Abstract of Logic, Book 1 · Chapter 7
CHAP. VII. Of Things related to each other.
Ax. 1. THoſe things are ſaid to be related, which in Reſpect of what they are, are ſaid to be others, that is, of others or in any other Manner or Reſpect are referred to ….
1. §. This Definition of things related is Extant in the Beginning of the Firſt Chapter of the Categories.
Ax. 2. Relateds are uſually divided into Relateds in Reſpect of their Names, and thoſe in Reſpect of their Eſſence.
Ax. 3. Relateds according to their Names are abſolute things, which include or connote a Relatition; and therefore not in Eſſence but in Name only are referred to ſomething elſe.
Ax. 4. Relateds according to their Eſſence, are thoſe things in whom to be, and to have reſpect to ſomething elſe, is the ſame thing; or whoſe Eſſence is wholly placed in the Reſpect they bear to ſome other thing.
1. §. Relateds in Reſpect of their Names, and Relateds in Reſpect of their Eſſence, differ not in the Nature of their Relation, but their Names. For the Names which agree to Relateds according to their Names ſignifie of themſelves firſt, an Abſolute thing, and ſecondly, connote a Relation which is included in that Abſolute thing. But to Relateds according to their Eſſence, are ſuch Names given, which of themſelves ſignifie a Relation, and connote an Abſolute thing, which that Relation preſuppoſes, as it were, its Subject. For Example: Knowledge and a thing Knowable, are ſaid to be Relateds according to their Names; becauſe Science is the Name of a Quality which includes a Reſpect to the Object knowable, or which may be known. And therefore the whole Eſſence of Science is not placed in Reſpect to the Object which may be known: Nay, the Eſſence of Knowledge or Science is an Abſolute Quality, which is yet ſaid to be referred to another; becauſe it connotes a Relation. But Father and Son are Relateds according to their Eſſence; becauſe theſe Words of themſelves firſt ſignifie a Relation, or Mutual Reſpect; and therefore the whole Eſſence of the Father as he is Father, is placed in Reſpect to the Son; and that of the Son in Reſpect to his Father. For what is it elſe to be a Father, but to have a Son, and to be a Son, but to have a Father?
2. §. From Relateds, according to their Names, little or nothing differ Relateds tranſcendent, ſo called, becauſe they ſurpaſs or tranſcend all the Bounds of Categories. For there is nothing to which ſuch Relateds do not agree. So Accident to the Subject, Action to the Object, Part to the whole, and Cauſe to the Cauſed, &c.
Ax. 5. Relateds are alſo divided into Relateds Real, and Relateds Rational.
Ax. 6. Relateds Real are thoſe which of their own Nature, and without the Help of the Mind are referr'd to ſome other thing.
Ax. 7. Relateds of Reaſon are ſuch as only by the Operation of the Mind are referred or related to ſomewhat elſe.
1. §. For Example: Father, Son; Husband, and Wife, and other Relateds of that ſort are real Relateds; becauſe the Father's being the Son's Father, and the Husband's the Wive's Husband, does not depend upon the Cogitation of our Mind. But Right and Left are Relations of Reaſon; becauſe that to one ſtanding betwixt two Columns, this ſhould be Right, that Left, rather than the Contrary, is from the Ordination of the Mind. In this Senſe to the Heaven alſo we aſſign Right and Left, Before and After; and other Differences of Poſitions. But that One Hand ſhou'd be called Right and the other Left, ſeems not to be attributed to Reaſon, but Nature. To Relateds of Reaſon, alſo, Identity or Sameneſs is to be referred. For when any thing is ſo compared with it ſelf, as that it is ſaid to be the ſame with it ſelf, that one thing is ſo uſed by the Underſtanding as if it were two: Hitherto alſo refer Beings of Reaſon, which are mutually referred to each other, as Genus and Species; Subject and Predicate, &c.
Ax. 8. In every Relation are required Subject and Term.
Ax. 9. That is called the Subject to which the Relation is attributed; or that which is referred to ſome other thing.
Ax. 10. That, the Term to which the Subject is referred.
Ax. 11. The Subject is ſaid to be the Relate, and the Term the Correlate, when affected with a Relation, and conſidered together with it.
Ax. 12. Related and Correlated are mutually referred each to the other; and that not in one, but a two-fold Relation.
Ax. 13. In which Reciprocation, or mutual Relation, that which is the Subject of one Relation is the Term of the other; and ſo on the contrary.
Ax. 14. As alſo that which is in one Relation the Relate, is in the other the Correlate; and ſo on the contrary.
1. §. Theſe things that you may underſtand, ſuppoſe we between the Father and the Son, Two Relations to intercede; of which the One in which the Father is referred to the Son, is commonly called Paternity; the Other in which the Son is referred to the Father, Filiation or Son-ſhip. But Paternity and Filiation are not one, but two Relations diverſe from each other; Becauſe the Father is otherwiſe related towards the Son than the Son is towards the Father. Theſe Two Relations require two Subjects and two Terms, which are two Men; as, ſuppoſe Philip and Alexander; Philip is the Subject of Paternity, Alexander the Term. On the other ſide, Alexander is the Subject of Filiation; Philip, the Term; Father is the Relate in Paternity, Son the Correlate. On the other ſide, Son is the Relate in Filiation, Father the Correlate.
