Church History of the Government of Bishops and Their Councils, Chapter 12 (2 of 3)

Church History of the Government of Bishops and Their Councils · Chapter 12 (2 of 3)

p. 371Let it be here noted, 1. That this Council confesseth that the Sacrament and visible Communion is not of necessity to salvation: And why not the same of visible Baptism,☜ when it cannot be had on lawful terms? 2. That therefore it is no sinful Separation to refuse such Church-Communion as cannot be had on lawful terms, or but from Hereticks, Simoniacs, or Sacrilegious. 3. That this sheweth that the Church of Rome hath their Succession oft interrupted: For by the testimony of their most flattering Historians, and of General Councils, many Popes have been Simoniacs; Ergo, saith this Council, Hereticks and Infidels; Ergo no Popes: Ergo their Faith failed. 4. That this maketh their Bishops, Priests, and Churches in all their own Kingdoms where Princes have the presenting and investing of Bishops, to be all void and null,☜ as being Infidels. And that not only among Protestants none should communicate with any Bishops that have their Presentation and Investiture from Kings, but must separate from them as Infidels, but even in Papists Kingdoms they must do the same.

§ 94. Victor commended Odo, or Otho Ostiensis for his Successor; who is chosen in his stead against Clement, and called Urban the 2d. He made their old Patroness Mathildis in her age to marry with an Italian Duke Welpho, on condition that they should never have Carnal Copulation.☜ The Emperor came to Rome, and set up Clement: Urban (or Otho) being one that before had published the Excommunication of the Emperor, Excommunicateth him again, and goeth from Rome, into Italy and France; and sets the Princes upon the recovering of Ierusalem, Listing 300000 Men, and so reconciled most of their Strifes at home. The History of this Expedition, Platina briefly, and many Authors largely give us, to whom I refer you.

Conrade the Emperor's Son rebelleth against his Father, encouraged by the Pope. The Papal Historians pretend that his Father would have forced him to Incest, but others think otherwise.

It was this Pope (saith Bin. p. 1293.) that appointed the horary Prayers, called the Office of the Blessed Virgin, to be used by Clergy and Laity, for success against the Saracens. Having Reigned eleven years, and four months, he died.

§ 95. CCCLXXIV. An. 1089. Urban in a Council at Rome, repeateth against the Emperor and Pope Clement what was done before by Greg. the 7th. Clement is expelled Rome, and driven to renounce. The Holy Wars breed reconciling thoughts. The Papal Party offer the Emperor his Crown, if he will depose Clement. His Bishops dissuade him, and he refuseth; being otherwise for Peace inclined to it.

§ 96. CCCLXXV. A Council at Troy in Apulia about marriage of Kinsfolk.

§ 97. An. 1090. A Council at Tolouse deposed the Bishop as criminal, &c.

§ 98. An. 1090. A Council of Urban's at Melfia decreed again, that no Bishop receive Investiture from any Lay-man; and that no Lay-man have right or authority over any Clerk. Also against false Penance (Hildebrand p. 372before had decreed that Penance, and Baptism, (and so Absolution) profit not impenitent undisposed Receivers.)

§ 99. CCCLXXVI. A Council at Benevent condemned Pope Clement again.

§ 100. CCCLXXVII. Another at Troy did consult for Urban's interest.

§ 101. CCCLXXVIII. Another at Constance, An. 1094. against married Priests and Simoniacs, and about the number of Easter and Whitsun Holydays. And the Empress Praxes departed from the Emperor, accusing the Court of most filthy Fornication;☞ perhaps the cause of their Calamities.

§ 102. CCCLXXIX. An. 1094. A Council at Ostio in France Excommunicated their own King Philip, for putting away his Wife, and marrying another; and again Excommunicateth the Emperor and Pope Clement.

§ 103. CCCLXXX. An. 1095. A Council at Placentia heard the Cause of the Emperor of Const. begging help against the Infidels; and of the King of France; and the Empress complained how filthily she had been forced by her Husband's command. It repeated damnations, and decreed that no money be taken for Baptizings, Chrysms or Burials.

§ 104. CCCLXXXI. A Council at Clermont for the same Causes. It decreeth, That if one injure another on Monday, Wednesday or Thursday, it shall not be reputed a breach of Peace: but if it be done on any of the other four days, it shall be judged a breach of holy Peace, and be punished as shall be judged. C. 1.

And that no Clergyman shall receive any Honour (or Preferment) from the hand of Lay-men. C. 15.

And C. 16. That no Kings or Princes make investiture of any Ecclesiastick Honour.

And C. 17.☞ That no Bishop or Priest make any promise of Allegiance to a King, or to any Lay-man (Ne Regi, vel alicui Laico in manibus Ligium fidelitatem faciat.) Ligius is Liege, or Ligatus, a Vassal or full Subject.

And C. 19. That no Lay-labourer keep the tenth of his labour, (from the Clergy;) or receive (from the Clergy) the tenth of his wages.

§ 105. It sheweth you that ever the Sacrament in one kind was not introduced, in that the 28th Canon of this Council decreeth, that [None communicate at the Altar, unless he receive the Body by it self, and the Blood by it self, unless through necessity, or with cautelousness.]

Can. 29. Any one that fled from his Enemies to any Cross, was to be there protected as in a Church.

But the Ierusalem War was the main business of this Council, by which the Pope cunningly turned away Animosities and Jealousies from himself, and got the repute of a Holy Defender of the Church.

§ 106. But in an English Council all the Bishops in the Kingdom save one (Rochester) would force Archbishop Anselme to renounce the Pope; which Anselme refusing, and reasoning against, they said that he blasphemed the King, setting up any in his Kingdom without his consent; and so they jointly renounce their subjection and obedience to the Archbishop, and abjure the unity of brotherly society with him, ☞Bin. p. 1302. You see Luther was not the first that renounced the Pope.

p. 373§ 107. CCCLXXXII. A Council at Tours, for the Holy War: where the King of France Philip was reconciled, promising service to the Pope.

§ 108. CCCLXXXIII. An. 1097. A Concilium Barense was held, for winning the Greek Church in their necessity; where Anselme of Canterbury got the honour in disputing of the Procession of the Holy Ghost. The sum of which Disputation is in his Works.

§ 109. CCCLXXXIV. An. 1098. A Council at Rome gave the King of England time to repent till Michaelmas, the former Council had Excommunicated him, if Anselme had not desired delay.

§ 110. An. 1099. Another Roman Council for the Holy War, and Reexcommunicating Pope Clement, (but what Clement did all this while, is past over here.)

§ 111. An. 1099. Some little Council at Ierusalem put out Arnulph the Archbishop of Ierusalem as a wicked Man and Usurper, and gave it to the Pope's Legat.

§ 112. An. 1099. Paschal the 2d is made Pope; a little after Pope Clement dieth, who had Reigned with his Competitors 21 years: Being buried at Ravenna after five years, a Council caused his Carkass to be dig'd up and burnt: Decreeing, That all the Bishops of the Henrician Heresie, (that is, who were for Emperors being above the Pope, or not deposable by him, and for his power of Presentations or Investitures) if they were alive should be deposed; ☜if dead, should be dig'd up and burnt, (which were most of the Bishops of the West, if Hildebrand himself mistook not.) O Military Bishops! that can overcome the dead. No wonder if the Church and Nations be confounded by you, that cannot let each others Carkasses rest in their Graves; but will dig up the bones of the Prelates of many Kingdoms, even the greatest part. How many Princes and Prelates now Papists, are guilty of the Henrician Heresie? Should not their bones also be burnt if you durst?

§ 113. But the Schism continued, three persons successively being made Anti-Popes by the Emperor's party; but all of them one after another overcome by Paschal, who being a Military Pope, did most of his work by his Army, which he frequently had on foot. In his time Ierusalem, and the Cities about, were won by Godfrey of Bullen, his Brother-Baldwin, Boemund, Tancred, and the rest of the Christians; and Godfrey made first King, and Baldwin next; Boemund and Tancred having Antioch, and after suffering great losses, &c. as you may read in the Histories.

§ 114. Never did the Papal Rebellion work more unnaturally, than in setting up the Emperor's Son Henry against his own Father,☜ as excommunicate and deposed; who being chosen in his stead by the Papal Faction, overcame him, and took him Prisoner, and kept him till he dyed (naturally, or violently, I know not) at Liege.

