Abstract of Logic, Book 1 · Chapter 20
CHAP. XX. Of Conveniency of Things.
Ax. 1. NOw follow Convenience, Diverſity, Oppoſition and Order; which we ſaid were Affections conjoyn'd.
Ax. 2. Convenience is that by which many, or as many, are united amongſt themſelves.
Ax. 3. And is either Real, or of Reaſon.
Ax. 4. Real Convenience is the Convenience of onthing with it ſelf.
Ax. 5. Reaſon of many Things in One Conception.
1. §. This Diſtribution is by the Philoſopher mentioned Book 4. of the Metaph. Cap. 7.
Ax. 6. Convenience is alſo divided into Simple and Analogical.
Ax. 7. Simple's the Convenience of one thing with another in the ſame Third.
Ax. 8. Analogical, or Analogy, of many, with many in the ſame Habitude.
1. §. Analogy, in the Latin Tongue Proportio, is deſin'd by Euclid Book 5. Prop. 4. to be a Similitude of Ratio's. A Ratio according to the ſame Author is a certain mutual Habitude of two Magnitudes of the ſame Genus with Reſpect to Quantity. And therefore ſince a Ratio has two Terms, and Analogy two Ratio's at the leaſt; it follows, Analogy conſiſts in four Terms at the leaſt; of which the firſt has the ſame reſpect to the ſecond, as the third has to the fourth; as may be ſeen in theſe Numbers, 4, 8.6, 12. For as 4 are in reſpect of 8, ſo 6 are in reſpect of 12.
2. §. And altho' Mathematicians do uſually conſtitute Analogy in Quantity only, and in the Habitude of the Whole to the Part, or on the contrary; there is no Cauſe yet why Analogy may not be attributed to all things in general, which by a mutual Habitude convene amongſt themſelves, whether it be that of Whole to Part, Cauſe to Cauſed, or Subject to Adjunct, or on the contrary, &c. For as 4 and 6 are Analogical Parts, having the Ratio of half to 8 and 12, ſo the Sun and Mouſe, as moſt think are Analogical Efficients of thoſe Mice, which are generated of Matter and Seed, &c. and Bone and Root Analogous Means deſtinated to the Nouriſhment of Animals and Plants.
Ax. 9. Simple Convenience is either Eſſential or Accidental. Eſſential is that which we call Identity.
Ax. 10. Identity is a Unity of Eſſence.
Ax. 11. Thoſe things, ſays the Philoſopher, are the ſame, whoſe Eſſence is one and the ſame.
1. §. The firſt of theſe Definitions is in Book 4. of the Metaph. Cap. 9. The laſt in Book the ſame Cap. 15.
Ax. 12. Identity is either Subordinate or Coordinate.
Ax. 13. The Subordinate is that in which Superiours agree with their Inferiours ſubordinate to them.
1. §. So Genus with Species's, and Species's with Individuals, Subject to them; and ſo on the contrary: And thus Animal and Man, Man and Socrates, Whiteneſs and Colour are the ſame; and ſo on the contrary.
Ax. 14. Coordinate Identity is either Numerical, Specifical, or Generical.
Ax. 15. Numerical, of one Individual with it ſelf.
Ax. 16. Thoſe things are ſaid to be the ſame, ſays the Philoſopher, in Number whoſe Matter is one and the ſame.
1. §. This Definition is taken out of Book 1. of the Metaph. Cap. 15. where by the Name of Matter the Philoſopher underſtands that Collection of Propriaties which can never be the ſame in any other. So Peter is ſaid to be the ſame with himſelf, not any other.
2. §. Furthermore there are four ſorts of Modes, recited by Ariſtotle in the 1ſt Book of his Top. Cap. 7. of thoſe things which are the ſame in Number, viz. 1. Synonymous Words, as Sword and Rapier. 2. Definition, and Defin'd, as Man, and Rational Animal. 3. Subject and its Propriety, as Man and Riſible. 4. Subject and its Common Accident, as Socrates and he who diſputes in the Academy, when it is certain that Socrates only diſputes. To theſe add a Fifth, out of Book 4. of the Metaph. Cap. 6. where thoſe things are ſaid to be the ſame in Number, which are continual, whether by Natural or Artificial Continuity, as a Perch, a Houſe, &c.
Ax. 17. Specifical Identity is the Identity of many Individuals under the ſame Species.
Ax. 18. Thoſe things are the ſame in Species whoſe Ratio of Eſſence is one; or, which when many differ not in Species; as, Socrates, and Plato, and Bucephalus, and Hirpinus, Melampus, and Phylax.
Ax. 19. Generical that of many Species's, or Individuals, under the ſame Genus,
Ax. 20. Thoſe things are the ſame in Genus, which are under the ſame Genus; that is, either the next; as Man and Beaſt, and their Individuals, under Animal; or remote as Body, and Spirit, and their Species's and Individuals, under Subſtance, &c.
Ax. 21. Accidental Convenience is either Internal or External; and Internal is either Parity or Simitude.
Ax. 22. Parity is a Convenience in Quantity: For,
Ax. 23. Thoſe things are ſaid to be equal, whoſe Quantity is one, viz. either in Bulk, Virtue or Perfection.
Ax. 24. Similitude is either in Quality or Paſſion.
Ax. 25. Thoſe things are ſaid to be alike the one to the other, which have ſuffered the ſame things, and more of the ſame things than of others, and whoſe Quality is one.
1. §. Suffered we ſay not done, becauſe the Action is not in the Agent but Patient. Whoſe Quality is one; that is, either in Degree or Species. Not improperly alſo may you reduce hitherto Convenience in Site: For an Egg is like unto an Egg, becauſe of its Colour and Figure, &c.
Notes of Similitude are ſuch as theſe; like, after the ſame manner, as, as tho', alike, after the ſame ſort, not otherwiſe, not contrariwiſe, &c. When the Similitude is explained by way of Propoſition and Anſwer or Return, it becomes Analogy.
Ax. 26. External Convenience is a Conveniency in ſuch and ſuch Cauſes, Effects, Subjects or Adjuncts. External, which appertain not to the Eſſence.
1. §. So two own Brothers agree in Efficient; Houſe and Clothes in End: For the End of both, is to repell the Injuries of the Heavens. Hitherto alſo may be reduc'd thoſe things which agree in Matter; as Snow and Hail, Wind and Earthquake: For altho' Matter be an Internal Cauſe, yet it contributes nothing to the Specifical Eſſence: For thoſe things which agree n… Form, agree in Eſſence, and ſo on the contrary. Farther two Artificers agree in Effects; Virtues and Vices in Subject: For both are in the Mind. The Convenience of things in Adjuncts is various. Convenience in Internal appertains to Parity and Similitude.
Hitherto only, that in Objects, Signs and Circumſtances: But if Cauſe Efficient, or Final, Subject or Adjunct be put into the Eſſential Definition of things, and then an Agreement be in them, ſuch an Agreement then is not to be eſteem'd External, but Eſſential.