protectors, and Guardians. But that he might not attempt any thing rashly, he first sent his Ambassadours to the Pope, to assure him of his good will, and promising not to be wanting to him in his necessity: Yet withal, to tell him, that he thought it best, first to use mildness, before he attempted force against the Lombard. He therefore sent also his Ambassadours to Didier to summon him to restore what he had taken from the Pope, and to suffer him to live in Peace. Didier (who relied much upon his Policy) gave good words to the Ambassadours, promising them to perform all that Charles required, but in effect, he would have the Pope to accept of conditions of Peace from him, and that the Children of Caroloman should be declared Kings of France.

These demands were judged so unreasonable, that the Treaty was broken, and the French Ambassadours returned home: And Didier prosecutes his War against the Church more eagerly than he did before;Didier prospers in his Wars. and having spoiled all the Territories of Ravenna, he took Faenza, Ferrara, Comachia, Campagnia, and Romandiola, Towns of the six Governments, or Hexarchy. Charlemagnes Ambassadours, upon their return, inform their Master, that the War with the Lombard could not be avoided: and they found Charles in a Posture fit to invade Italy: For he had Levyed a goodly Army to suppress the rebellious Saxons, who (impatient of the French yoke) revolted daily from his Obedience, which Army was now ready to be imployed against the Lombard.

Yet was not Charlemagne willing to attempt any thing in a matter of such importance without the advise of his Estates,Charles calls a Parliament. and therefore he presently summoned a Parliament, and (being loath to lose time) in the mean season he caused his Army to march, and to make their Rendevouz at Geneva, (a Town under his Obedinece, and in the way to Italy) and having divided his Army into two Parts, he seized upon the Passages of Mount-Cenis, and St. Bernard, which are the two entrances from France into Italy.

The Estates at their meeting having found the Causes of War againstEnters Italy, and heats Didier. Didier, King of Lombardy, to be just, Charlemagne caused his Army to advance with all speed, and to adjoyn near to Verceil. There Didier attended him and gave him Battel: But at the first encounter he was vanquished by Charlemagne. After which, the Lombard rallying, and re-enforcing his Army, fights him again, and was again beaten, and so shattered were his Troops, that he was enforced to suffer his Enemy to be Master of the Field; which proved an infallible Harbinger to his total ruin. Thus having tumultuously trussed up what he could in such haste, he sent his Son Aldegise to Verona, with the Widow and Children of Caroloman: and cast himself into Pavia, which he had diligently Fortified, as the Fortress, or Dungeon rather of his last Fortune.

Charlemagne pursues him at the heels,Charles besieges Pavia, and Verona. and with all his Forces besieged him in Pavia, resolving to have it at what price soever. And to make his resolution the more manifest, he sent for his Wife and Children into Italy, to the end that the Italians (who hitherto were doubtful to whom to adhere) might know his mind, and without attending any new occurrents, might resolve to obey the Victor.

Having thus cooped up Didier in Pavia, and seised upon all the avenues, he resolved to attempt Verona also, which they held to be the strongest place in all Lombardy. So leaving his Uncle Bernard to continue the siege of Pavia, he marched with part of his Army to Verona.

His beginnings being so successful,The Italians submit to him. and this Check given to Didier, (who was now, as it were, shut up in Prison,) gave a great alteration to the affairs p. 286of either party amongst these people of divers humours. The Spoletines, and Reatines, and those of Ancona, of Fermo, and of Ossino (striving as it were, which should be first) yielded to Charlemagne, and detested the wretched, and forelorn estate of Didier, as a worthy reward of his Treachery, Injustice, and Violence. The Venetians (who were Neuters, and Spectators of this Tragedy, and had never dealt in any sort with Didier) offered amity and succours to Charlemagne, who desired them to keep the Seas quiet, lest the Emperour of Constantinople should espouse Didiers quarrel, and cause any new disturbance.

Charlemagne staid not long about Verona before the City began to think of yielding: and Berthe, the Widow of Caroloman, was the chief Instrument to draw them to a surrender, the French Forces being (as she said) very formidable. Aldegise, the Son of Didier, seeing the Citizens so unanimous in their resolutions to open their Gate to the Conquerour, and being unable to relieve his Father, he secretly stole away, and fled to the Emperour of Constantinople. Verona… taken.Then did Ver…na yield to Charlemagne upon composition, who received both the Inhabitants, and Berthe to mercy, keeping his agreement punctually with them; upon Berthe and her Children, he inflicted no punishment; but only blamed them for their uncivil rashness, and enjoyned them to return into France, there to do better, and to live more honourably. This being about Eas…er, Charlemagne took the opportunity to go to Rome, where yet he stayed only eight days to visit the most remarkable places, and to confer with Pope Adrian. The Pope made Charles a Patrician of Rome, which was a step to mount him to the Empire. From thence he hasted, and came to Pavia, which had now been besieged for the space of then months: and being pressed by War without, and by the Famine, and Pestilence within, it at last yielded upon composition: and Didier (who had hated Charles without cause,And Pavia. and attempted War rashly) fell into his enemies hands, who yet shewed himself Prudent in undertaking the War, and mild and modest in his use of the Victory.

Thus Charlemagne having begun the War justly, and ended it happily, ruined the Kingdom of the Lombards in Italy, Didier taken Prisoner.carrying Didier Prisoner with him to Lions, or to Leeg; for Authors agree not of the certain place. This was Anno Christi 776. A notable date to present the Tragical end of so great a Kingdom, which had continued in Italy for the space of two hundred and four years under Princes of divers dispositions. But Pride, Injustice and Tyranny, had provoked the wrath of God against them, so as whilst they thought to take from another, they lost their own; To usurp the liberties of others, they fell into ignominious slavery themselves; and their Subtily proved the occasion, and hastener of their ruin. An excellent Pattern for Princes and great States not to attempt an unjust and unnecessary War, nor to usurp upon any other mans right, thinking to prevail over a good cause by Craft and Policy.

Charlemagne (as was said before) used his Victory with great moderation towards the conquered Nation,Charles his moderation. which gave great content to all the Italians, who held it a gain to have lost their old Master, and to be rightly made free by being subject to so wise a Lord. For he left unto them their ancient liberties, and to particular Princes (such as were Vassals to Didier) their Signiories. To Aragise, Son in Law to Didier, he left the Marquisat of Beneventum. He placed French Governours in conquered Lombardy, whom he ordered to treat these his new Subjects with the like mildness, as he shewed to those of his antient Patrimony left unto him by his Predecessors.

During the siege of Pavia, A Counsel at Rome.Pope Adrian held a Councel at Rome, in favour to Charlemagne, to give him honours answerable to his merits of the Church, p. 287wherein it was declared, that the right to give all Benefices throughout all Christendom did belong to him.

No sooner was Charlemagne returned into France, New troubles in Italy.but Aldegise (the Son of Didier) sought to disquiet Italy, being assisted by Constantine, the Emperour of Constantinople, and the practices of Rogand, to whom Charlemagne had given Friul, who now revolted from his Obedience. But the vigilancy, and care of the Governours whom Charlemagne had set over his new-conquered Subjects,But suppresed. soon put an end to these Rebellions: and Rogand being taken, suffered according to his demerits, being beheaded by the Kings commandment. Thus Italy remaining quiet to him, and his, (as conquered by a just War) it was afterwards incorporated into the French, Monarchy in his posterity, being given in Partage to the Children of France, whilst the good Government of the French Kings maintained the dignity of the Crown.

But the end of this War proved the beginning of another in Germany, Charles his Wars with the Saxons.whereof the Saxons were the chief promoters, drawing other People of Germany into their assistance. This War continued the space of thirty yesrs, yet not without some intermissions: The Saxons having still a mind to oppose and Cross Charlemagne in his proceedings, especially when he was busied in other affairs of great consequence.