§ 115. Yet was the Pope deceived of his hopes: For this Henry also was of the Henrician Heresie, and having by the Pope's order kept his Fathers Corps five years unburied, because Excommunicate, he came with an Army after to Rome to be crowned Emperor, and getting into the City, (the Pope's p. 374Historians say by perfidiousness, and others lay the perfidiousness on the Pope) he took the Pope and Cardinals (that were for him) Prisoners, for denying him to confirm the Bishops which the Emperor had promoted; and he kept him till he made him confirm them, and grant him Investitures under his hand and seal, and promise: But when the Emperor was gone, the Pope took his promise to be null, and brake it, (he that can dispense with others, may dispense with himself.)

§ 116. Binnius, after many such others, doth not only justifie the Pope's deposing of the Emperor; but shamelesly saith, that even the Novatores Haeretici, (as he calleth the Loyal and Orthodox) will not deny but that he was justly deposed, because (saith he) in a Letter to Hildebrand, he said himself he might justly be deposed if he fell from the Faith; and he was deposed for Heresie, viz. for defending Priests Marriage, selling Benefices, contemning the Popes Excommunication, and saying that he ought not to regard it.

Ans. 1. Doth every word in a Letter that you can distort, forfeit a Crown?

2. Did not the Apostles and ancient Christians obey Heathens, and command it?

3. Was it to the Pope that he forfeited his Crown? How prove you that?

4. Were these Apostolic Doctrines, (that Priests may have Wives, as Peter had, &c.) a falling from the Faith?

5. Is every Princes Crown and Life at the Pope's mercy, because he may judge him to be an Heretick?

6. Are not the chief Christian Kings now that are Papists (especially the King of France) of that which is called, The Henrician Heresie? And may they be so deposed?

§ 117.☞ But one thing I desire may be noted of this Henrician Heresie, that the Emperor did not take away the old liberty of the Clergy and People in chusing their Bishops: Investiture was not Election, or any determining Nomination, but like our Inductions an after-consent, and a delivery of possession by a Staff and Ring, as may be seen in the form of Pope Pasohal's Grant in Nauclerus, Gen. 38. p. 738. [We grant and confirm to you, that you may bestow Investiture by a Staff and Ring to the Bishops and Abbots in your Dominion, FREELY ELECTED WITHOUT FORCE AND SIMONY.] And it medled not with the Presbyters, but was only a Negative power of freely chosen Prelates induction, who was still chosen by the inferior Clergy and the People.

§ 118. How the old Emperor was basely deprived by the three Bishops of Mentz, ☞Colen and Wormes; how he charged their Oaths of Allegiance on them; how he denounced the Revenge of God against them; how he was kept in such poverty, that he desired for his relief to have been but an Assistant in the Monastery of Spire which he had built himself, and was by the ungrateful Bishop of Spire denied; how in his misery he confessed it was the justice of God for the sins of his youth (Lust) you may see in Sigon. de p. 375Reg. Ital. An. 1106. Helmold. Hist. Sclav. c. 32. Sigebert An. 1106. Albert. Xrantz. Hist. Sax. li. 5. c. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. compared. As also how his Body was digged up out of his Grave, and kept five years by his unnatural Son in an unconsecrated place, and after buried. Thus ended one that had fought (as Historians say) with honour, Sixty two Battels (more than Caesar had done) a Man (had he duly mastered his youthful lust) credibly described as of laudable endowments, and one that shewed much zeal for the Clergy, though he was not willing to be absolutely their Subject.

§ 119. CCCLXXXV. Of the Councils that were in Paschal's days, the first was at Rome, An. 1102. where the old Emperor Henry the 4th. was again Excommunicate, and a form of Anathematism made against all Heresies, and in special against that Heresie that then troubled the Church,☜ which was [That the Churches Anathema's and Bonds are not to be regarded.] It was time for Pope and Prelates to call that a Heresie, when by Cursing they had got their Dominions, and conquered so many Emperors and Kings: But it's a wonder that when Tibi dabo Claves, would not keep up the credit of the Cursers, that Cursing again should be able to do it.

Two Councils at London, partly against the Clergies Incontinence, and against Sodomy, and partly to depose several married Priests, I pass by.

§ 120. CCCLXXXVI. Fluentius, Bishop of Florence, published that Anti-christ was come. ☜Whether he told them who he was I know not: But An. 1105. A Council of 340 Bishops was there called, to try him for that dangerous doctrine; and finding that Prodigies and Calamities drew him to believe it, they chid him as a weak Man, and warned him to talk so dangerously no more, (you may know why.)

§ 121. CCCLXXXVII. When the young Henry began his Rebellion against his Father, he called An. 1105. a Council at Quintilineburg, where he solemnly called God and Angels to witness, that it was not out of desire to Reign that he did what he did, nor to depose his Father, but to restore them to the Obedience of the Church, lamenting his Father's obstinacy against it: And he profest his Obedience to the Pope, and drew divers revolted Archbishops to do the like.

§ 122. CCCLXXXVIII. An. 1106. A Council with the Nobility or Princes was called by Henry junior at Mentz, where the old Emperor was again Excommunicated, and forced to resign his Scepter to his Son; and this by those Princes, Prelates and Nobles, that had sworn Allegiance to him, supposing themselves absolved from all their Oaths by the Pope. Now it was that the three Archbishops violently divested him. When he asked them, what was his fault, and they said, Simony, in the Collation of Bishopricks and Abbies, he adjured them (the Bishops of Mentz, and Colen, with the Bishop of Wormes) by the name of the Eternal God, to say whatever he took of any of them: And they said, Nothing. He thanked God that so far their own tongues justified him, when their Bishopricks might have brought him no small Sum.

§ 123. CCCLXXXIX. The Pope in a Council at Wastallis in Lombardy, took in some submitting Bishops.

p. 376§ 124. CCCXC. Two Bishops at Ierusalem striving for the place; one put out by the King, but restored by the Pope, died in his return; the other by a Synod at Ierusalem was put out, but made Bishop of Caesarea.

§ 125. CCCXCI. In a Council at Trecae, the Emperor's Investitures are forbidden.

§ 126. CCCXCII. Another at Benevent, An. 1108. of the same, decreeing, That if any take a Benefice from a Lay-man's Presentation, the Giver and Taker shall be Excommunicated.

And one at London to the same purpose, made King Henry consent against investing Bishops or Abbots.

Another at Liege, for St. Guibert's Elevation.

§ 127. CCCXCIII. But the Pope's Lateran Council of 100 Bishops is more considerable, where the Pope breaketh his Oath and Covenant to the Emperor as being constrained, and this by their approbation. The History of the occasion before-mentioned, is here again recited by Binnius out of the Chron. Cassinens. at large; where you may see that the Emperor sware to the Pope, and the Pope was thereupon to crown the Emperor as in his proper Rights. The Emperor claimed to be crowned as to the same Rights that had been granted to Charles, Lewis, Henry, and other former Emperors: This the Pope denied to do, and so they went to fight; where on both sides, between the Romans and Germans, so many thousands were slain, that Tyber was coloured with their blood.☞ How the Earl of Millan that interposed his person to save the Emperor's life was slain, and his flesh cut in pieces, and given the Dogs by the Romans, and what other bloody work was there made, the said Chronicle mentioneth.

The Pope when he crowned the Emperor, and made the Covenant with him, ☞took the Body of Christ and brake it, taking part himself, and giving the Emperor the other part, and said, so let him be divided from the Kingdom of Christ and the Lord, that breaketh this Covenant] which now by the consent of the Bishops in Council he brake.

§ 128. CCCXCIV. A Council at Benevent, to decide a quarrel about Church-lands.

§ 129. CCCXCV. In a Cyperan Council an Archbishop complained, that he was put out by the Prince Roger of Sicily, and made a Monk against his will; and was delivered, because God will have no involuntary Service: Another Archbishop accused, fled.

§ 130. CCCXCVI and CCCXCVII. A Council at Beauvois, not known for what.

One in Syria against Arnulp. Archbishop of Ierusalem, for his Crimes.

§ 131. CCCXCVIII. An. 1116. A Council at Colen Excommunicate the Emperor, (or declare the Popes Excommunicate;) but he forced some to receive him.

§ 132. CCCXCIX. An. 1116. In a Lateran General Council (as they call'd it) it unhappily fell out, that the Pope who had before call'd the Emperor's claim an Heresie, (as Councils had before named it, The Henrician p. 377Heresie) could not here disclaim and revoke his Act, without confessing his fault, in granting that power to the Emperor, and confirming it by Covenant and Oath. He tells them that he is but a Man, and so a Sinner, and lamenting his sin, begs their prayers to God for pardon, and then anathematizeth all that he had written, and desireth them to do the like. Hereupon a crafty Bishop (Bruno Signinus) said, Let us give thanks to God, that we our selves have heard the Pope condemn that Priviledge that containeth Pravity and Heresie: ☜And if that Priviledge contain Heresie, then he that made it was an Heretick.] This put them all to their shifts; and Ioh. Cajetan angerly said, [Dost thou call the Pope an Heretick here, and in our hearing? The writing that our Lord the Pope made was Evil, but not Heresie. Another Bishop said, [Nay it ought not to be called Evil; For to deliver the People of God is good, by the authority of the Gospel, which commandeth us animas ponere, to lay down our Souls for the Brethren: And that which the Pope did, was to deliver the People of God.]