2. §. Father the Subject of Relation is wont vulgarly to be diſtinguiſhed into Subject of Inhaeſion, and Subject of Denomination. But theſe things have more in them of Subtilty than Truth.
Ax. 15. Some Relations are ſuppoſed, ſuppoſing the Subject and Term: Others beſides theſe do require a Foundation.
Ax. 16. And a Foundation is that by whoſe Means the Relation accrews to the Subject.
1. For Example: When an Egg is ſaid to be like an Egg, the Similitude between theſe two Eggs ariſes in each as ſoon as they begin to exiſt; nor is there any thing required towards their Relation, beſides the Exiſtence of two Eggs. But the Relation of Servant does not preſently ariſe in the Subject ſo ſoon as the Term exiſts; but it behoves that ſomething elſe alſo do intercede upon which this Relation is founded: For a Servant is therefore the Servant of one; becauſe by him he has been either ſaved or purchaſed, &c.
Ax. 17. Relateds are ſaid either to be Synonimous, or of the ſame Name; or Heteronymous, viz. of a diverſe.
1. §. Relateds Synonymous are uſually called Relateds of Aequiparancy; as, Friend, Rival, &c. Heteronymous of Diſquiparancy; as, Father, Son; Maſter, Servant, &c. If the Relation which agrees to Heteronyms has a Name, one of the two is called the Relate, to wit, that from which the Relation has its Name; the other, the Correlate. If the Relation be without a Name, as when the Buyer is referred to the Seller, the Diſtinction of Related and Correlated depends only upon our ſelves; as alſo in Synonymous: For there is no reaſon why the Buyer ſhould be any more called the Related than the Correlated; or of two Friends, that the One ſhould be ſo called rather than the other.
Ax. 18. The Notes of Relateds are Five; and firſt, Relateds have a Contrary.
1. §. The Relate is not contrary to its Correlate, but one related to another. This Note agrees not with Relateds per ſe; that is, by themſelves; but by Virtue of their Foundation or Subject, and therefore not to all: For nothing is contrary to Father or Son, double or half, but to ſuch only which lean on contrary Foundations, or accrue to contrary Subjects: For Friend and Enemy are Contraries; becauſe the Foundation of Friendſhip and Enmity, viz. Good Will and Ill Will are Contraries; ſo like and unlike, equal and unequal are Contraries, becauſe the things themſelves or Subjects are Contraries. For Similitude is between the ſame Qualities, and Equality between the ſame Quantities. But Diſſimilitude between divers Qualities, and Inequality between divers Quantities.
Ax. 19. Secondly, Relateds receive more and leſs.
1. §. This Note alſo agrees to Relateds in Regard of Subject or Foundation, and therefore not to all Relateds. For a Father or a Maſter is no more a Father or a Maſter than another; but to ſuch only as lean upon a mutable Subject or Foundation: For when the Subject or Foundation is varied, the Relation is intended or remitted. For Example: Thoſe things which are unequal, become more or leſs unequal, when Quantity, which is the Subject of Inequality, is in either of the two more or leſs. And diſſimilar things become more or leſs diſſimilar, when the Quality in either of them is either intended or remitted.
Ax. 20. Thirdly, Relateds are Reciprocated.
1. §. That is, every Related is referred to a Reciprocal Correlate: As, the Maſter is the Maſter of the Servant; and the Servant is the Servant of the Maſter. The half, the half of the double, and the double the double of the half. But it often happens through want of Words, that this Reciprocation does not appear: For the Head is the Head of ſomething, and the Wing the Wing of ſomething; and yet to theſe there wants an anſwerable Correlate. For Animal cannot be a proper Correlate for Head, becauſe all Animals have not a Head; nor can Bird be a proper Correlate for Wing; becauſe even Flies, Waſps, Batts, have Wings and yet are not Birds. It is therefore neceſſary, ſays Ariſtotle upon this Head, to feign Words altho' not ſo much uſed; that therefore the Reciprocation may be made apparent in the aforeſaid Relationss, we muſt ſay, the Head is the Head of ſomething having an Head, &c. and the Wing the Wing of ſomething having a Wing, &c.
Ax. 21. Fourthly, Relateds are together in Nature.
1. §. That is, as they are related: For altho' Philip be before Alexander, yet is not Philip a Father before Alexander be a Son.
Ax. 22. Fifthly, Relateds are together in Knowledge.
1. §. Becauſe one Related as a Related cannot be known without the other: For altho' he may be known who is the Son, without knowing him who is the Father; yet can he not be known to be a Son, unleſs we know him to have a Father; nor can it be known, whoſe Son any one is, if we are ignorant who is his Father, &c.