The Art of Logic, Book 2 – Book 3
THE SECOND BOOK, Handling the Second Part OF LOGICK; Which is a Director of a Compound conceit.
Of a Proposition.
THe second Part of Logick directeth a compounded conceit, which is done by Precepts concerning a Proposition.
A Proposition is a sentence wherein one thing is affirmed or denied of another.
And it is considered either
In general, and is called Formal. a a
In Special, and determinatly called material. b b
In Generall, when the disposition of a sentence is lookeda a on nakedly, and absolutely, without any special condition of the things themselves.
And is again either
Primary, or simple, and Categorically perfect. c c
Secondary, or Compound, and Hypothetical, and Imperfect. d d
Primary or Simple, is, which in one simple Compositionc c propoundeth any thing to be or not to be. Of this we are to consider both the 1 Constitution, and 2 Division, and also the 3 Affections.
The Constitution of a Proposition is of the parts, and theConstitution. disposing of the parts, of which those may be called the material, and this the Formal.
The Parts are either the Signed, or the Signers, or Signs.Material.
The parts Signed, or Absolute, are
The Antecedent, or Subject.
The Consequent, or Predicate, or Attribute.
The Subject or Antecedent, is, of which any thing is pronounced.
The Consequent or Predicate, is, that which is pronounced of the Subject; As in this sentence, True faith doth work by love: the first part, true faith, is called the Subject, or Antecdent; the latter part, work by love, is called the Consequent, or Attribute, or Predication.
The Canons of the Subject and Attribute are two.
1 That is the true natural subject (or antecedent) in a Proposition, which without the proposition, even in the Nature of things is subjected; And that is the true Natural attribute or consequent, which in the very Nature of things is in another: and if in any Proposition that be put first, which is not first in Nature; or last, which is not last in Nature: it is called a proposition against Nature, and Inordinate, which must be marked and brought into order; as, It is not good for man to be alone: Here good is not the true Antecedent or Subject, but the Lonedom of the man, of which it is said that it is not good.
2. The Consequent or Attribute must be diverse from the Subject: For the same is not to be pronounced of the same; as a Sword is a Sword; no though it be in other Terms as the Gospel is glad tidings. Stibium is Antinomy.
The Signing parts of Signs be either
Significative, Categorematical.
Consignificative, Syncategorematical.
A Significative Sign, is which represents to the mind a certain Antecedent and Consequent.
And it either
A Noun.
A Verb.
A Noun is a simple word, signifying a certain and absolute thing without time.
The Canons of a Noun are six.
1. A Noun is a simple word, and never a whole sentence.
2. A Noun should be instituted to signifie some certain thine, by institution of God and man.
3. A Noun should be one in Unity of Signification, not equivocal.
4. A Noun should be of finite Signification.
5. A Noun of the first or right case, is properly a Nouni. e. Nominative Case. in Latine.
6. A Noun by it self signifies not distinction of time.
A Verb is a simple word, inferring with the principal signification of Action or Passion, Distinction of time.
The Canons hereof are four.
1. Every Verb includes in it some Noun or Signification of a certain thing: As I speak, Includes in it Speech.
2. A Verb beside the conceit of some certain things notes fitness of avouching of some other.
3. A Verb primarily infers with it a certain distinction of the time present.
4. A Verb of the Indicative mood is of all, most fit for Enunciative composition and division.
A Consignificative Sign, is, which signifies no certain thing in the Proposition; But the manner only of a thing; As, all, none, some, &c
The Formal thing in a Proposition, is A disposing of theFormal. Parts to others: And it is either Signed or Signing.
Signed, is, the Order of the parts of the Proposition absolutely looked on in the mind, agreeing with the order of things without the mind.
Signing is, an outward note of this Disposition & Order.
And it is either Exprest or Included in the Verb.
Exprest, when the antecedent is put with the consequent, by mean of the Verb Substantive [ls] as▪ Faith without works is dead.
Included, is, when a Verb Consequent, or Attribute, is immediately added to a Noun Antecedent or Subject, As for Peter runneth, understand, Peter is running.
Thus have I shewn the constitution of a Proposition.Division from the Material.
Now followeth the Division, taken partly from the Material, partly from the Formal.
Of the Material, a Proposition is either
Finite.
Infinite.
Finite, is, which consists of a finite Antecedent and Consequent.
Infinite, which consists of an Infinite Term: as, Faith justifieth, faith is not without works, these are Finite. But, Peter will do any thing rather than deny christ: This is an Infinite affirmation. Man was able not to sin, and man was not able to sin; the first is an Infinite affirmative, the later a Negative.
Both of these is either, 1 Universal. 2 Particular, or 3 Singular.
1 Universal, whose Subject or antecedent is universal.
And is either
Definite. a
Indefinite. b
Definite, which hath the Sign of Universality expreslya added to the Subject: As all, every one, none, &c.
This Consignificative not all, is either
Distributive. c
Collective. d
Distributive, when it signifies that the Consequent mayc be distributed into those things which are contained in the Antecedent.
And it is again either distributive into Singulars of the Generals, or into Generals of the Singulars.
Distributive into Singulars of the Generals, is which signifieth that the Consequent is distributed into every singular thing contained in the antecedent.
And it is again either
Restrained, or Limited.
Absolute.
Absolute, when a thing to which the note of Universality is added, is absolutely distributed without restraint; As, every man is a living creature.
Limited, when there is a restraint included to be understood: As Psalm 8. Thou hast put all things under his feet. Yet he himself is restrained that put all things under, 1 Cor. 15. So, No man received his Testimony, meaning no Reprobate man, &c.