O holy Bishops and Councils,☜ that take it to be no sin to lye and forswear, if it do but deliver the People of God! But the Pope's patience would not hold at the charge of Heresie, but after great expectations, he told them that [That Church had never had Heresie: yea, the same Church had quelled all Heresies—And Ego rogavi pro te, Petre, secureth it. As much as to say, Though I confest an Heresie before I was aware, now I tell you, the same thing is an Henrician Heresie in others, and none in me.

§ 133. CCCC. An. 1116. A Roman Synod to end a strife between the two Monasteries, Cluniacens. & Cassinens.

§ 134. Platina tells us how the Pope sent the Pisans to fight against the Saracens at Sea; and when they were absent, the Lucenses sought to take their City, but the Florentines honestly came and repelled them; for which the Pisans gave them two Porphyretice Columns.

Also that Mathildis (Maud) the Pope's great Defender now dying, enriched the Pope, with bequeathing her Principalities to Rome. And that Vincentius, an excellent Author, saith, That she was burnt with two thousand more in a great Fire that hapned at Florence. And being Sainted, divers places say, they have her Body.

Bernard was the glory of this Age.

Platina tells us also of a bloody War and Sedition in Rome, upon the Pope's denying a Boy of ten years old, to succeed his Father as Prefect of the City; the Pope being forced to remove: That the Emperor came with an Army again to Rome, where a Bishop crowned him again, the Pope being in Apulia, who after returned and dyed.

p. 378§ 135. Now cometh the 24th Schism, or two Popes at once; Iob. Cajetan Cardinal is chosen at Rome, by the CLERGY, SENATE, and PEOPLE of Rome, Bin. p. 1315. The Emperor sends to demand the confirmation of Pope Paschal's Covenants: He denieth, and as at his choice a great Citizen, Cincius Frangipanis, offended at the choice, threw him down, trod on him, and imprisoned him, till the People rose and forced Frangipanis to restore him safe; so the Emperor now set up another Pope, Gregory VIII. And Cajetan, called Gelasius the 2d, got some Italian Princes to help him, and when the Emperor was gone he came to Rome, and scuffling awhile, was fain to go to France, and dyed after a year and five days, Gregory reigning three years, and some being for one, and some for the other.

In this time King Baldwin and Tancred had a great overthrow near Ierusalem.

§ 136. CCCCI. Pope Gelasius with a Synod at Capua, Excommunicateth the Emperor and Pope Gregory (who, it's like, requited him.)

After at Vinna in France he called a Synod, and dyed.

§ 137. The Bishop of Vienna in France, (kin to the Emperor and the King of France) is chosen Pope in France: He prevaileth with the Emperor to give up his Investitures, and so maketh a joyful Peace. He overcometh Pope Gregory VIII. and imprisoneth him in a Monastery. In his time Baldwin was again overthrown, and the Venetians took many Islands from the Greek Emperor, for hindering them to relieve Ierusalem by Sea.

§ 138. CCCCII. The first Council under Calixtus the 2d was at Rhemes, whither went Turstan chosen Archbishop of York, upon promise to King Henry, that he would not receive the Pope's blessing: But he stuck not to break his word; therefore the King banished him, or forbad him his Dominions.

Here four Tenents of Guilbert Porretane a Schoolman were condemned.

1. That Divinitas and Deus are not the same (in signification.)☞

2. That the three Persons are not unum aliquid.

3. That besides the Persons there are eternal Relations, which are not the same as the Persons, &c.

4. That it was not the Nature of God that was incarnate.

These they condemned, whether rightly understanding Porretane I know p. 379not: But if Schoolmens Quirks must make work for Councils, and Councils will be their Judges, what work will there be?

§ 139. CCCCIII. Another at Colen, An. 1119. the Emperor was Excommunicated.

§ 140. CCCCIV. In a Lateran Council called General, the Emperor (saith Otto Frising.) seeing the People fall from him when he was Excommunicate, and fearing his Fathers case, yielded to resign Investitures, which he after performed, An. 1122.

And An. 1122. CCCCV. A. Roman Council setled the Cassine Monastery of Benedictines in their Independency, save on the Pope alone, against the envy and complaints of the Bishops.

§ 141. CCCCVI. A Roman Council finished the Peace with the Emperor.

And An. 1124. one at Tholouse call'd some Religious men Hereticks.

§ 142. Calistus dying, Theobaldus, called Caelestine, is chosen by the Fathers; but Lambert called Honorius the 2d, by the help of Leo Frangipanis, a great man,☜ came after him, and got the greater power, and got and kept possession. This was the 25th Schism, which the Emperor's resignation of Investitures prevented not.

§ 143. CCCCVII. An. 1127. A French Council about the Templars Habit: And one at London 1125, and another 1127. where because Mat. Paris openeth the shame of the Pope's Nuncio, and others, Binnius revileth him.

§ 144. Arnulphus, ☜a famous Preacher, was murdered in Rome, for Preaching against their Pride, Covetousness and Luxury. Platin.

§ 145. Two Popes are next chosen: (the 26th Schism) 1. Gregory called Innocent the 2d. 2. Peter called Anacletus. Onuphrius: Panuinus saith, that Innocent had but 17 Cardinals Votes,☜ and Anaclet had 21. And yet Innocent being the stronger, is by them taken now for the true Pope, and the Succession is from him.

§ 146. Pope Innocent presently becometh a Soldier, and gets an Army to fight with Roger Prince of Sicily, for claiming Apulia: The Pope and Cardinals at the second Battel are taken Prisoners, by the coming of William Duke of Calabria to help his Father. Roger gently releaseth them: They come to p. 380Rome, and find Pope Anaclet in possession; who got Roger of Sicily, and the People of Rome that were for Innocent, to be for him, (saith Platina.) Innocent dares not stay, but goeth into France; thence into Germany, where Henry being dead, and Lotharius made Emperor, the Pope got him to swear to help him: The Emperor and Pope come against Rome with two Armies. The Anti-Pope Anacletus is not to be seen; till the Emperor was gone home, and Innocent at Pisa, and then he appeareth as Pope again. Lotharius cometh with another Army, and driveth away Anacletus, and Roger of Apulia into Sicily.

§ 147. The Romans now rose up against the Pope, and claimed the Civil Government of Rome by a Senate. The Pope hereupon deprived them of their Votes in the Election of Popes, and deprived all the Clergy also of theirs except the Cardinals, and confined the power to the Conclave of the Cardinals alone. This was the first time that the old way was overthrown, and all the Canons broken by one Pope in revenge against the Romans for rebelling against his Civil Government,☞ and helping Anaclet. Till now, Clergy and People chose the Bishops. Hildebrand began to set up the Cardinals power, but denied not the Clergy and People their Votes in Comitiis.

§ 148. The Greek Emperor's Legat now had a dispute with the Pope's Party, to prove the Roman Church erroneous for the Filioque, of which see Plat. in Inoc. 2.

§ 149. CCCCVIII. and CCCCIX. and CCCCX. The Pope Innocent being above seven years in France and Germany, damned Pope Anaclet and his Fautors in a Council at Clermont, and in another at Rhemes, and in another at Liege. And 411, another at Pisa did the like. And 412 one at Mentz was about a Bishops quarrels. And 413, one at Estampes condemned Anaclet; Innocent's presence prevailing there, and Anaclet's presence at Rome.

§ 150. Lotharius dieth, and Conrade is Emperor. CCCCXIV. Innoc…nt, An. 1139. calleth a great Council called General upon his return at Rome, to condemn Anaclet again.

§ 159. Anaclet dying, another Pope called Victor is chosen against Innocent, and the Schism continued: and after five months being too weak, giveth it up.

§ 160. In England, saith William Malmsbury, and Binnius out of him, p. 1325. two Bishops (of Salisbury and Lincoln) built the great Castles of Newark, Shirburne, Devises, Malmesbury, and held the Castle at Salisbury, &c. The Nobles complain'd to the King of the Bishop's greatness, and building so many Castles, as of ill design. At an Assembly or Parliament at Oxford, the p. 381Servants of some Earls and these Bishops fought for Quarters: The Bishops Servants prevailed, and Blood was shed, and the Nephew of an Earl wounded near to death, and all was on an uproar. The King (Stephen) took the advantage, and made the two Bishops deliver up the Keys of their Castles, lest they prepared to be for the Empress Maud in time. The Bishop the King's Brother was the Pope's Legat; he calls a Council at Winchester, and summoneth the King, where he and other Bishops pleaded against the King, that he violated the Canons, wronged the Church, invaded the Bishops Propriety, &c. But a French Bishop of Rouen pleaded for the King, that no Canon allowed them those Castles, and that in danger of Wars all Princes would secure such places; and so far got the better, as that they durst not proceed against the King, who told them that if any went to Rome to complain against him, they must not think easily to return into England.