These Saxons were subject to the Crown of France, especially under Martel, and Pepin his Son. The motives of this War were divers: The impatiency of a People desiring their antient liberty,The cause of it. and not able to bear subjection to a forreigner: the hatred and jealousie of a Potent Neighbour, threatning them with servitude: A controversie about the limits and bounds of their Lands: But the greatest, and most important cause was, the diversity of Religion: For the Saxons were obstinate in retaining and cleaving to their Pagan superstition, which they had received from their Forefathers, and Charlemagne urged them to forsake their Paganism, and Idolatry, and to make open profession of the Christian Faith; being moved with Zeal to the general advancement of the Truth, and the private Duty of a Prince to his Subjects, to provide for their souls Health. Upon this controversie about Religion the Saxons fought eight times with Charlemagne: especially taking advantage when they found him busied elsewhere, watching their opportunities either to cross him in his designs, or to frustrate his attempts. At such time as he was in Italy against Didier, they played Rex, not only in rejecting the French command, but also in making War against those Cities in Germany which obeyed Charlemagne. They had taken Eresbourg from the Crown of France even upon his return, and besieged Sigisbourg, robbing, and spoiling all the Country round about.

Charlemagne (who would never undertake any weighty matter without good advise) assembled a Parliament at Wormes, Charles calls a Parliament,and by their Counsel and assistance, levied a great Army, to charge the Saxons in divers places at once. This resolution succeeded happily: For having vanquished the Saxons twice in one month in a pitched Field, he soon reduced them to their ancient obedience: Using his Victories with much modesty and discretion; desiring rather to shew them the power of his authority, then the rigour of his Force. The chief amongst the Saxons was Widichind, and as Religion was the chief motive of their frequent Rebellions;The Saxons overcome. so Charlemagne, seeking the establishment of the Christian Religion in Saxony with great Zeal, after much reluctance, happily effected it. For having vanquished this widichind, by reason and humanity, he brought him to the knowledg of the Truth; and by his grave and prudent conversation, he perswaded him without any Violence,And converted. to leave and forsake his Pagan Superstition, which force of Armes could never have effected in him, nor in p. 288the Saxons. For mens souls are not to be compelled with force of Arms, but with reason. And by the means and endeavours of this widichine, the greatest part of the Saxons were brought to the knowledg of the true God, and the obedience of the French Monarch: And the most obstinate were forced, either to submit, or to abandon their Country. And indeed great numbers of Saxons retired themselves into divers strange Countrys.

Thus the War with the Saxons was happily ended (which had been long and dangerous) and the Conquered, by the Truth were the true Conquerours, by attaining to the knowledg of the true God. Charlemagne was very careful to have them well instructed in the Truth: For which end he appointed godly and learned men in all places, and gave them honourable maintenance, whereby he shewed that his Piety was not inferiour to his Valour, and happy success; and for a president to Princes to make Religion the Soveraign end of their Arms and Authorities.

This Widichine was very eminent, both for Wisdom, Valour, and Authority in his Country; and from him are descended many famous Families: as the two Henries, the one called the Fowler, and the other of Bamberg; and the two Othos, all of them Emperours: as also the Dukes of Saxony, the Marquesses of Misnia, the Dukes of Savoy, and the famous race of Hugh Capet in France.

From this War of Saxony did spring up many others in the Northern parts, of which we shall hear afterwards; but because in the Interim their fell out great Wars in Spain against the Sarazins, which (like a Deluge) threatned to over-run all Christendom, I shall intermit the former, till I have spoken something of this latter, that I may proceed with the more clearness in the remainder of this History.

The motive of the Spanish War,Charles his Wars in Spain. was more upon pleasure than necessity: But Zeal of Religion gave a colour and shew of necessity to the Heroical designs of Charlemagne, who sought to enlarge the limits of the French Monarchy by his Arms. But this his Spanish War, as it was undertaken upon lighter grounds, so was it more painful, more dangerous, and less successful then that of Italy, whereunto necessity and duty had drawn Charlemagne; yet did his wise and wary proceeding in the action, warrant him from all blame. The occasions which moved him to bend his Forces against the Sarazins in Spain were, the assurance of good success, the quiet and peace of his Realm, that he might have opportunity to imploy his Souldiery, the hate of the Spaniards against the Sarazins, and the general fear of all Christians, least these Caterpillars should creep further into Europe.

This was the estate of Spain at this time. The Sarazins had conquered a great part of it, and were divided under divers Commands which had the Title of Kingdoms. Yet these divers Kings (being apprehensive of their common danger) resolved to unite their forces against Charlemagne, their common enemy; and foreseeing the Tempest, they sought to prevent it, and to cross the designs of Charlemagne: For which end, they suborned King Idnabala, a Sarazin, being a very subtile, and crafty man, to insinuate himself into the acquaintance, and familiarity of Charlemagne, which stratagem prevailed more then all their power and forces.

Charlemagne was much quickned to this War by Alphonso, Charles circumvented.surnamed the Chast, King of Navar, and by the A…turians, and Gallizians (Christian People of Spain) who suggested to him that the War would be easie, profitable, and honourable, and therefore most worthy the Valour, and Fortune of Charlemagne. This Idnabala also (under a shew of friendship) laboured to hasten him to the execution of this enterprise, from which he knew well he could not divert him, that he might the better betray him by discovering his Counsels to the Sarazins.

p. 289Charlemagne being well-affected of himself,Charles calls a Parliament. and thus excited by others, assembled a Parliament at Noyon, and there concluded a War against the Sarazins in Spain. The Army which he employed in this action was very great, both for number of men, and Valour of Commanders, and Chieftains, being the most choice and Worthy Captains in all Christendome: amongst whom,His great preparations▪ these were of the chiefest note, Milon Earl of Angers: Rowland the Son of Milon, and Berthe, Sister to Charlemagne, Renald of Montaubon. The four Sons of Aymon: Oger the Dane: Oliver Earl of Geneva: Arnold of Belland: Brabin, and many others. The Valour of which Persons, hath been fabulously related by the Writers of those dark times (who for the most part were Friars, concerning whom the Proverb was, A Friar, a Lyar) with the addition of a thousand ridiculous tales, so that the truth is hardly picked out from the midst of so much errour: Yet, what is most probable, and can be gathered out of the most authentick Authors, shall here be set down. They say that Charlemagne, to make this undertaking more honourable in shew, did at this time institute the Order of the twelve Peers of France.

Charlemagne being entred into Spain with his brave Army,His entry into Spain. found no object for them whereon to exercise their Valour: For the Sarazins, resolving to make a defensive, rather than an offensive War, had withdrawn themselves into their Cities, which they had fortified strongly, The most renowned of the Sarazin Kings at this time, were Aigoland, Bellingan, Denises, Marsile, and Idnabala: But this last, as was said before, made shew of much Friendship to Charlemagne, and of open hatred against the other Sarazin Kings; with whom notwithstanding he held secret and strict intelligence to betray Charlemagne unto them.

The first City that the French attempted,Pampelune taken. was Pampelune, in the Kingdom of Navarr, the which they took by force, but with much pains, danger, and loss. Having sackt this City, and put all the Sarazins in it to the Sword, they marched to Saragoce, which yielded to them upon composition, as did also many other small Towns, being terrified with the example of Pampelune. This prosperous beginning encouraged Charlemagne to advance forward, relying on his wonted Fortune, and good success: But as he passed through the Provinces of Spain, like a Victorious Prince, without any opposition, he divided his Army, and gave part of it to be conducted by Milon of Angers, his Brother in Law, who in his march near unto Bayon, was set upon by Aigoland, the Sarazin King, who in this common danger had thrust an Army into the Field,Milon defeated. and now assaulted Milon, and his Troops, little expecting any Enemy, and took him at such an advantage, as he defeated him.

