Abstract of Logic, Book 1 · Chapter 19
CHAP. XIX. Of Subject and Adjunct.
Ax. 1. A Subject is that to which ſomething is adjoyn'd beſides its Eſſence.
Ax. 2. And an Adjunct that which is adjoyn'd to ſomething beſides its Eſſence.
COMMENTARY.
1. §. We commonly uſe to diſtinguiſh betwixt a Subject of Inheſion and a Subject of Praedication or Denomination. A Subject of Inheſion is nothing elſe but a Subſtance in Reſpect of its Accidents Inherent. So Snow is the Subject of Whiteneſs which inheres in it. A Subject of Predication or Denomination is either largely or ſtrictly taken: Largely, for any thing, whether Subſtance or Accident, of which any thing may be ſaid, in any Predication, whether Eſſential, Accidental, Internal, External, Abſolute, or Limited.
2. §. In this Place not only the Subject of Inheſion, but alſo every Subject of Predication or Denomination, of which any thing may be ſaid in an Accidental Predication, whether External, Internal, Abſolute, or Limited, is to be underſtood. And all theſe things which may be ſaid in this Manner of any Subject, are to be underſtood under the Name of Adjuncts.
Ax. 3. Adjuncts may be 3 ways divided; and firſt, into Proper and Common.
1. §. Common are nothing elſe but Accidents that are abſolutely ſo call'd and oppos'd to Proper.
Ax. 4. Secondly, into Abſolute and Limited.
Ax. 5. An Abſolute is that which ſimply and abſolutely agrees with the Subject.
Ax. 6. A Limited, which in ſome reſpect only.
1. §. That is, according to ſome Part or Nature, or Time, or Place, or Reſpect. For Example: Mortality is the abſolute Adjunct of Man whilſt Immortality is the Limited; becauſe Man is not abſolutely Immortal; but only as to the Soul: So Whiteneſs is the Limited of an Aethiop; becauſe he is not abſolutely, which is as much as to ſay totally, but only as to his Teeth, White.
Ax. 7. Thirdly, Adjuncts are divided into Internal and External.
Ax. 8. Adjuncts Internal are thoſe which inhere in the Subject.
Ax. 9. External, which are ordered and diſpoſed Externally about it.
1. §. A Subject receives Adjuncts Internal into its ſelf: As Snow, Whiteneſs; the Soul, Science or Knowledge: External to it ſelf; as the Sight, Colour; Soldier, Arms, &c. Internal give to the Subject Internal Denomination; External, External: For when Snow is denominated from its Whiteneſs; it is an Interternal Denomination. But when a Soldier is ſaid to be Armed, or the Eye to ſee any thing, it is an External Denomination. Vulgarly theſe Denominations are called Intrinſical and Extrinſical.
2. §. Internal Adjuncts are Accidents; as ſuppoſe Quantity, Quality, &c. and their Subject always a Subſtance; Adjuncts Externl are either Subſtances or Accidents: For either a Subſtance to a Subſtance, or an Accident to an Accident, or an Accident to Subſtance, or a Subſtance to an Accident, may be joyned; as from what follows, will appear.
Ax. 10. An External Adjunct is either Object, Sign, or Circumſtance.
Ax. 11. An Object is that, about which any thing is employ'd in its Operation.
1. §. Object and Subject, in Diſciplines are us'd almoſt without Diſcrimination.
2. §. In Diſciplines Theoretical, one only Object is required; in Practical, a Two-fold, viz. one of Doctrine, another of Uſe. The Doctrinal is that which is explained by Definitions and Diviſions, throughout the whole Diſcipline. The Object of Uſe or Practice is that about which the Exercitation it ſelf, of the Diſcipline is Converſant: So, in Ethicks or Morals, the Objects of Doctrine are Virtues and Vices; Practice, the Soul: For this do Ethicks endue with Virtues. In Diſciplines Directing, the Object of Practice, is even almoſt Two-fold; one which from the Diſcipline it ſelf is directed: and the other in which is operated that which is directed. So the Object of Logick, we have ſaid to be two-fold. In Arts Mechanical, the Object of Doctrine does not appear; becauſe acquired by Exercitation only, and not Precepts, or Inſtitution.
Ax. 12. Of Objects, ſome are by themſelves, others by Accident.
Ax. 13. An Object by it ſelf is that which is both objected to the thing as ſuch; and about which the thing as ſuch is employed.
Ax. 14. That by Accident which not to the thing as ſuch; or about which the thing as ſuch is not employed &c.