§ 161. CCCCXV. An. 1140. A Council at Soissons condemned Peter Abailard's Books to the Fire; but saith Otto Frising. (& Bin. ex eo) they would not hear him speak for himself, suspecting or fearing his skill in disputation, his great acuteness being famous. His Heresie was, That whereas (saith Otto) the Church holdeth the Three Persons in the Trinity to be res distinctas,**See in the Schoolmen what they hold; particularly Menrisse de Trinit. And Peta… de Trinit., distinct things; Peter used an ill similitude, and said that [As the same argument or speech is Proposition, Assumption and Conclusion, so the same Essence is the Father, Son and Holy Ghost] and this was judged Sabellianism. But sure, 1. Peter never meant this similitude should hold in all respects. 2. Sure this asserteth unhappily such a difference as is between the Whole and the Parts, if he had meant it to be fully simile. And that maketh a greater difference inter personas, than the Schools allow. But be the Man Heretick or not, what justice was in these pitiful Prelates that condemned him, and durst not hear him speak? Is such Hereticating much regardable?

§ 162. CCCCXVI. Another Synod (Senonensis) got St. Bernard among them, who debated the case of Peter, and he appealed to the Pope, who condemned him, and yet saith that Peter denied many of the words, and all the sense that was charged on him: but nameth five Errors, worthy his condemnation, if his indeed.

§ 163. Binnius from W. Malmesbury (who was present) reciteth another Council at Winchester, King Stephen being taken Prisoner by some Lords, and the Londoners pleading for his liberty, his Brother the Pope's Legat was against him, and accused him, Excommunicating divers Lords that were for him.

§ 164. CCCCXVII. A Synod at Ierusalem against the Patriark of Antioch, the Prince, and the Pope's Legat being against him: Accused of many Crimes he would not appear, and was deposed and imprisoned, and scaping out went to Rome for help, and was there poisoned. An unlearned bad Man Haymericus is put into his seat.

p. 382§ 165. Innocent dying,☞ Caelestine the 2d was the first Man that ever was ordained or made Pope without the Peoples Election, saith Binnius himself ex Onuphr. by the Cardinals privately alone, according to Pope Innocent's Order. An. 1143. in Conrade's Reign; he dyed within six months. In his time the Christians lost Edessa to the Turks.

§ 166. Pope Lucius the 2d cometh next, and liveth but 11 months. In which he set the Emperor Conrade on a fruitless Expedition towards Ierusalem, to the death of multitudes.

§ 167. A Gallican Council against Abailardus, who is said by Plat. & Pet. Cluniac. to repent and dye a holy death.

§ 168. Eugenius the 3d, a Companion of Bernards, is next Pope: The Romans rising for their Civil Government, expel him: He goeth into France, maketh an Archbishop against the King's will, who sweareth he shall not enter the City. Bernard persuadeth the King to repent, and to expiate his sin by an Expedition (with Conrade) to Ierusalem, where both lose men, time and cost. The Pope overcometh the Romans, and maketh them promise that the Senators shall hold of him: he again withdraws, and dyeth.

§ 169. 1. Note here, that the Civil Government of Rome it self fell not till lately into the Pope's hands, and that by the same means as he conquered Kingdoms.

2. Note how far he was from ruling all the World, when for so many Ages the City of Rome it self contended against him.☞ But the dependent Prelates in all Nations of Europe were his strength, who perceived that Tibi dabo Claves, might be abused for themselves, as well as for the Pope; and the Policy of Popes was in those days to do all or most by Synods, and thereby to make the Prelates perceive that it was their Power, Interest and Rule as well as his. But now the case is quite changed with this unchangeable Church; Councils now are needless, because scarce to be trusted.

§ 170. Passing by a Council at Wesel for the Ierusalem War, a (CCCCXVIII) Council at Paris fell again upon the Scholastic Bishop of Poictiers, Gilbert Porretane. In his Visitation he spake some words too hard for his Hearers, and his two Archdeacons getting Bernard on their side, (a Man more devout than Scholastically acute) they accuse the Bishop of Heresie again; having had success lately against Peter Abailard, the Bishops were ready to receive the Charge. The Articles of Accusation were these:

1. That he said, ☞Divinam Essentiam non esse Deum.

2. Quod Proprietates personarum non essent ipsae personae.

3. Quod Theologicae personae in nulla praedicarentur Propositione.

p. 3834. Quod divina natura non esset incarnata.

And some lesser, as 1. That attenuating mans merits, he said None merited but Christ. 2. Evacuating the Sacraments of the Church, he said None were truly baptized, but those that were to be saved: And such like other things. The Pope and the Prelates heard the Charge: Two Masters are brought out against him, who sware that they heard some of these things from his mouth; many wondering that learned Men used Oaths instead of Arguments, (saith Otto Frising.) After many Charges and Urgencies, he said, [Audacter confiteor Patrem alio esse Patrem, alio Deum, nec tamen esse hoc & hoc.] that is, it is one thing to be God, and another to be the Father, (or the words are not of the same signification) and yet God is not one thing, and the Father another thing.] The hardness of these words seeming a prophane Novelty, provoked the Bishop of Soissons to say, [What say you, That the Being of God is nothing?] having not read or understood Austin, that saith, [Sic aliud est Deo esse, aliud subsistere; …icut aliud Deo esse, aliud Patrem esse, vel Dominum esse: Quod enim est ad se dicitur: Pater autem ad Filium, & Dominus ad servientem creaturam.]

The Bishop of Soissons misusing a saying, [Cum quis diceret, Socratem esse nihil diceret.] He turned the Auditory against himself; and they asked Porretane to open why he so distinguished the Persons; who answered, [Quia omnis persona est per se una.] which puzled or amazed them, and ended that days work.

The next day he was accused of Novelty, for saying that [The three persons were tria singularia.] The Archbishop of Rouen aggravating it, said that [God should rather be called unum singulare, than tria singularia.] At which many were offended, because Hilary saith, [Sicut duos Deos dicere profanum est, ita singularem & solitarium dicere sacrilegum est…-Et nihil solitarium ex divinis Sacramentis ad suspicionem audientium & occasionem blasphemantium proferamus.] But Porretane told them, that by singular, he meant nothing but excellent and incomparable. In this manner Porretane, Bishop of Poictiers, was examined, and modestly answered them many days; till the Pope perceiving that these School-niceties being too hard for him, durst not determine them, nor gratifie Bernard (though his Friend) and the Hereticating Bishops and Clergy, but craftily put it off to a General Council. This is all out of Otto Frising. recited by Bin. p. 1332.

You may see here what work Hereticating Prelates and Councils were inclinated to make. If all the Schoolmens subtile Assertions (sound and unsound) must thus be tryed in General Councils, and all that was disliked, called Heresies, though it would have shamed the Prelates ignorance, it would have afrighted daring Wits from their presumption; and since I have seen the tendency of Cartesianism, Gassendianism, and other Epicurean Follies, I did not care much if we had some such ignorant Prelates to afright these bold Philosophers also.

I have oft marvelled why General Councils that understood not the Hebrew p. 384Tongue, (nor the Pope's Western Councils the Greek) have no more exercised themselves in Councils to judge of Scripture, Copies, and Translations. And I have thought in what words and manner they would have prosecuted such debates: sure falsifying Scripture is of as dangerous consequence as these School presumptions. Some will think it is well that the Councils for above 1000 years had so few that understood the original language, or else they would have so tost and torn, and sensed and nonsensed the Scripture, that they would have made it quite another thing.

§ 171. CCCCXIX. Yet we have not done with Heresies. A Council at Rhemes, called by the banished Pope, tryed a mad man, an illiterate Rustick, called Eum, one unworthy to be called an Heretick, saith Otto Frising, who said he was the Son of God, &c. whom they sent to Prison, where he dyed.