This loss was very great; For Writers say, that forty thousand of the French here lost their lives; Milon himself being also slain, for a confirmation of the Sarazins Victory. Charlemagne was at this time afar off, and so not able by any diligence to prevent the loss. Yet he suppressed his grief and trouble, least he should discourage the whole Army: and so hastening thitherward, he gathered up the remainder of those broken, and dispersed Troops, withall, keeping the conquered Cities, and such as were Friends, in their due Obedience: But after this, there fell out another accident.

Aigoland being puffed up with Pride through his late Victory,Aigoland entred France▪ marched with his Army into Gascoine, and besieged Agen, to divert Charlemagne from his pursuit,Charles returns. and to draw him home to defend his own Country. So as Charlemagne, fearing least his own absence, and the Sarazins late Victory should cause any alteration in the minds of them of Guienne, being then Subjects of whom he had no great assurance, he returned into France. p. 290Aigoland had now continued some moneths at the siege of Agen, yet had prevailed little, but only in over-running the Country, which he did freely (without any considerable resistance) even unto Xaintonge; the Country-men in the mean time retiring into the Walled Towns, expected the return of Charlemagne their King: Aigolands Army was very great, and puffed up with the remembrance of their late Victory: So as Charlemagne returning with his Forces from Spain well tired, he maintained his Countries more through his authority, than by present force; yet did he give life to the courage of his Subjects with his presence, and bridled the proud Sarazin, who could not be ignorant with whom he had to deal, nor where he was, being environed with the enemies on all sides, and in an enemies Country.

Hereupon Aigoland, Aigoland's Policy.pretending an inclination to Peace, gave Charlemagne to understand that he had been the first Invader, and that his own comming into France was only to draw his Enemy out of Spain, and to cause him to leave to the Sarazins their conquered Countries free: and therefore (said he) the Treaty of an accord is easie, seeing all the question is only to leave to every man his own, and to suffer him to enjoy it quietly, the World being wide enough for us all. But to the end this Treaty might take good effect, after many messages to and fro, they resolve to come to a Parlee: and upon Charlemagne's Faith given, Aigoland came to his Camp.

Charlemagne, either really moved with a zeal for Religion, or at least, making it the colour of his Actions, gave the Sarazin to understand, that he should have his Friendship if he would leave his Pagan Superstition, be Baptized, and make open profession of Christianity. The Sarazin, although he had a goodly Army, yet not willing to hazard any thing, and content with his former revenge upon Charlemagne, desired nothing more than to return quietly into Spain. And being now in the midst of his Enemies Camp, to maintain his reputation, he made no shew at all of fear, but talking to his own advantage (as if no Force, but only reason should move him) he entred into a serious and cunning discourse with Charlemagne, shewing, That unnecessary Wars were the ruin of Mankind, and that he was grieved to see so much Blood spilt: That he had not begun, but followed, being urged by necessity to defend himself and his Countrey against the Forces of Charlemagne: That he was not yet so dejected, nor his Forces so weak as to refuse the Battel: But for that it would be an infinite loss to hazard the lives of so many men, he desired rather to make tryal of the right by some Troops, and they that vanquished, should be deemed to have the right, and true Religion on their side: Protesting to yield to that Religion, which should appear to be the best upon this tryal. This Proposal and condition was accepted by Charlemagne: The combate was fought, the proof made, and the Christian Troop vanquished that of the Sarazin.

Then did Aigoland protest openly,Aigolands dissimulation. that he would become a Christian, but in heart he had no such meaning, and therefore took this opportunity to fly from his promise. He gives Charlemagne a visit, and finds him at the Table, well accompanied with his chief followers, (for then it was the custome of Kings not to sit and eat alone) but, casting his eye aside, he saw twelve poor men, ill apparelled, sitting upon the ground, near to the Table of the Noblemen, and demanded what those poor, miserable creatures were, which did there feed apart? One answered, That they were the servants of God: He then replied, Surely your God is of small account, whose servants are so miserable and contemptible: And thereupon takes an occasion to retire himself, having lost nothing, but made great advantage by this Treaty: Having hereby qualified the force of Charlemagne, p. 291viewed his Army, made shew of his own courage and dexterity, and all without an Ambassadour.

Charlemagne on the other side,Charles returns into Spain. seeing himself thus deluded and affronted, was resolved to take revenge for so notable a loss of men, and so bold an attempt of the Sarazin, so that with all speed he raised an Army of a hundred and thirty thousand men, and being thus fraught with Choler and indignation, he returned into Spain. His first entry was prosperous: For in the encounter he defeated Aigolands Army near to Pampelune, Aigoland overthrown and slain.and for a Seal of his Victory, he carried away the head of Aigoland his Enemy, who was slain by the hand of Arnold of Belange, a Noble and Valiant Knight: But the sequel was not answerable to the beginning: For notwithstanding the overthrow of the Sarazin Troops, all the rest in Spain were not vanquished, where there were more Kings, and more men of War, who kept correspondence with Amurath King of Babylon, which place was their Nursery and Store-house.

Marsile and Belingand, The Sarazins rally.two Brethren, were the chief of thè remainder of the Sarazin Army, wherein there was a great Babylonian Gyant, called Ferragat, A Gyant slain.of an exceeding stature, him did Rowland slay, who was Nephew to Charlemagne; after which, the Sarazins gathered together the relicts of their broken Troops, and made a shew of resolute men, vowing to sell their lives at a dear rate to Charlemagne, being favoured by many great and good Towns in the Countrey. Charlemagne makes a sudden stop, and pursues not his Victory, God reserving to himself a Sovereign power over all mens designes, yea, over the greatest, and in matters of greatest consequence, to the end that all may learn to ask Counsel and success of him, and it was his will and pleasure that the French Forces should not conquer and possess Spain, the which he had reserved as a portion for another Nation.

Thus Charles, A Treaty of Peace.who should have prosecuted his late Victory vigorously, grew remiss, which encouraged Idnabala the Sarazin (who had free access into the Camp) to make a motion of Peace. He was a good Secretary of his own Companions minds, what shew soever he made of speaking of himself. Charlemagne (finding by his late experience, that the event of War is uncertain and doubtful, and that this War tended to the loss of his Subjects, who imployed both their lives and goods for the purchase of an uncertain Victory, and seeing himself overburdened with great affairs in his other Estates, to the preservation whereof, reason did summon him rather than to seek for new) he seemed not unwilling to hearken to the motion of Idnabala, who assured him, that he found the Sarazins affairs to be so desperate, that they would be glad to embrace his friendship at whatsoever rate they purchased it. The Treaty hereupon began, and the chief Article was propounded, which was, that they should embrace the Christian Religion, and this Charlemagne seemed to urge with great vehemency: but finding the Sarazins obstinate in their refusal, he was content to grant them peace, paying him some great sums of money, as a token that they had been vanquished by him.

And accordingly he sent a Noble man of his Court,A Traytor. named Ganes, to treat with them, who (being by bribes corrupted by Marsile and Belingand) undertook so to order businesses, that Charlemagne should return into France, and by the way, should receive a notable disgrace: yet they seemed to make such a composition and agreement, which in shew, was very honourable for Charlemagne: to whom they promised to pay (as an Homage, and acknowledgment for the Peace he should grant them) p. 292what sums of money he would appoint, and that thereupon he should retire with his Army into France; yet leaving such Forces in Spain as he pleased, to see the condition which should be agreed upon, performed. But Ganes had discovered to them, that Charlemagne upon other accounts was necessitated to return, and therefore desired to leave the smallest Forces that he could in Spain.