1. §. An Object by it ſelf requires two Conditions the one upon the Account of it ſelf; the other its Subject to which it is ſubjected. Upon the Account of it ſelf it is requir'd that it ſhould be ſubjected to the thing as ſuch: So Good is the Object of the Will, of its ſelf, Evil by Accident: For the Will deſires Good in its own Nature; Evil, not: Nay, Evil is not deſired as Evil, but ſeeming to be good, Book 3. of the Ethicks, Cap. 4. So the Object of the Sight by it ſelf is Colour, by Accident Dias his Son, Book 2. of An. Cap. 6. For Dias's Son is not ſeen as Dias's Son, but as Coloured: For it is accidental only that that which is Coloured is Dias's Son. The other Condition we ſaid to be required in the Object it ſelf by reaſon of the Subject is that the thing ſhould be converſant about it, as it ſelf ſuch. For Example: When the Architect builds an Houſe, the Matter out of which it is made is the Architect's Object by it ſelf; becauſe as ſuch he is converſant about it; but the ſame Matter would be the Object of the Muſician by Accident, if a Muſician ſhould be ſaid to build; becauſe he builds not as a Muſician, but Architect.
Ax. 15. Object by it ſelf is either Proper or Common.
Ax. 16. An Object proper is that which is objected only to one thing.
Ax. 17. Common, to many.
1. §. So Colour is the proper Object of the Sight, Sound of the Hearing, Savour of the Taſting, &c. Magnitude, Number, Figure, Motion, Reſt, the common Objects of the Senſes; becauſe every one of them is perceived by many Senſes.
Ax. 18. Both are either Mediate or Immediate.
Ax. 19. A Mediate is that which is objected to any one by the Mediation of another.
Az. 20. Immediate, by the Mediation of none.
1. §. So the ſenſible Qualities are the immediate Objects of the Senſes: A Subſtance inveſted with thoſe Qualities, the Mediate: And thus much of the Object.
Ax. 21. A Sign is that which offereth it ſelf to the Senſes, and that of which it is the Sign to the Underſtanding.
1. §. The Sign is the Adjunct, the thing ſignified the Subject. A Sign does theſe two things: Firſt, offers it ſelf to the Senſes, and then moves the Mind that it may conſider of the thing that is ſignify'd.
Ax. 22. Sign is divided many Ways; and firſt into Natural and Arbitrary.
Ax. 23. Sign Natural, is that which ſignifies of its own Nature.
1. §. So the Morning is the Sign of the Sun's being about the Riſe; the Footſtep, of the Foot; the Image in the Glaſs, of the Countenance: The Sign Natural belongs almoſt to the Doctrine of Cauſes: For every Natural Sign is either the Cauſe of the thing ſignified, or the Effect, or elſe both are the Effects of the ſame Cauſe, &c.
Ax. 24. A Sign Arbitrary is that which ſignifies according to Inſtitution.
1. §. Either Humane, as when the ſuſpended Ivy is a Sign of Wine to be ſold; or Divine, as when the Sacraments are ſaid to be Signs of Divine Grace.
Ax. 25. Secondly, Sign is divided into Formal and Material.
Ax. 26. The Formal is that which repreſents the thing.
1. §. So a Picture is a Sign of the thing painted; the Footſtep, of the Foot; Conceptions of things, &c. It is call'd by Ariſtotle foreign, that is, Reſemblance, Cap. 2. of the Interp.
Ax. 27. A Material is that which does indicate the thing, indeed, but does not repreſent it.
1. §. So the Rainbow is a Sign of Rain. Smoak of Flame; Pale Moon, of Winds; Red, of fair Weather, &c.
Ax. 28. Thirdly, Signs ate divided into Antecedent, Conſequent and Conjoyn'd.
1. §. Antecedent, ſuch as the Morning, of the Riſing Sun; the Coaction of the Clouds, of Rain; Conſequent, as Floating Planks of a Tempeſt; Paleneſs of a Diſtemper; Conjoyn'd as an unequal Pulſe, of a Fever; a hairy Skin, of Salacity, &c. Hitherto do alſo appertain Signs Meteorological, and Phyſiognunical.
Ax. 29. Fourthly and Laſtly, Signs are divided into Neceſſary and Contingent; of which thoſe make a certain, and theſe an uncertain Indication of a thing.
1. §. For Example: The Morning certainly foreſhews the Riſing of the Sun; and the unequal Pulſe of the Artery certainly ſhews a Fever: But Paleneſs is a Sign of Love, and the Coaction of the Clouds, of Rain, but fallacious: For a Sign is fallacious, when it does not neceſſarily cohere with the Thing; or is common to many things. Neceſſary Signs the Greeks call foreign, the reſt foreign, that is, Veriſimilous, or Probable. Altho' they ſeem then, laſtly, to be called foreign, or probable, when probable Propoſitions may be drawn from them: As when the Clouds are gathered together it will ſuddenly Rain, he who is Pale, is in Love, &c.
Ax. 30. A Circumſtance is that which is about the thing, adjacent, or appoſite to it.
1. §. Hitherto appertain Time, Place, Veſtiture, Armature, and other things of that Nature. And thus far of ſimple Affections.