In the same Council Gib. Porretane, Bishop of Poictiers, is again called, where their Subtilties were disputed over again; and Bernard Abbot Clareval. being his chief Adversary▪ upon Porretane's exception to some of his words, saying, Scribantur, went and drew up some Articles of Faith, seeming contrary to Porretanes, and got many Bishops to subscribe them. The Roman Cardinals took this heinously, and came all together to the Pope, and told him, That it was they that of a private Man made him Pope, and that he must know that it was they that were the Cardines, on which the Axis of the whole Church did turn, and that he must not now be his own, but theirs, and not prefer private and new Friends before his old common ones. And that his Abbot Bernard with the Gallicane Bishops, had audaciously presumed to lift up their Necks against the primacy and top of the Roman Seat, which only doth shut and no man opens, and opens and no man shuts; which only may discuss matters of Faith: And even when absent, may not receive prejudice of this honour from any. But, behold these French-men, contemning our faces, (or presence) have presumed to write their Belief, without consulting us, as if they would pass a definitive Sentence on the matters that have been handled before us: which had it been done at Antioch or Alexandria, had been void—How then durst these usurp in our presence— We will therefore that you presently rise up against thus temerarious Novity, and delay not to punish their Contumacy.] And so they had like to have run into a Schism: But the Pope and Bernard spake them fair, and Bernard said, They wrote not as Determiners, but to give account of their own Faith, when provoked; and so pacified the Cardinals. But this Tumult hindered the deciding of the Case: But, saith Otto, whether Bernard was decived by humane infirmity, or Porretane escaped by hiding any thing by his great learning, I must not determine.

§ 172. CCCCXX. Another Council An. 1150. the banished Pope held at Trevers, where Bernard told him of the Revelations of a Woman Abbess called Hildegardis: The Pope sent some to her; she returns him a writing of p. 385her Revelations, which he read, admired, and by Bernard's persuasion honored her with a Letter: But what they were is not mentioned.

§ 173. Conradus; called Anastasius the 4th, is next Pope, and dyeth after a year, four months, and 24 days. The glory of his time is said to be Ricardus de Sancto Victore, a famous Writer, specially de Trinitate, and Gratian, Lombard, and Comestor.

§ 174. Hadrian the 4th, an English man, is next Pope. The Romans by request and threats, importune him to permit their Consuls to govern them as heretofore. He resolutely denieth them. They wound one of his Cardinals. He Excommunicateth and Curseth them.☜ (Quaere, Whether Rome was the Catholick Church when it was Excommunicate?) They had before desired him to come to the Lateran, which he refused, till they should turn out one Arnoldus Brixianus, called by him a Heretick and Disciple of Abailard. The People (saith Platina) took this ill, and so hurt the said Cardinal (I doubt the Romans themselves were for Hereticks.) The Pope curseth William of Sicily for invading the Church-lands. The Greek Emperor offereth to help the Pope, and to give him much Gold also, if he shall but have three Maritime Cities in Apulia, where he hath won them. This afrighteth William to offer the Pope all again, if he may but he called King of Sicily. The Pope denieth it. William angry, over-runneth Italy. The Pope repenting, granteth him his desire. The new Emperor Frederick also coming with an Army into Italy, took some Cities belonging to the Church, and gave them up to the Pope: But when he came into the City to be crowned, the Citizens enraged at the Pope for denying them their Civil Government, shut the Gates (the Emperor's Army being without) and fell on many of the Pope's Followers, and the Germans, beat some, and killed many. The Emperor hereby provoked got in his Army, and killed many of the Citizens, and had done more, but that the Pope dissuaded him: Yet was the Pope and he fain to go round about to the Lateran, to avoid another Battel.

Platina mentioneth the Pope's Cursing William of Sicily, and absolving his Subjects from their Oaths that they might Rebel, but saith nothing of the Emperor's after-quarrel with the Pope, occasioned by a Letter of the Pope's rebuking him, for not helping the Bishop of London, saith Binnius, and refusing an offered Bishop of Ravenna.

The Pope's Epistles against the Emperor, &c. Binnius leaveth out. At last the Romans again rising against him, he goeth to Anagria, and dyeth.

§ 175. An. 1160. Roland is made Pope, called Alexander the 3d; and Octavian, called Victor the 4th, is made Pope by others, and sate four years, and seven months. This is, saith Onuphrius, the 27th Schism, or double Papacy. p. 386Three more succeeded Clement, to keep up the duplicate before Alexander dyed, of whom one Reigned five years, and another seven.

Alexander addresseth himself to the Emperor Frederick to heal the Schism; who therefore bids both the Popes come to him, that he may hear the Case: But Alexander himself refuseth, and gets away. The Emperor sendeth two Bishops to him to summon him to a Council; Alexander refuseth to appear. The Bishops go to Octavian (Victor) and the Emperor calleth a Council, and this Council with the Emperor make Octavian the confirmed Pope. (Quer. Whether this was not as good Authority as Alexander's greater number of the Cardinals?) Hereupon Alexander curseth the Pope Victor, and the Emperor, and sendeth Letters to Christian, Princes to tell them that he did it justly: (Wonderful! that Empires and Kingdoms could be then disposed of by Cursing!) The Emperor seizeth on many of the Church-Cities. Alexander returneth to Rome, but findeth so many against him that he durst not stay there, but flieth into France, invited by King Philip; and there again at a Council, curseth the Emperor. The Emperor Frederick destroyeth Milan, and translateth thence to Colen the supposed Bodies of the Magi, or three wise men that came to Bethlehem! ☞(Is it not strange what brought them to Milan? and how they came all to dye there together? and how all their Bodies came to be known? O the wisdom of Rome!) The rest of the Italian Cities and States raise an Army against him; he sendeth to the King of France to end the Schism, by bringing Pope Alexander with him to a Council, where he would meet him with Victor. Divo is the appointed place between France and Germany: The Emperor with Victor and some Kings cometh to the Council; Alexander refuseth, because he call'd it not, and calls another at Tours in France. The Emperor angry returneth to Germany, and sendeth Victor into Italy, where he dyeth, and Guido, called Paschal the 3d, is chosen after him. The Romans chose Consuls that were Alexander's Friends, and send for him to Rome, and receive him. The Italians then arm against the Emperor; who cometh with an Army into Italy, and taketh Ancona. The Greek Emperor is drawn to promise the Pope a great Army against Frederick, so he would unite the Empire and Churches again. This afrighteth the Emperor. The Tusculanes and the Abanes had a War with the Romans that oppressed them with Tribute, and gave the Romans a grievous overthrow. The Emperor besiegeth Rome; William of Sicily sends help to the Pope. The People of Rome intreat the Emperor for Peace, which he promiseth, on condition the worthier Pope may be chosen, and the Schism ended. The Pope Alexander hearing of this, flieth secretly by Ship. The Plague driveth the Emperor from Rome; he goeth into Germany. The Pope's Friends in Italy get strength. The Greek Emperor Emanuel sendeth yet larger offers to the Pope, if he would restore him the Western Empire by Re-union. Pope Paschal dyeth. The Tusculane Cardinal, called Calistus the 3d, is chosen in his stead, and reigned seven years, (saith Onuphr.) But the Tusculanes refusing him, he goeth to p. 387Alexander, and resigneth to him all his right in Tusculum. Whereupon the Tusculanes receive Alexander, who there heard the Ambassador of Henry King of England, purging him of the guilt of the death of Tho. Becket; and sent into England two Cardinals with power to examine all the matter; who imposed on the King, though swearing he was innocent, that for Penance he should maintain Soldiers for Ierusalem, and for three years should have an Army against the Barbarians, and defend the Church-liberties in his Land, and not hinder Appeals to Rome; All which he sware: [By which, saith Platina, he merited that the Title of the Kingdom of England should be transferred on him, ☜and his Heirs, by the Pope's consent: whence it is observed that all the Kings of England do recognize (or acknowledge) the Rights of the Kingdom from the Pope of Rome.] A just Reward for their serving the Titular Servant of Servants in his pestilent Ambition! That he should thence take them for his Vassals, and take himself for the disposer of their Crowns; stooping to such Priests, doth make them Kings of Kings.

Yet Alexander hath not got possession of Rome it self, so far was he from being received by all the world; and so low did he condescend as to offer the Citizens, [That if they would receive him, he would come in peace, and meddle with nothing but Divine matters, ☜leaving to them the care of secular things: And when they would not grant him this much, he went to Signia.] Was this man truly the Bishop of Rome, that had no more of the Citizens consent so much as to dwell among them? There he Canonizeth the Archbishop of Canterbury, Tho. Becket, for a Saint. The Emperor entereth Italy, and taketh many Cities, but the Venetians owning the Pope, and he being wearied with Wars, at Papia treateth of a Peace. But this not taking, the Emperor shortly returned with another Army into Italy, but was so hard put to it by the Millanois and others in one fight, that he narrowly escaped death himself. This one loss made the Nobles that followed him say, That they suffered this, because they fought unlawfully against the Church; and if he made not his peace presently with the Pope, they would go home: So that the Emperor was forced to submit to the Pope, for fear of being forsaken by his Subjects and Soldiers. At Venice they met, and the Emperor kissing the Pope's feet, credible Historians say,☜ That the Pope trod on his Neck scornfully, and profanely repeating the words of the Psalm, [Thou shalt tread on the Lion and Adder, &c. Ps. 91. 13.) But Baronius and Binnius will not believe this, though as Fowlis noteth, p. 261. it is recorded by Ciaconius, Masson. and abundance more of their own Historians, and preserved in the Archives of the Library at Venice, and the Picture of the Story hang'd publickly in the Senate House.