The Agreement being thus concluded,Charles returns into France. Charlemagne departed with his Army, attending a better opportunity to effect what he had designed: and he left his Nephew Rowland only with twenty thousand men, to see the conditions performed. And to make his passage into France the more easie, he commanded him to lodge in a place of advantage in the Pyrenean mountains, called Ro…cevaux: and so the French Army marched backwards to France, under the conduct of Charlemagne, who little dreamed of such an affront as he shortly after met with.

Whilst the French Army were upon their retreat, Marsile and Bellingand slept not, but gathering together all the Forces they could, they lodged them secretly in the hollow Caves of those Mountains, being places inaccessible, and wholly unknown but only to the Inhabitants of those Countries. They had intelligence given them by Ganes, what number of men Charlemagne had left in Spain, under the command of Rowland, to whom the reputation of his Uncle, and the good will of the People of Spain in the chiefest Towns, was of more use than his twenty thousand men, although they were the choice of all the Army. Rowland had no fear of an Enemy,Rowland assaulted. whenas returning to his Garrison, he was suddenly set upon by the Sarazins, who were far more in number than the French, who seeing themselves thus treacherously assaulted, and compassed in, defended themselves valiantly against those miscreants: But still fresh Troops of Sarazins issued forth of these Caves, on every side, in so great numbers, as that in the end, the French (tired and spent in so long and painful a conflict) were oppressed by the multitudes, rather than overcome by the Valour of their Enemies.

Rowland in so great and extream a danger (gathering together the pieces of his shipwrack) performed both the Duty of a good Commander,His Valour. and of a valiant and resolute Souldier, fighting gallantly, and having beaten down a great number where the Enemies were thickest, he at length came where King Marsile was, whom he slew with his own hands. But Belingand, holding the Victory absolutely his own, pursued the French with great violence; insomuch as Rowland (not able to hold out any longer) retired himself apart;His Death. and finding his Death approaching, he endeavoured to break his good Sword Durandall, but his strength failing him, he died of Thirst, through so long and difficult a combate in that hot Country: and with him died Oliver, Oger the Dane, Renald of Montaubon, Arnald of Belland, and other Noble Personages, who are the subject of many fabulous stories: Yet the Fame of their singular Virtues and Prowess, is engraven in the Original of true Histories, where it shall never be blotted out.

Charlemagne having intelligence brought him of this great and unexpected loss,Charles overcomes the Sarazins. returned suddenly, to take his revenge upon the Sarazins, of whom …he killed an infinite number in several places: and being informed of the Treason of Ganes, he caused him to be drawn in pieces by four Horses, as the only author of this miserable defeat. And being transported with a just disdain and indignation for this so base an affront, he had purposed to have passed on in Spain to take further revenge. But the great and weighty affairs of his other estates called him back into France, to attend upon p. 293them.Returns into France. And so ended his Spanish Wars, with small success, having troubled Charlemagne at divers times, for the space of fourteen years. For God had appointed the limits of his designs, as reserving to himself a Sovereign power over all mens enterprizes, even of the greatest.

Charlemagne made a Tomb for his Nephew Rowland, and honoured the memory of those other worthy Warriers (who died in the Bed of Honour) with Monuments: after which he was necessitated to undertake divers other Wars, both in Italy and Germany, in all which it pleased God to give him better success.A Rebellion in Italy. Italy (during Charles his troubles in Spain) had rebelled, being provoked thereto by Adalgise Duke of Beneventum, who endeavoured to repossess the Race of Didier: but that attempt was soon suppressed by Charlemagne, to the cost of the Lombard Rebells: Yet shortly after ensued another War in Germany.

The like occasion also bred a War in Bavaria: His Wars in Bavaria.For the King Tassillon, who was Son in Law to Didier King of Lombardy, (being eagerly pressed by his Wife, and wonderfully discontented with Charlemagne) shaked off the yoke of subjection, and betook himself to Arms: But Charlemagne surprized him with such celerity, that Tassillon was forced to sue for Peace; which Charlemagne granted upon condition of his subjection and loyalty: But again Tassillon, not able to contain himself, raised a new War in another place, as when we stop one breach, it finds vent by another. He stirred up the Huns and Avars (a neighbouring People to Austria, which was one of the Estates of the French Monarchy) against Charlemagne, who yet suppressed them with happy success; and Tassillon himself being again vanquished by Charlemagne, and found guilty of Rebellion and Treason, was condemned to lose his Estate, according to the Salique Law: and with him, the Kingdom of Bavaria ended, being now wholly incorporated into the Crown of France.

The Huns and Avars (of whose names joyned together, the word Hungary hath been made) were also punished by Charlemagne, and brought under the yoke of the French Monarchy. They had formerly attempted by War to disquiet the Country of Austria, whom Charlemagne had at divers times opposed by his Forces, so that the War, at times, had continued for the space of eight years,His Victories. and the final issue was, that all the Countrey obeyed him: The Danes also, the Sorabes, and Abrodites, and the Westphalians, (who had all joyned in this War of Hungary) were also brought under the obedience of Charlemagne. The limits of the Northern Kingdom, called Austrasia, were so enlarged, that it was divided into two Kingdoms, and the Realm of Austria which joyns upon France, was called Westriech, that is to say, the Realm of the West; and that which is towards Danubius, was called Ostriech, that is, the Kingdom of the East, Austria being then of a greater command than at this day. For it contained all Hungary, Valachia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Denmark and Poland: Then was the French Monarchy of a vast extent. But all these Nations have since, either returned to their first beginning, or new Lords have seized upon them.

Thus the French Monarchy was greatly enlarged by the Prowess andHis education of his children. Valour of Charlemagne: and his children were grown up, as in age, so in knowledge and experience, through the careful education which their prudent Father gave them; who framed them to the management of affairs, intending them to provide, that they might first succeed him in his Virtues, and afterwards in his Kingdoms. But man purposeth, and God disposeth, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Hungary, made the Roman Empire in the West, and Charlemagne, being Master of these goodly Provinces, was in effect an Emperour, but only wanted the Title, and the solemn Declaration of this p. 294dignity. And shortly after, the Providence of God that gave him the former, ministred opportunity to him for the enjoyment of the latter, which came thus to pass.

Leo was at this time Pope of Rome, A Sedition in Rome.against whom there was strange Sedition raised by Sylvester and Campul, men of great credit in the Court of Rome. These men (with their adherents) upon a solemn day of Procession, seized upon Leo before St. Lawrence Church, whom they stripped of his Pontifical Robes, cast him unto the ground, trod him under their feet, and bruised his face with their fists, and having dragged him ignominiously through the dirt, they cast him into Prison, where yet he stayed not long, being freed by a Groom of his chamber called Albin: and so having recovered St. Peters Church, he sent to Vingise Duke of Spoleto, intreating him to deliver him from this miserable Captivity.The Pope freed out of Prison. Flies to Charles. Vingise failed him not, but came to Rome, and carried the Pope along with him to Spoleto; where yet he stayed not long, but from thence went to Charlemagne, into France, whom he found full of troubles. He complained that many of the Romans sought to usurp his Power into their hands, and advised the King to exact an Oath of Fidelity of them. Paschalis was there soon after him, and accused the Pope of Adultery, and other gross crimes. Charlemagne dismissed them both, and promised to be at Rome within a few months, and accordingly prepared for his Journey.

