Abstract of Logic, Book 1 · Chapter 9 – Chapter 10
CHAP. IX. Of the Four laſt Categories
Ax. 1. UBi is a Mode after which finite things are ſaid to be ſomewhere.
1. §. Ubi differs from Place; in that Place, if ſtrictly taken, agrees only with Bodies: Ubi alſo with Incorporeal Subſtances if finite: For Subſtances Incorporeal are ſaid to be in a Place definitively; that is, they are ſo ſaid to be ſomewhere as not to be elſewhere; but yet ſo as they occupy not any Place, or exclude other Subſtances, whether Corporeal or Incorporeal out of it, which is improperly to be in a Place; but Corporeal Subſtances are ſaid to be in a Place circumſcriptively; that is, are ſaid to occupy, and expel other Corporeal Subſtances out of it; which is properly to be in a Place. I ſay, definite, becauſe God, who is Infinite, is not ſaid to be ſomewhere, but everywhere.
2. §. There is alſo another difference between Place and Ubi: For Place belongs to the Queſtion in which it is asked, How much a thing is in Quantity? or how much Room will it take up? Ubi to the Queſtion in which it's ask'd, Where, or whence the Thing is? Whither, or which Way gone? And thoſe Anſwers which are made to theſe Queſtions; as, at home, abroad, in the Country, in the Temple, hence, thence, hither, thither, this Way, that Way, &c. are plac'd in this Category.
Ax. 2. When is a Mode, after which finite things are ſaid ſometime to be, to have been, or to come.
1. §. Quando, or When, differ from Time ſtrictly and properly ſo called; as Ubi from Places For Time ſtrictly taken, agrees only to Things Succeſſive and conſiſting in a perpetual Motion and Flux of Parts: That is, according to Priomty or Poſterinrity.For it is defined a Number of Motion according to Firſt and Laſt in Book 4. of the Phyſicks, Cap. 11. But When is alſo attributed to things moment any and permanent, if finite: For thoſe things which are infinite and eternal, are not ſaid ſometime to be, but always.
2. ſect;. Beſides, the Words of Time belong to Quantity, and to the Queſtion made by how long? as, an Hour, a Year, an Age, &c, But the Words which belong to this Category to the Queſtion made by When; as, to Day, to Morrow, Yeſterday, in the Summer, in the Spring, in the Calends, in the Nones, in the Conſulſhip of Manlius, &c.
Ax. 3. Site is the Order of the Parts of the Body amongſt themſelves.
5. §. For Site belongs only to Bodies: For the Order of the Parts in Time or Number uſes not to be called Site: For although Site cannot be changed without Local Motion; which is a Motion to Where, yet is not Site to be confounded with Ubi, not ſo much as in Bodies: For the Ubi may be changed, not changing the Site. As when one without any Motion of Parts is carried out of one Place into another.
2. §. Site is either natural, as that of the Arm at the Shoulder-Blade, or of the Hand at the Wriſt; or voluntary; as, to ſit, to ſtand, to lie, to be prone, ſupine, &c.
Ax. 4. Habit is a Manner, after which Clothes, or any thing like Clothes, are put about the Body, appended or any other way adjoined to it.
1. §. To this Category belong all thoſe Words which ſignifie the Conjunction of Clothes, Armour, and ſuch like things with the Body; as Clothed, Armed, Gowned, Shielded, Speared, Bearded, Strewed, or Covered with Arras, Tapeſtry, &c. Theſe and the like Words ſignifie not Clothes or Arms, but the Conjunction of Clothes or Arms with the Body; which Ariſtotle ſignified when in the 4th Book of the Metaph. Cap. 20. he called Habit the Act of him which has, and of that which is had; and between him which has on the Garment, and the Garment it ſelf, &c. And thus far of the Categories.
CHAP. X. Of the Praedicables in general.
Ax. 1. TReat we now of the Affections of ſimple Themes, or ſecond Notions, which ariſe out of the Collation of the firſt, and things diſpoſed in Categories.
Ax. 2. Thoſe Affections are either ſimple or conjoyned.
Ax. 3. Simple, which are agreeable to things ſingly and apart by themſelves.
Ax. 4. And are either Praedicables, Whole and Part, Cauſe and Cauſed, Subject or Adjunct, &c.
Ax. 5. Conjoyned; Thoſe that are agreeable to many things conjointly.
Ax. 6. And are either Convenience, Diverſity, Oppoſition, or Order.
Ax. 7. The Predicables are five in Number, viz. Genus, Species, Difference, Property and Accident.
1. §. This Number is gathered thus. Whatever is affirmed of another after the Manner aforeſaid, is either contained in the Eſſence of its Subject or not. That which is contained in the Eſſence, is either predicated in the Enunciation in which it is ſaid; what the Subject is; or in that which it is ſaid, of What Quality or Sort it is. That which is predicated in the Enunciation of which it is ſaid; What it is; either expreſſes the Eſſence of it imperfectly, and is the Genus; or fully and perfectly, and is the Species. That which is contained in the Eſſence, and expreſſes the Quality, is the Difference. That which is not contained in the Eſſence of the Subject, is either predicated of it neceſſarily, and is its Property; or caſually, and is its Accident, &c.
Ax. 8. The Uſe of Praedicables is either common or proper.
Ax. 9. The common Uſe is to be ſerviceable in the Formation of Definitions, Diviſions, Syllogiſms, and Method.
Ax. 10. The proper Uſe is double; firſt, to declare what in every Category is ſuperiour, what inferiour, what firſt, what laſt; and from thence what of its own Nature is apt to be ſubjected, what predicated, &c.
Ax. 11. Of this Uſe are Genus, Species and Difference.
Ax. 12. The ſecond is to ſhew after what Manner Accidents are predicated of their Subſtances.
Ax. 13. And of this are Propriety and Accident.
1. §. And therefore they are not to be heard, who deny Propriety and Accident to be of this Place.