The Emperor's severity against them of Milan was not for nothing: They not only brake their Oath by Rebellion, but when his wife Beatrix came to see the City,☜ set her on a Mule backward with the tail in her hand, and so led her in scorn from one Gate out at the other: What may not such provocation do to an Emperor?

p. 388The stir that there was about the Emperor's holding the Stirrup to Pope Urban, is recorded by divers Historians: And how the Kings of France and England did the like by Alexander; And how this on debate was said to be their due.

The truth is, the Papists Princes of Europe themselves are beholden to the Protestants, for redeeming them from Servitude, and their Kingdoms from the meer will and mercy of the Pope.

§ 176. The Pope having conquered the Emperor by Cursing, is past doubt now of Conquering Rome, (for such Men were Bishops by Conquest, and not by Consent.) To Tusculum he goeth, and now demandeth of the Romans, that they abrogate the Office of the Consuls: But finding this too hard a task to be done at once, he maketh a bargain with them, that none should by the People be chosen Consuls, till they had taken an Oath of Fidelity to the Pope, in his own proposed words, and that they would never do any thing against his dignity. And so Alexander goeth the third time to Rome, and calls a Council; but quickly dyeth, when after twenty years contention, he thought he was new setled in peace, An. 1185.

§ 177. Onuphrius, after Radavicus Frising. Ioan. Cremon. Abb. Ursperg. &c. saith that it was this Pope Alexander, that first ordained that the Clergy and People being excluded from the Election of the Pope, (and so he was no true Bishop) the choice should be in the Cardinals shut up in Conclave, and go by two third parts of their Votes, to avoid Schisms for the time to come. Onuphrius saith, that he had the writing of Pope Lucius the 3d, that saith, he was the first that was chosen by the Cardinals scrutiny, (though the Cardinals in a looser way were lately made Electors before.)

He that is no Bishop, is no Universal Bishop or Pope:☞ But he that is not chosen by the Clergy or People of that Church, is no Bishop. The Minor is proved by the Canons of many Councils.

§ 178. The Epistles of Alexander are so full of Usurpation and Treason against Princes, that Binnius thought it best to omit them, and give you but the Titles: But those that concern England are in Mat. Paris, whom Binnius referreth you to, though he oft reproach him for speaking truth. Many are about Tho. Becket Archbishop of Canterbury, and against the Emperor and the King of England, forbidding the Coronation of Henry the 3d, and suspending Roger Archbishop of York for Crowning him, and such like, to shew how he was King of Kings.

§ 179. CCCCXXI. Of the Councils in Alexander's time recorded by Binnius, the first is An. 1160. at Papia called by the Emperor which voted p. 389Victor Pope, and condemned Roland, called Alexander. The Letters of the Emperor and the Bishops tell us,☜ that this Council consisted of immunerable Bishops and Abbots, and that the Emperor, after a good Speech, departed, and left all to their judgments: And that it was there proved by the Oaths of many Witnesses, that Victor was chosen by the full consent of the People and Clergy, and some Cardinals, and that, twelve days before Roland was chosen; and that Roland was present and contradicted not, but bid them obey him that was chosen: And that after being Chancellor he stole out of the City, and the major part of the Cardinals having before the death of the last Pope entered a Confederacy, to choose none but one of themselves that confederated (against the Emperor) they secretly chose Roland; the People and Clergy (a multitude subscribing) all desiring Victor: There or four Kings also consenting to accept him, when the Council declared him the onelyonly true Pope, and Roland a perfidious Usurper.

Here is all the Romans, ☜Clergy and People, the Emperor and many Princes,☜ and a Council of innumerable Prelates of Germany, Italy, &c. against the major Vote of an upstart sort of Men called Cardinals, that had confederated treacherously before: And yet the Roman Papacy is by Succession from this Man, that was no true Bishop himself.

CCCCXXII, CCCCXXIII, CCCCXXIV, CCCCXXV. An. 1161. Alexander got a Council at Clermont, and another at Newmarket, and another at Belvacum; and An. 1164. another at Tours, to curse the Emperour and Pope Victor. The French taking his part, (and the English at last) kept up the Schism and Contention.

The Reader must take this notice by the way, that such Meetings as we call Parliaments, the Popish Historians often call Councils, that they may draw Men to think that what Parliaments did was done by Clergy Power; And when Lords,☞ Commons and Bishops met in the same Assembly, some called them Parliaments, and some Councils; And as Spelman saith, pag. 529. The same Assemblies were indeed mixt, and partly Civil or Royal (as he calleth them, because called by the King) and partly Ecclesiastical. But among the Romanists, Councils are greatly advanced by this ascribing to them the Acts and Power of Parliaments.

Accordingly the Parliament at Clarendon is called a Council by Binnius, (CCCCXXVI) by the reproachful name of Conciliabulum, because they setled the Rights of the King as Ruler of the Clergy, and would not let the Pope be King of England, (which is the Henrician, or Royal Heresie, to be punished by Fire or other death on Kings themselves, when the Pope is big enough to do it.) In this Council or Parliament, Thomas of Canterbury, and the rest of the Bishops concurred with the rest (for fear.) But Thomas when p. 390he came home repented, and imposed so strict Penance on himself, that the Pope hearing of it, was sain in absolve him.

§ 180. CCCCXXVII. An. 1171. Binnius saith, that Ireland being given to the Pope as soon as they became Christians, the Pope gave it to King Henry the 2d, as soon as he had conquered it; and a Council at Cassel was called for Reformation.

Note here, 1. That the Pope hath great reason to seek the Conversion of the Kingdoms of the world, if they are his when they are converted.

2. That it is no wonder if five parts of six of the world be still Infidels,☞ or at least that they are unwilling to yield to Popish Christianity, when Heathen and Infidel Kings must lose their Kingdoms, and become Subjects to the Pope, if they turn to Popish Christianity.

3. That it hath long been a cunning way of Bounty with Popes, to give Princes their own Kingdoms and Conquests, when they cannot take them from them.

CCCCXXVIII. An. 1179. was the Synod at Venice for reconciliation.

§ 181. CCCCXXIX. An. 1180. Alexander being at peace, called a Council at Rome, which they call General, or the 11th General Council approved at Lateran: In which are many reforming Canons, and many for the Papal power. The first is (as aforesaid) to confine the power of Pope-making to two third parts of the Cardinals only. Another to degrade those ordained by the three Anti-Popes. Another that no one have many Churches, &c. And the last against some called Cathari, Patrini, or Publicani as Hereticks, giving those Indulgences that will fight against them, and absolving all Inferiors from all Fidelity and Duty to them, &c. Some think that these were the Waldenses, some the Albigenses. But I have elsewhere shewed (against Mr. Danvers) that there were several sorts then in those Countries, some Manichee Hereticks, and some good Christians called Waldense!, and Albigenses, but against the Pope and his Superstitions, whom the Papists would jumble together to disgrace the best: who were, as some of their own Writers (e.g. Sanders lib. 7. de vis. Monar.) say, A portion of the Henricians, that is, of the Emperor Henry's Heresie, that held the Pope's false usurping Excommunications were to be contemned (not as from Henry their Teacher) that is, they were Royalists, and against the Pope's ruling the abused world by the Cursing way.

§ 182. To this Council, Crab and Binnius have annexed a voluminous Appendix of Decrees, of which many are notable. As that no Bishop may p. 391suspend a Presbyter without the judgment of his Chapter. That a Perjured Clergy-man is to be perpetually deprived,☜ and may not govern a Church. That in case of ambiguity of words, we must have recourse to the common understanding of them, with divers others.

§ 183. Alexander dying, Lucius the 3d is the first chosen by the Cardinals, according to Alexander's Lateran Council, (as is aforesaid.) And to perfect the Papacy, having got the choice of the Bishop out of the hands of the Clergy and People of Rome, his Flatterers next persuade him to put down the Order and Name of Senators, ☜which attempting, his Party by the Cities insurrection had their eyes put out, and the Pope forced to leave the City; and at Luca, while he provoked Princes to send Soldiers to Ierusalem and Asia, he dyed.