In December, Charles goes to Rome.Anno Christi 800. Charlemagne was received in Rome with all shews of Honour, and within eight dayes he went into St. Peters Church, and in the presence of all the People and Clergy, he asked, who had any thing to say against Pope Leo? Paschalis, or Paschasires, and Campalus had published the Popes crimes by Writ: but knowing how Charlemagne stood affected towards both parties, they appeared not; so none prosecuting these crimes against him, the Pope was absolved upon his Oath; wherein he swore by God and the four Evangelists,Clears the Pope upon his Oath. that all these things were false which they layed to his charge: Whereupon the King declared him innocent, and condemned his accusers, and within few dayes three hundred of them were beheaded in the Lateran Field for their presumption, and affectation of liberty, on the eighteenth of December; and shortly after, Charles was chosen Emperour: But before I speak of that, I must represent you with a brief view of the present estate and condition of the Emperour of Constantinople.

The seat of the Roman Empire,The State of the Eastern Empire. since the time of Constantine the great, remained at Constantinople, a City of Thrace, situated in a convenient place for the Guard of the Eastern Provinces: After which, all the West being full of new Guests, who had expelled the Romans, the name, authority and power of the Empire remained in the East, where now the State was in a strange confusion, the Mother being banded against her Son, and the People amongst themselves.

Constantine the Son of Leo the Fourth, was Emperour at this time, who from his Infancy was governed (together with the Empire) by his Mother Irene: But being now come to the age of twenty years, he assumed the Government into his own hands.Contention about Images. There was then a great division in the East, which had been continued from Father to Son for fourscore years together, about bringing Images into the Churches. The Bishops would needs bring them in: But the Emperours, together with the greatest part of the People, opposed themselves against them. This contention had its beginning under Philip Bardanes, was continued under Leo Isaurus, and from him was derived to his Son Constantine, sirnamed Copronimus, and to Leo the Fourth, Son to the said Constantine. This filled all the East with infinite scandals.

p. 295The same fire of contention continued in the minority of our Constantine, who was yet governed by his Mother, a Woman of a violent spirit, who had undertaken the protection of Images,A Counsel from them. and held a Counsel of many Bishops for the defence thereof: But the people growing into a mutiny, by force expelled them from Constantinople, where there Assemhly was held. But Irene, being resolved to carry on her design, assembled another Councel at Nicea, City of Bithinia, honoured for having entertained the first general Councel under Constantine the Great, the first of that name: where it was Decreed, that Images should be placed in Churches for devotion. But Charlemagne did not allow of this Decree,Charles against Images. and either himself, or some other by his Command, did write a small Treatise against this Councel, the which bears this Title, A Treatise of Charlemagne, touching Images, against the Greek Synode.

This crafty Woman made choise of the City of Nicea, that the name of the ancient first Council held there, might honour this new invention with the pretext of Antiquity: For there are some that confound the first Council of Nicea with the second, and Constantine the fourth with the first.

Constantine continued in the hereditary hatred of his Father, and Grandfather against Images, so as being of age, and in absolute possession of his Empire, he disannulled all these new decrees, and caused the Images to be beaten down in all places: Yet did he make all shews of respect to his Mother, yielding unto her a good part of his authority and command: which respect was the cause of an horrible Tragedy. For this Woman being transported for two causes (both by reason of her new opinion, and for despight that she had not the whole Government in her own power) grew so unnatural, that she resolved to dispossess her Son of the Empire, and to seize upon it herself: And indeed the authority which her Son had left her, and the free access which she had unto his Person, gave her opportunity for the execution of her design. For having corrupted such as had the chief Forces of the Empire at their command,An unnatural Mother. and won them to her with her Sons Treasure, she seized on his Person, put out his eyes, and sent him into Exile (where, shortly after, he died of grief) and took possession of the Empire.

These unnatural and Tragick furies were practised in the East, whiles that Charlemagne, by his great Valour built an Empire in the West. Irene, in her Son Constantines life time would have married him with the eldest Daughter of Charlemagne: but this accident crossed that design.

After the Death of Constantine, Irene trears with Charles.Irene sent to Charlemagne to excuse her self of the murther, disavowing it, and laying the blame upon such as had done it (as she pretended) without her command. And to win the good liking of Charlemagne, she caused him to be dealt withall about marriage (for at that time Festrude was dead) with promise to consent that he should be declared Emperour of the West, and that she also would resign unto him the Empire of the East: But Charlemagne would not accept of her profers.Irene hated and deposed. The Nobility and People of the Greek Empire did so hate Irene, as having suffered her the space of three years, in the end, they resolved to dispossess her.

This Woman, the unnatural murtheress of her own Child, being thus publickly hated and detested,Nicephorus succeeds her. Nicephorus, a great and Noble man of Greece, assisted by the chiefest in the Court, and with the good liking, and consent of the People, seized upon the Empire, and took Irene, whom yet he only banished, to give her opportunity and means to live better than she had done: And afterward he treated, and agreed with Charlemagne, that the Empire p. 296of the East continuing under his command, the other of the West should remain to Charles.

By this Transaction of Nicephorus, He treats with Charles.and the consent of the Greeks, the possession of the Empire was ratified and confirmed to Charlemagne, and now began the Division of the Empire into the East and West. That of the West began in Charlemagne, and continued in his Posterity, whilest they were Inheritors of their Fathers virtues: But afterwards it was translated to the Princes of Germany, who yet acknowledg Charlemagne to have risen from a German stock, being born at Wormes, Crowned at Spire, and interred at Aix, all Cities of Germany. Hitherto we have represented, what Charlemagne did whilest he was King of France only: Now we are come to consider what hapned to him, worthy of Memory, whilst he was Emperour.

The deeds of Charlemagne after he came to the Empire.

The Romanists do boast that the Pope gave the Empire of the West unto Charlemagne: But the truth is, the Popes had not yet come to that hight as to pretend to a power of disposing of Empires and Kingdoms at their own pleasure: But the right of Charles came another way. For before he came to Rome Anno Christi 800. he had all France under his Government, together with Franconia, His large Dominions.and Austrasia; He had subdued a great part of Spain unto the River Iberus, from the Sarazins: As also Saxony, westphalia, Dacia, Hungary, Istria, Dalmatia. He had likewise subdued all Italy, except Magna Graecia, and therefore he was entitled, Charles by the Grace of God King of the Frenches, Emperour of the Lombards, and Patricius of Rome: So he stiles himself in his Epistle to Alcwin: and Alcwin in an Epistle to him, stiles him, The Glorious Emperour [Gallicarum] of France, and Rector & Defensor Ecclesiae: Both which Epistles are in the second Part of Alcwins Works. His Coronation was by the Decree and Prayers of the Romane People. Sigisbert in his Chronicon, shews the time, and cause, saying: The Romanes, who in heart were long before faln from the Emperours of Constantinople: Taking the opportunity that Irene had picked out the eyes of her own Son the Emperour, with one General consent they resolved to proclaim King Charles for their Emperour, and to Crown him by the hands of the Pope:His Title to the Empire. So on Decemb. 25. Anno Christi 800. they Crowned him by the hands of Pope Leo, as the Emperours were wont to be Crowned by the Bishops of Constantinople; and the People cryed thrice, Carolo Augusto, à Deo Coronato, Magno & Pacifico Imperatori, Vita & Victoria, Naucler.And the Pope anointed him: As also his Son Pepin, whom Charlemagne, by a solemn Decree had made King of Italy. And the Pope knowing the dangers which had oft befaln himself and his Predecessors, intreated the Emperour that he would be Protector of the Church of Rome.