§ 184. CCCCXXX. One Council this Pope had at Verona, as they say, where the Emperor Frederick met him, and sollicited him to restore all the Bishops and Clergy deposed that had adhered to him and the Anti-Popes. The Pope consented, but said he could not do it without another Council: (By which it appeareth, that this at Verona was no true Council.)

§ 185. Urbanus the 3d is next Pope, called Turbanus, as an Incendiary, by Ab. Ursspergens. but better spoken of by Platina; he sate above one year. It's said that he dyed of grief for the loss of Ierusalem in his time.

CCCCXXXI. A Council he had at Paris, they say, for Ierusalem, too late.

§ 186. Gregory the 8th succeedeth him two months, and dyeth.

§ 187. An. 1187. Clement the 3d succeeded him, who importuneth the Christian Kings to recover Ierusalem. ☜The Emperor Frederick, the King of France, and Richard King of England, go in person. The Emperor was drowned in Asia, as he was wa…ing himself in a River. The rest do much, but all to little purpose, but to the great destruction of many Christians. The Pope sendeth an Army into Sicily to claim it for the Church, because the King dyed childless: There also bloody havock is made.

An. 1188. An Assembly at Paris furthered the Holy War, (Binnius will call it a Council.)

§ 188. Though this Clemens sate but three years, and five months, he ended the long War between the Romans and the Pope, granting them their Senators, but deposing their Patricius or Head, that Union might not strengthen them.

§ 189. Caelestine the 3d cometh next, who to get Sicily from Tancred, gets p. 392out of a Nunnery a devoted Virgin that was the Heiress, and marrieth her to the young Emperor Henry the 6th, and giveth him with her the Kingdoms of Sicily and Naples, (when he can get them) and so wholly obligeth him to the Church; and to surrender Tusculum, which the Romans utterly demolish. Sicily the Emperor gets, and puts out Tancred's eyes, but Naples was too hard for him, his Soldiers dying of the Plague.

How the King of France and the King of England disagreed in Palestine; and how the King of France returned home, and treacherously joined with Iohn the King's Brother, to invade the King of England's Dominions, and so called him from attempting the Siege of Ierusalem, and how he was taken Prisoner by the way home, many Histories acquaint you.

§ 190. Binnius out of Urspergens. tells us, how this Pope that had sent the King of France into Palestine, for his repudiating his Wife after, interdicted the whole Kingdom of France the use of holy thing. O horrid Villany, worse than Heathenish!☞ For one Man's Family-sin, to forbid so great a Kingdom to worship their God and Saviour. Saladine when he had taken Ierusalem, dealt better with the Christians. O bewitched Princes and People, that by their degenerate Prelates would be brought to suffer or submit to such a wickedness, contrary to the nature of all Religion! O wicked Prelates and Clergy, that would obey an Usurper in suc… a wicked Interdict! But the King of France grievously punished his Clergy for the Fact. For it was done by the Pope's Legat and the Bishops at a Council at Divion: (the CCCCXXXII. here.)

§ 191. Next cometh the great Pope Innocent the 3d, (a young man of 30 years old called Lotharius) An. 1198.

§ 192. The Duke of Saxony, Otho the 4th, succeedeth the Emperor Henry the 6th. But Philip of Suevia is his Competitor, and the King of France was for Philip (Henry's Brother) and the Pope for Otho, hating Frederick's Line. Some say Philip conquered and deposed Otho, but Petavius, after divers others, saith, that they agreed that Philip should Reign quietly during his life, and Otho afterward succeed him. After ten years Otho, a Palatine of the Rhine, killeth Philip, and Otho again Reigneth quietly, marrying Philip's daughter. But seeking to possess Apulia and Calabria by Arms, and not obeying the Pope's Prohibition, the Pope Excommunicateth him first, and after sentenceth him deprived or deposed, which at his command, the Archbishop of Mentz publisheth; which Otho despising, the Pope to shew that he can make and unmake Emperors and Kings, sets up Frederick King of Sicily, Henry the 6ths Son by C…nstantia, (the Nun formerly, saith Binnius, which Petavius denieth) and commandeth all to take him for Emperor. The King of France stands for Frederick, and the King of England for Otho. Otho is overcome being p. 393forsaken and dyeth for grief; and Friderick (a young man twenty years old) prevaileth.

§ 193. Passing by the English and Scottish Councils, (for the Sabbath or Lords day.) CCCCXXXIII. The Roman Council that deposed the Emperor Otto for rebellion against the Pope was, An. 1210.

§ 194. This Pope excommunicated our King Iohn for rejecting Stephen Laughton Arch-Bishop of Canterbury: Yea, he deposed him quantum inse, ☜and interdicted Gods worship to the whole Kingdom, for six years three months and fourteen dayes. (O wicked Bishops and Priests that would give over the worship of God because an Usurper forbad it!) The Pope gave the King of France commission to seize on England. King Iohn is constrained to please the Pope. What wars were hereupon in England, and how he gave up his Kingdom at last to the Pope, and to hold it as of him, our own Historians certifie us, yea, and how he offered the King of Morocco to turn Mahometan for his help.

§ 195. CCCCXXXIX. Next cometh the famous 4th. Laterane Council called by the Papists the 12th. General, approved of 400 Bishops and 800 other Fathers (for others they have) an. 1215. Regn. Frider. 2.

In the first Cap. is the Creed and their Transubstantiation asserted, as the way of Union between Christ and us, we taking his flesh as he took ours: and that no one can make this Sacrament but a Priest ritely ordained according to the Keyes of the Church which Christ gave to the Apostles and their successours. But the Sacrament of Baptism saveth by whom soever it is ritely done.

The 2d, Cap. condemneth Abbot Ioachim's doctrine who opposed Lombard as making a quaternity for saying that Quaedam summa res est Pater Filius et Spiritus Sanctus, et illa (res) non est generans, nec genita, nec procedens, which the Council owneth.

The 3d. Cap. is this

[We excommunicate and anathematize every Heresie**That is so called by themselves so that not only the denying of transubstantiation but also the Henrician heresie, that is, Royalty, or that Kings are not to be deposed by Popes is here included; and all Royalists to be exterminated or else the King to be deposed for not doing it. extolling itself against this holy Orthodox Catholick faith which we before expounded, condemning all Hereticks by what names soever called: having indeed divers faces, but tails tyed together, because they agree in vanity in the same thing.

And being damned let them be left to the present secular power or their Bailiffs to be punished by due animadversion: the Clerks being first degraded from their orders; so that the goods of such damned ones if they be Lay-men be confiscated, but if Clerks, let them be applied to the Churches from which they had their stipends.

But for those that are found notable only by suspicion, unless they shew their innocency by a congruous purgation, according to the considerations of the suspicion and the quality of the person, let them be smitten with the sword of anathema (cursed from Christ)aawhat upon suspicion? and avoided by all till they have given condign satisfaction: so that if they remain a year excommunicate, they be then condemned as Hereticks.

And let the secular powers be warned and induced, and if need be p. 394compelled by ecclesiastical censure, what offices soever they are in, that as they desire to be reputed & taken for believers, so they publickly take an oath for the defence of the faith, that they will study in good earnest to exterminate to their utmost power, from the lands subject to their jurisdiction, all Hereticks, denoted by the Church; so that every one that is henceforth taken into any power either spiritual or temporal,☞ shall be bound to confirm this Chapter by his oath.

But if the temporal Lord required and warned by the Church, shall neglect to purge his countrey of this Heretical filth, let him by the Metropolitane and other Comprovincial Bishops be tyed by the bond of excommunication: And if he contemn to satisfie within a year, let that be signified to the Pope, that he may denounce his vassals thenceforth absolved from his fidelity (or allegiance) and may expose his countrey to be seized on by Catholicks who exterminating the Hereticks may possess it without any contradiction, and may keep it in the purity of faith, saving the right of the principal Lord, sobeit he himself put no obstacle hereto nor oppose any impediment: The same Law notwithstanding being kept about them that have no principal Lords.

And the Catholicks that taking the badge of the Cross shall gird themselves for the extermining of Hereticks, shall enjoy that indulgence,☞ and be fortified with that holy priviledge which is granted to them that go to the help of the holy land.

And we decree to subject to excommunication, the believers and receivers, defenders and favourers of Hereticks; firmly ordaining, that when any such an one is noted by excommunication, if he contemn to satisfie within a year, let him thenceforth be ipso jure made infamous, and not be admitted to any publick Offices or Councils, nor to chose any to such, nor to be a witness; and let him not have power to make a Will, nor to witness, nor have succession to any inheritance. And no man shall be compelled to answer him in any business (or suit) but he shall be compelled to answer others: And if he be a judge, his sentence shall be void, and no Causes shall be brought to his hearing: If he be an Advocate, his plea (or defence) shall not be admitted: If a Register, the instruments made by him, shall be of no moment at all, but be damned with the damned Author. And the like we will have observed in the like cases. But if he be a Clergyman, let him be deposed from all office and benefice, that as he is in the greater fault, the greater vengeance may be exercised on him.