Thus Charlemagne, the King of France, was advanced to the Empire, partly by Inheritance, partly by the Sword, by dedition, and the Title was given him by the People, and the Bishop of Rome: yet nothing was proper to the Bishop, but the Coronation and other Ceremonies, which he performed in the name of the People, according to the custom at Constantinople. At the same time also it was agreed,An Agreement betwixt Charles and the Pope. that all the chief men of the City, as well Ecclesiastical, as Secular, should give their Oath of Fidelity unto the Emperour. Secondly, That the Emperours Missus should reside in the Pallace of St. Peter to decide Pleas amongst the People: and that there should be allotted for his maintenance, a part of the former Emperours Patrimony. Thirdly, That if any mans cause was perverted by the ordinary Judges, and the wronged Person should implore the aid of the Missus, p. 297or Emperours Commissioner, for Justice; and the Missus should adjure the Judges, saying, By the Faith you owe unto my Lord the Emperour, I require you to do this man Justice: Then none should dare to decline, either to the right hand or to the left, although the wrong were done by any of the Popes Kinsmen. Fourthly, That the Mulcts which should be imposed upon any guilty person, should be equally divided between the Emperours Missus, and the Popes Missus. Fifthly, That if any goods fell under Escheat, they should appertain to the Church, without an express gift of the Emperour. Continu. Eutrop. Catal. Test. Verit.

Yet all this right was not sufficient for Charlemagne, Charles is envied.nor did he enjoy the Empire without contradiction. For he was forced to overcome the envy of this assumed Title with great sums of money; Especially the Emperour of Constantinople envyed it: but Charlemagne by his magnanimity prevailed against their contumacy, wherein he excelled the Greeks: and he sent many Ambassadours unto them: especially unto Irene, not only to treat for Peace, but about her marriage, that thereby he might the better confirm his Title: But before his Ambassadours came the second time to Constantinople (Irene being sick) the People had Crowned Nicephorus on the first of November Anno Christi 802.

Yet did Nicephorus renew the League with Charlemagne, which Irene had before made with him: but (as Sigonius saith) with express condition, that Venice should be free betwixt the two Empires. In the mean time Nicephorus was molested by the Sarazins, Zonas.and was forced to agree with them upon hard conditions: He was also molested by the Bulgarians, over whom he obtained one great Victory; but when he refused all conditions of Peace, they assembled together again to fight for their Lives and Land, in which Battel they overthrew,Nicephorus is slain. and killed Nicephorus, and his Son Stauracius was wounded in the fight, and fled to Adrianople, where he was afterward declared Emperour. But after three Months Michael Rangabis, his Brother in Law, shut him up in a Monastery. Then were mutual Ambassadours sent between the two Emperours, and a perpetual Peace was concluded betwixt them.

Charles the Great was Crowned Emperour in the thirty third year of his Raign, upon the the 25th of December, and in the fifty eighth year of his Age. He fought many Battels and was always victorious. He had (as was said before) Wars with the Heathenish Saxons, which, by times, lasted thirty years:The Saxons oft rebell. He oft-times overcame them, and granted them liberty, upon condition that they would imbrace the Christian Faith; but upon every opportunity their Duke Wedekin, shaken off both Loyalty, and Christianity. At several times when Charlemagne had obtained a Victory, his manner was to erect a new Bishoprick:Charles his Prudence. Crantz. in Saxon. Bishopricks erected. So that he erected seven Bishopricks in that province, to which he annexed Princely Power, knowing well, that such fierce People might sooner be tamed by Religion then by Armes. The places where these were erected, were, Breme, Verda, Minda, Paterborne, Osnabourg, Hildesem, and Halberstad. But though he gave the Bishops power of Governing, yet the Nobles did not altogether loose the power of administring in Publick affairs. At last, because the Saxons revolted again, he removed ten thousand of them, with their Wives and Children, into Brabant, and Flanders, and sent some French to inhabit their rooms.

Charlemagne lived fifteen years after that he had united the Roman Empire to the French Monarchy; yet not without many troubles. For Grimoald, Duke of Beneventum sought to disturb Italy in the behalf of the Lombards: Troubles is Italy.but Charles prevented it betimes, imploying against him his Son Pepin, a worthy and valiant Prince: and Grimoald being vanquished, p. 298was entreated with all mildness, and being restored to his Estate, he became afterwards a very affectionate, and obedient Servant to Charlemagne, who was a prudent Conquerour, that knew as well how to use, as how to get a Victory.

After this it followed,War with the Venetians. that for some attempts made by the Venetians against the Empire of Charlemagne, in the behalf of the Emperour of Constantinople: or (as others say) upon the false information of Fortunatus, Patriarch of Grado, that Charlemagne commanded his Son Pepin, King of Italy, to make Wars against them: which he acordingly began with great resolution, and took the Cities and Fortresses which the Venetians held within the main land, and at length besieged the City of Venice it self, both by Sea and by Land, to the relief whereof the Greek Emperour sent a Fleet: about which Authors agree not; for some say that Pepin wholly took Venice: Others say, that he only took some Islands thereof, and that the place wich is called Rioalte defended it self: How ever it was, this War continued long, Obeliers, and Becur, two great Personages, being the chief Commanders for the Venetians. At last Peace was concluded betwix them, and the Venetians had liberty to live after their own Laws and customs, and the Venetians won great reputation for being able to defend themselves against so potent and victorious an Enemy. Charlemagne would have the Country which he had conquered from the Lombards, to be called Lombardy, that by retaining their Name, he might somewhat sweeten their servile condition, in the ruin of their estate.

But now Charlemagne, Charles makes his Will.finding himself old and broken, and his Children Valiant, Wise, and Obedient, he resolved to make his last Will and Testament, wherein he divided his Kingdoms between his three legitimate Sons, to wit, Charles his Eldest, Pepin and Lewis: In which he made his eldest Son Charles King of the greatest, and best parts of France, and Germany. To Pepin he gave the Kingdom of Italy, and Bavaria, with some other Provinces. And to Lewis he bequeathed Provence, and that part of France which bordereth upon Spain, together with some other Provinces. But all succeeded after another manner than he attended, God the Soveraign disposer of Kingdoms, having decreed otherwise to dispose thereof. He endeavoured also to reduce all his Kingdoms under one Law, making choise of the Roman Laws above all others, both for the dignity of the Empire, and because they seemed to him, to be most just and equal: But the French, being loath to alter any thing in their customary Laws,He gives Laws to his Subjects. desired, and obtained of him that they might be governed by the same: So as Gaul, Narbonne, (which comprehends Daulphine, Languedoc, and Provence) do use the written Laws (as the ancient Provinces of the Romans) and the rest of France observe their customary Laws.

It afterwards happened that a great Fleet of Infidels which inhabited Spain, with the aid, and assistance of some Africans, invaded the Isles of Sardinia, and Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea, for the defence whereof, the Emperour Charlemagne sent commandment to his Son Pepin that he should send thither against them a valiant Captain whose name was Bucaredus, who took so good order as that he drove those Infidels out of those Islands,Infidels beaten. and slew five thousand of them in one Battel. And with no less good success, the Emperour undertook another War against the Dukes of the Bohemians, and Polanders, And the Bohemians and Polanders.which is a part of the ancient Sarmatia, who infested the Countries under his Dominions, against whom he sent his Son Charles with great Forces of Burgonians, Saxons, and Germans: And this young Charles, imitating his Father, Warred valiantly, and with discretion against them, and coming first to a Battel with the Bohemians, led by Leo their Duke, he overcame them, as he did also at other times, and at last he slew Leo p. 299their Duke; the like success he had also against the Polanders, so as at length they all became his Fathers Subjects. And for these Victories of Charlemagne he was so much feared, and renowned through the World, that a great King of the East; and Amurath, the greatest of all the Mahomatists, sent their Ambassadours, with rich Presents unto him, desiring peace, and friendship: and the like did all Christian Kings.