And if any, after such are marked by the Church, shall contemn to avoid them, let them be smitten with the sentence of excommunication till he give due satisfaction. And let no Clergyman give such pestilent persons the ecclesiastical Sacraments, nor presume to give them Christian burial, nor receive their alms or offerings: otherwise let them be deprived of their offices, and never be thereto restored without the especial indulgence of the Apostolick seat. And so the Regulars on whom this shall be inflicted, that their priviledges be not kept in that Diocess, in which they presume to commit such excesses.

p. 395And because some under pretence (or form) of Piety, denying (as the Apostle saith) the virtue (or power) thereof, challenge to themselves the authority to preach, when the same Apostle saith [how shall they preach unless they be sent:] Let all those be tyed with the bond of excommunication, who being prohibited, or not sent do presume publickly or privately to usurp the office of preaching without authority received from the seat Apostolick or the Catholick Bishop of the Place: And if they speedily repent not, let them be punished with other competent punishment.

And we moreover add, that every Arch-bishop or Bishop by himself or his Arch-Deacon, or fit honest persons shall twice or once in a year, go about his parish where Fame saith that Hereticks dwell, and shall there compel two or three men of good testimony, or if he see fit, the whole neighbourhood to swear,☜ that if they know any Hereticks there or any that seek secret conventicles, or that differ in life or manners from the common conversation of the faithful, he will study to tell them to the Bishop. And let the Bishop himself call the accused to his presence, who unless they purge themselves of the guilt objected, or if after purgation made, they relapse into the former perfidie shall be Canonically punished. And if any of them refusing by damnable obstinacy the bond of an oath, will not swear, let them be for this very thing reputed Hereticks.

We will therefore and command,☜ and stritcly command in the vertue of obedience, that the Bishop do watch diligently through their Diocess, for the effectual execution of these things, if they will Escape Canonical revenge. And if any Bishop be found negligent and remiss in purging his Diocess from the leaven of Heretical pravity, when this appeareth by certain signs, let him be deposed from his Episcopal office, and another fit man be substituted in his place, who will and can confound heretical pravity.

The 4th. Chap. is against the Greeks for rejecting the Roman Pope, and and so far abhorring the Latines, that if Latine Priests did but celebrate at their Altars, the Greeks would not use them again till they had washed them, as being defiled: yea, they rebaptized those that the Latine Priests baptized (the world did not then obey the Pope, how insolently soever be trod on the divided Princes of the West, by the conspiracy of their Prelates.) And here he was used in his kind, and hereticated and excommunicated, and cursed as he did by others.

The 5th. Chap. [was to confirm the old Patriarchate**O bountiful Pope! on condition they receive the Pall from the Pope, and swear fidelity and obedience to him, and make those under them to do the like] O daring challenge and innovation!

And yet Chap. the 9th. they grant that diversity of Rites by Bishops of their own languages and customs be used, so they will but be the sworn vassals of the Pope.

p. 396And yet Cap. 8 in their direction for inquisition, even this Council decreed that the accused be admitted to speak for himself, and not only the words of the witnesses but their names also to be told him and published, and the exception and replyes admitted, lest by suppressing their names,☞ men be emboldned to defame, and by excluding exceptions emboldned to swear falsly.]

Because the supposed Hereticks got ground by preaching, the Cap. 10. decreed the setting up of Preachers instead of the Bishops or to help them, because they wanted ability or time.

The 13. Cap. was to forbid making any more new Religions, there were so many made in their Church before.

The 17. Cap. was against Bishops that sate up feasting, drinking, or prating till after midnight, and lie in bed the next morning and come not four times in a year to Mass, and then talk with Lay-men at the time of worship.

Cap. 43. forbids all Clergy men that have not temporal estates under them,☞ to take any oath of allegiance (or fidelity) to any Lay-man.

The 44. is to invalidate Lay-Ruler's Laws about ecclesiastical matters (as Glebes, Mortuaries, &c.) the rest I pass by.

§ 196. In this Council besides the Albigenses and Abbot Ioachim, Almaricus a learned man was condemned; they say he said that All Christians were Christs members, ☞and (they add, how truly is doubtfull) suffered by the Iews with him: that Christ's body was no more in the sacrament than in another thing: That Incense as offered in the Church is Idolatry: That every Christian is bound to believe that he is a member of Christ: That if Adam had not sinned there should have been no generating in Paradise nor difference of sexes.] We must take these things on the report of such as Sanders, with some other that they charge on him; for which when they had killed him with grief, they dig'd up his corps and burnt it, as they were then burning multitudes of the living.

§ 197. In this Council Stephen Laughton Arch-Bishop of Canterbury was deposed for taking part with the Barons of England against King Iohn; whose case was now become the Pope's when he had given him his Kingdom: in so much that when the Arch-Bishop confessed and begged absolution, his Holiness answered [By St. Peter, Brother, thou shalt not so easily get absolution, who hast done so many and so great injuries, not only to the K. of England,☞ but to the Church of Rome.].

§ 198. Let the Reader note, that 1. General Councils are the Papists religion. 2. That this is one of their greatest approved General Councils. 3. That therefore by their Law and Religion, they are bound to exterminate all Protestants, and that all Princes must be deposed that will not execute it, and their dominion given to others that will. 4. That all Protestants and others called Hereticks are dead men in Law and want p. 397but judgment and execution where their Law is in force.☜ 5. That the Henrician heresie is one that is judged such by their Councils. 6. That therefore not only all Protestant Kings, but all Papists that are for the safety and power of Kings against the Popes pretended power of condemning and deposing them, are Hereticks to be exterminated and burnt (by many Canons.) 7. Therefore Kings are beholden to the Protestant reformation (disabling the Pope to execute his Laws and Religion) for their Crowns and lives. 8. That when ever any King or others set up Popery and the power of their Laws and Councils in a Kingdom that is reformed, the subjects are presently dead men in Law, being to be destroyed as Hereticks, (though Policy or want of power may hinder the execution.) 9. Qu. Whether it be lawful for any King (or in his authority) so to destroy his Kingdom, or to make all (or the generality of) his subjects dead men in Law? 10. Whether by these Laws the Pope and his consenting Bishops have not published themselves to be hostes Regum et Regnorum, if not humani generis; and are not so to be esteemed?

§ 199. Note also that D. Heylin, in his Certamen Epistolare against me, answereth, that it is not Kings but temporal Lords that are mentioned in this Council; and that he and Bishop Taylor, and Bishop Gunning, and Bishop Pearson in their dispute published by Terret or Iohnson, and others before them, have maintained that these Canons were but proposed by Pope Innocent, and not consented to and passed by the Council. But to the first It is clear 1. that by Domini Temporales Councils ordinarily mean Emperors and Kings as well as any others. 2. That the words of the Council are express [eâdem nihilominus lege servatâ circa eos qui non habent Domin…s principales.]

And to the 2d. I answer 1. The Church of Rome actually taketh this for one of their approved General Councils, and will not be beholden to our Bishops for their friendly favour and excuse: And therefore it is all one to us whether the Council consented or not. 2. Mr. Henry Dodwel in his late considerations how far Papists may be trusted by Princes, &c. pag. 167 & pag. 174 &c. hath fully answered all the reasons given by these Bishops (as Terret did in part before;) and hath added abundant proof that these Canons were passed in that Council. 1. From the Council at Oxford where Stephen Laughton himself was. 2. From Mat▪ Paris who is alledged for the contrary. 3 From Gregory 9th's decertals. 4 From the case of Iohn Blunt elect Bishop of Canterbury recited by Mat. Paris an. 1233. 5. From Otto the Pope's Legate. in M. Paris an. 1237. and that London Council. 6. From the Popes Letter to Otto an. 1238 in M. Paris. 7. From Honorius the 3d's condemnation of Rich. de Marisco Bishop of Durham. 8. From P. Clement the 5th's Bull for King Philip the Fair. 9. From the Council of Tarragon. 10. From the Council at Vienna under Clement 4th. 11. From the General Council at Lyons under Gregory 10th. 12. From p. 398the Sabine Council in Spain. 13. From a Council at Toled… under Benedict 12th. 14. And from the Council of Trent, 15. From the Common sense of the Case of Abbot Ioachim. 16. And of the word Transubstantiation. 17. And of annual confession: All taken as setled by this Council.