Charlemagne thus living with honour,His War with the King of Denmark. and in tranquillity, Godfrey King of Denmark (which was a dependance of the Realm of Germany, and part of Charles his Portion, as was hinted before) made War against him. This Godfrey was a mighty Prince, and commanded over a large mighty Dominion, and with great Forces came into Friesland and Saxony, where he did great harm. Against whom, the Emperour addressing himself (though he was now Old, and unweildy) speedily departed with a great Army: but by the way news was brought him that King Godfrey was dead, and that his Army was returned into their own Country. And upon the same day news came also,Pepin dies. that his Son Pepin (who had raigned in Italy in great prosperity) was dead in the City of Millan, which was an occasion of great grief to the old Emperour. Then did he return to the City of Aken, or Aix, unto which place Ambassadours came to him from Hermigius, who succeeded Godfrey in the Kingdom of Denmark, humbly desiring Peace. The like came also to him from the Emperour of Constantinople, and others also from Ambulat, a King of the Moors, who raigned in a great part of Spain; to all which he returned gracious answers, and granted their Petitions: withall, giving hearty thanks to God for that he was generally so well esteemed of. But after this Sunshine, another storm returned, as the Clouds return after the rain: And Charles.For it pleased God to take away another of his Sons, called Charles, who lay on the borders of Germany for the defence thereof; so as now his whole hope rested in his third Son Lewis.

Thus man purposeth and God disposeth. Thus the Sons die before the Father. Thus we see the greatest cannot free themselves from the common calamities of mankind. Thus both great Kings, and great Kingdoms have their Period.

Crowns have their compass; Kingdoms have their date:

Fortune her frowns: Felicity her fate.

Thus Charlemagne lost his Children, and his great Empire her best support under God: For these two Princes (like Stars of the greater magnitude) did shine bright by inheriting their Fathers virtues, and Valour, leaving behind them Lewis their Brother, with large Territories, and few vertues, to Govern so great an Estate.

After the Death of these two great Princes,New enemies rise up. many enemies rose up against old Charlemagne, who seemed (as it were) to have lost his two Arms: as the Sarazins in Spain, the Sclavonians, and the Normans in the Northern Regions: But he vanquished them all, and brought them into his obedience and subjection, old and broken as he was.

Charlemagne all his Life time held the Church in great reverence,His love to the Church. and had imployed his Authority to beautify it, and bountifully bestowed his Treasure to enrich it: But this great plenty, joyned with so long and happy a Peace, made the Church-men to live losely.

Charlemagne (being himself well instructed in Religion) knowing of what great importance it was, to have such as should instruct others to be sound in the Faith,He called five Councels. and holy and exemplary in their lives, he at sundry times, called five Councels in sundry Places of his Dominions (For as yet the Popes p. 300had not challenged that power to belong to them) for the Reformation and good Government of the Church: As at Mentz: at Rheimes: at Tours: at Chaalons: and at Arles: and by the advise of these Ecclesiastical Assemblies, he made and published many Orders for the good of the Church which were gathered together in a Book called, Capitula Caroli Magni. A worthy President for Princes who seek true Honour by virtue, whereof the care of Piety is the chiefest Foundation.

In the Preface to this Book,His Ecclesiastical Constitutions. he thus saith, that he had appointed these constitutions with the Advice of his Presbyters, and Counsellers: and that herein he had followed the Example of King Josias, who endeavoured to bring the Kingdom which God had given him, to the worship of the true God: Some of his constitutions are these. He commanded to look to, and to try the learning and conversation of such as were admitted into the Ministry. He forbad private Masses, Also the confusion of Diocesses, requiring that no Bishop should meddle in anothers Diocess. He forbad that any Books should be read publickly, but such as were approved by the Councel of Calcedon. He forbad the worshipping of Saints. He commanded Bishops not to suffer Presbyters to teach the People other things then what are contained in, or according to the holy Scriptures. And lib. 2. ch. 3. he saith, Although the Authority of the Ecclesiastical Ministry may seem to stand in our Person: Yet by the Authority of God, and Ordinance of man, its known to be so divided, that every one of you, in his own place and order, hath his own power and Ministry: Hence its manifest that I should admonish you all; and you all should further and help us. He admonished Bishops especially, to teach both by Life and Doctrine, both by themselves, and the Ministers that were under them, as they would answer the contrary in their accounts at the Great Day. He Ordained that the Bishop of the first See should not be called the Prince of Priests, or the highest Priest, or have any such Title, but only should be called, The Bishop of the first See. That none can lay another foundation, then that which is laid, which is Christ Jesus, and that they which lay Christ for their foundation, its to be hoped that they will be careful to shew their Faith, by bringing forth good Works.

He held also a great Councel in the City of Frankfort, A Counsel at Frankfort.of the Bishops of France, Germany, and Italy, which himself honoured with his own presence; where, by general consent the false Synod of the Greeks (they are the words of the Original) untruly called the seventh, was condemned, and rejected by all the Bishops, who subscribed to the condemnation of it. This was that Counsel (spoken of before) called by Irene at Nice, wherein the bringing of Images into Churches for devotion, was established. In a Word, if Charlemagnes medling with Italy, and his advancing the Pope, for confirming that which he had taken, could be excused, he was unto all Princes a pattern of magnificence, of Zeal in Religion, of learning, eloquence, temperance, prudence, moderation, &c. Alcwin saith of him, Charles was a Catholick in his Faith, a King in power, a High Priest in preaching, a Judg in his equity, a Philosopher in liberal Studies, famous in manners,His Temperance. and excellent in all honesty. He was so temperate, that notwithstanding his great revenues, he was never served at the Table with above four Dishes at a Meal, and those of such Meat as best pleased his taste, which he used to the same end for which God created them, which was for sustenance, and to support his Body, not for shew and pomp.

His ordinary exercise was hunting when he was at leisure,His Exercises. in time of War: and in times of Peace, he attended to such as read Histories to him, and sometimes he heard Musick, with which he was much delighted, having good skill therein himself: He was very charitable, and a bountiful Alms-giver, p. 301and so careful to provide for the poor Cristians,His Charity. that in Syria, in Africa, and in Aegypt, and in other Provinces of the Infidels, where Christians lived, he found means to have Almes-houses and Hospitals erected, and endowed for those thar were Poor.

But there fell out a new accident, which drew out Great Charles again to Arms in his old Age,His last Wars. and that was this; Alphonso, King of Navarr, surnamed the Chast, by reason of his singular, and signal temperance in that kind, did inform, and advertise him, that there was now a very fit opportunity, and means offered for him utterly to subdue the Sarazins in Spain. Charlemagne (who infinitely desired to finish this work, which he had so often attempted with no great success) gave ear to the information and advice, whereupon he raises an Army, and marches into Spain, relying on the Spaniards favour, and assistance, they being Christians. Indeed Alphonso meant plainly, and sincerely, but so did not his Courtiers, and Nobles, nor Associates, who feared Charles his forces no less than they did the Sarazins, and if Charles prevailed, the most confident of Alphonso's Servants and Officers doubted to be dispossessed of their places, and Governments by a new Master: and therefore they laboured to cross Alphonso, and to countermand Charles; but the Lot was cast, his Army was in the Field, and he was resolved to pass on: But when he was entred into Spain, he encountered with so many difficulties, that being discouraged, he returned back into France, and so concluded, and put a period to all his Warly enterprises; embracing again the care of the Church, and of Religion, as a fit subject for the remainder of his days.

Charlemagne was threescore and eight years old when he left the Wars,His preparation for Death. after which he spent three whole years in his study, to prepare himself for Death, in which time, he read much in the Bible, and read over also St. Augustines Works, whom he loved and preferred before all the other Doctors of the Church: He resided also at Paris, that he might have opportunity of conferring with learned men. There he erected a goodly University, which he furnished with as learned men as those times could afford, and endowed it with great priviledges: For he had an exceeding great care to make it a Nurcery for the holy Ministry, that from thence the Church might be supplied with able Teachers, whence also grew so many Colleges of Cannons, with sufficient revenues annexed thereunto.

Thus Charlemagne spent three years happily in the only care of his Soul, leaving an illustrious example to all Princes, to moderate, and ennoble their greatness with Piety, and so to enjoy their Temporal estates, as in the mean time not to neglect their eternal concernments, and to think of their departure out of this Life in time.

Foreseeing his Death (whereunto he prepared himself by these exercises) he made his last Will and Testament, He makes his Will.leaving his Son Lewis the sole Heir unto his great Kingdoms, and bequeathed to the Church much Treasure. But all things and Persons in this World have an end: His Testament was but the Harbinger to his Death; for presently after, he was taken with a pain in his side, or Plurisie, and lay sick but eight days, and so yielded up his Spirit unto God that gave it, Anno Christi 814. and of his Age seventy one, and of his Reign forty seven, including fifteen years of his Empire: His Body was interred in a sumptuous Church which he had caused to be built in the City of Aquisgrave, or Aix la Capelle, where he was born, and his memory was honoured with a goodly Epitaph.

He was one of the greatest Princes that ever lived:His virtues. His virtues are a pattern to other Monarchs, and his great successes the subject of their wishes. The greatness of his Monarchy indeed was admirable:His large Dominions. For he quietly enjoyed all France, Germany, the greatest part of Hungary, all Italy; p. 302and a good part of Spain. At the time of his Death he was in peace with the other Kings of Spain, as also with the Kings of England, Denmark, Bulgary, with the Emperour Leo of Constantinople, and with all the Princes of that time.

This Noble Prince was endued with so many excellent Virtues,His Character. that we read of very few in antient Histories that excelled him, so that he may be justly compared with the best of them: For in Martial Discipline, in Valour, in Dexterity, in Feats of Arms, there are none that exceeded him. He obtained as many Victories, fought as many Battels, and subdued as many fierce and Warlike Nations, as any one we read of, and that both before, and after that he was Emperour. He was tall of Stature, very well proportioned in all his members, passing strong: of a fair and grave countenance, valiant, mild, merciful, a lover of Justice, liberal, very affable, pleasant, well read in History, a great Friend of Arts and Sciences, and sufficiently seen into them, and a man who above all, loved and rewarded Learned men. He was very charitable in his Kingdoms, yea, in his very Court, he harboured and relieved many Strangers and Pilgrims. In matters of Faith and Religion he was very zealous;His Zeal. and most of the Wars which he made, were to propagate and enlarge the Christian Faith.

He (being mis-led by the darkness of the times wherein he lived) superstitiously honoured and obeyed the Church of Rome, and the Pope that was Bishop thereof, together with other Bishops and Prelates, commanding his Subjects also to do the like. He was also very devout, and spent much of his time in Prayer, Hearing and Reading. In his Diet he was very temperate, and a great enemy to riot and excess; and though he was Rich and Mighty, yet fed he his Body with what was necessary and wholesome, not rare, costly, and strange.

And yet his Virtues were not without their blemishes (as the greatest commonly are not without some notable Vices) For in his younger dayes he was much given to Women,His blemishes. adding Concubines to his lawful Wives, by whom he had divers children: but this was in the time of his Youth: For afterwards he contented himself with his Wife, and for a remedy of this imperfection, though he was three or four times a Widower, yet he ever married again the Daughter of some great Prince or other.

To conclude all, he was an excellent Emperour, that loved and feared God, and died when he was very Old, and full of Honour, leaving Lewis (the weakest of his Sons) the sole heir of his great Empire, but not of his Virtues: So that this great building soon declined in his posterity.

He had engraven upon his Sword, Pro Deo & Religione, For God and Religion: He used to set his Crown upon the Bible, as our Canutus sometime put his Crown upon the Rood, both of them thereby intimating, that as all honour was due to God, so true Religion was the best Basis of Government, and that Piety was the best Policy.

The Epitaph which I spake of, was this;

Sub hoc conditorio situm est Corpus Caroli Magni,His Epitaph. atque Orthodoxi Imperatorisqui Regnum Francorum nobiliter ampliavit, & per annos Quadraginta septem foeliciter tenuit. Decessit Septuagenarius, Anno Domini 814. Indicti, one 7. Quinto Calend. Febr.

Under this Tomb lieth the Body of Charles the Great,The time of his Death. and Catholick Emperour, who most Nobly enlarged the Kingdom of the French, and most happily ruled it for the space of forty and seven years. He died in the seventy and one year of his Age; In the year of our Lord eight hundred and fourteen, the seventh Indiction, on the fifth Calend of February.

p. 303He had five Wives: the first was called Galcena, His Wives and Children.the Daughter of the King of Galistria, by whom he had no Children. The second was Theodora, the Sister, (or as others say) the Daughter of Didier King of Lombardy; whom he kept not long, but repudiated her for sundry reasons. The third was Hildebranda, Daughter of the Duke of Suevia, whom he loved exceedingly, and had by her three Sons, viz. Charles his Eldest, whom he made King of the greatest, and best part of France and Germany: Pepin his Second, whom he made King of Italy, Bavaria, &c. Lewis his Youngest, to whom he left the Empire intire, his Brothers being both dead in their Fathers Life time. This Lewis was sirnamed Debonaire, or the Courteous. He had also three Daughters; the Eldest was called Rothruda; the Second Birtha; and the Youngest Giselia, who would never marry. His fourth Wife he had out of Germany, called Fastrada: And his fifth and last was also a German Lady, called Luithgranda, of the Suevian Race, by whom he had no Children.

He shewed his love to Religion,His Devotion. by having one, during his Meal-times, that either read to him some part of the Holy Scriptures, or else some part of Saint Augustines Books, especially that De Civitate Dei: or some History. He was also a great Friend to Learning, and therefore erected three Universities: One was at Padua in Italy; another was at Boulognia; the third was that in Paris, whereunto he was excited by our Countryman Alcwin, who was his Tutor.

His Sons he caused to be trained up in the Study of Liberal Arts;His care of his Children. and his Daughters to learn to sow, and practice good Huswifry. He alwayes wore a short Sword at his Girdle, in the Pummel whereof was engraven his Coat of Arms, with which he sealed all his Laws, &c. And used to say, Behold the Sword which shall defend my Laws, and that shall be drawn and imployed against those that break them. In the year eight hundred and four, the King of the Scots entred into the first League which was between the two Kingdoms of France and Scotland, His League with Scotland.which was confirmed by succeeding Kings, which occasioned one of them to add unto their Coat of Arms a double streak of Gules, with Flower de Lisses round their Escutcheon, to shew that their Alliance with France conduced much to the support of their Kingdom.

FINIS.

ERRATA in the Lives of the Magni.

PAge 3. Line 43. read Daniel for David. p. 17. l. 6. r. being for before. p. 57. l. 50. r. unto for and. p. 77. l. 7. put out and had them very carefully. p. 111. l. 13. r. proving for provoking. p. 119. l. the last, r. now for not. p. 174 l. 32. r. of for Oar. p. 220. l. 44, 45. r. a certain sum of money to be divided among them. p. 242. l. 31. r. of for and. p. 247. l. 18. put in from. p. 282. l. 15. r. Chaos for Chios. l. 34. r. prosecuted for persicuted. p. 284. l. 2. r. affections for affects.

End of the text · Samuel Clarke, The Lives and Deaths of Persons Surnamed Great (1675)