Distributive into Generals of the Singulars, is when the Consequent is distributed not into every singular thing, but into certain Orders and Estates of the Singulars; as, every beast was in Noahs Ark, that is, not every Singular or Particular beast; But some singulars of all sorts of Beasts. Christ cured every disease, that is, every kinde of disease; God would all men to be saved, that is, all sorts of men.
Collective, is when the antecedent is so taken under a… numbering Collection, that the Consequent cannot be distributed into the Inferiors▪ As, all the Apostles were twelve, all the Evangelists were four, all the Commandments ware ten; of this we cannot gather, Peter is an Apostle, therefore he is twelve.
The Canons of an Universal Sign are these.
A Note or Sign of Universality is not added to the Consequent: As we cannot say, every man is every living Creature; But here it must be excepted, if the Consequent be a Verb Adjective; for we may say God preserveth all men, Christ redeemed all the Elect, &c.
2 Adverbs that have the place of a Noun, make also universal propositions: as, Never do the Godly want affliction: No where are the Saints free from troubles?
2 Every Note Collective, as also Distributive into Generals of the Singulars, Imperfectly, and Secondarily, dob foreign. make an Universal Proposition.
An Indefinite Universal, is which hath an Universal Subject (or Antecedent) without Note.
The Canons hereof are two.
1. The chief force and use of Indefinites is in Propositions of the Idea: That is, in such, as where the Universal Subiect is taken absolutely: As, The Lords Supper is a Sacrament, Man is the Noblest Creature, The soul of man is immortal, &c.
2. There is also an use of Indefinites; to signifie that the Consequent is in the antecedent, for the most part, though not alwayes foreign As, The Cretians be lyars, Mothers are too much Cockerers of their children, &c,
2. A Particular is, which to a particular antecedent adds a particular Note: as, Some men fear God, Few are Elected, not many are Called, &c.
3. A Singular is, which hath an Antecedent singular or undivided: as, John Baptist is not the Christ; This man is a true Christian, &c.
The Canons hereof are two.
1 When a Note of Universality is added to a singular Antecedent, it means nothing but a Collection of singulars: as all Pharoahs were Tyrants. All Herods were cruel.
2. To the Antecedent of a singular Proposition, may not be added a denyal Infinite.
From the Formal, a Proposition is divided into
Affirming.Division from the Formal.
Denying.
Affirmative is when the Consequent is joyned with the antecedent.
The Affirmation is before, and more worthy than the Negation.
Denying or Negative, is which divideth the Consequent from the Antecedent, As, Good works do not justifie: A man is not a stone.
The Canons are two.
1 That a Proposition may be a Negative, it is necessary that the Particle of denying be either set before the whole Proposition: as, No Elect are damned; or be immediately added to the Coupler, and Verb adjective that hath the force of the Coupler, or Band; as, Marriage is not a Sacrament; Works justifie not.
2 Every true Negation hangs on a true Affirmation: For it could not rightly be said, Works justifie not, unlesse it were true, that Faith onelyonly justifieth.
Both of these (Affirmative and Negative) is either
Pure.
Modal.
Pure, is, wherein the Consequent is purely disposed with the antecedent, without the expresse manner of disposition.
Modal, is, which is affected with a certain mood or manner of disposition.
And it is either
Primary. a
Secondary. b
Primary, is, which is affected with some Primary manner,a 1 foreign. 2 foreign. as be those four.
1 Necessary, or needs.
2 Impossible.
3 Possible.3 foreign. 4 foreign.
4 Contingent, or perhaps.
1 As, It is necessary that a Creature be finite. The Elect must needs be saved. 2 It is impossible that God should be created. 3 It is possible for him that fighteth to win the victory. 4 It is contingent for a man to sit, for he may also not sit.
The Canons of those Modal propositions are five.
1 There is more use of those Modals among the Greeks than the Latines.
2 No other Modes (or manners) are here looked on than Formal, that is such as affect the disposition of the Consequent with the Antecedent.
3 A Modal Proposition hath the manner for the Consequent indirect, and by Analogie so called: in every Modal Proposition, there are two things, the Saying, and the manner; as in this, It is impossible that the Elect should be deceived. That the Elect should be deceived, is a saying; impossible is the manner; the saying is put in stead of the Antecedent, the manner in stead of the consequent, but this must narrowly be taken.
4 The quantity of a Modal proposition is esteemed partly by the saying, partly by the manner; but chiefly and properly by the saying, as that which hath the quantity of multitude. Secondarily by the manner, as that which hath the quantity of time; Necessary hath the force of an Adverb universally affirming; as, It is necessary for a man to be reasonable, that is, a man is alwayes reasonable; Impossible, hath the force of an universal Negative, as, It is impossible for a man to be a Stone, that is, a man is never a stone: Possible and contingent, have the force of particulars, as sometimes, for the most part, &c.
5 The quality or affirmation and Negation of a modal proposition is esteemed by the manner: as, It is impossible for the Elect to perish. This is a Negative: It is necessary that Christ should be true man, this is affirmative by reason of these Manners, Necessary and Impossible.
Secondary Modals which have a secondary manner, are either
1 Exclusive.b
2 Exceptive.
3 Restrictive.
Exclusive, which hath an exclusive significative word, as onelyonly, alone, &c.
And it is Exclusive either of the
Antecedent or Subject.
Consequent.
Exclusive of the antecedent, is, which with an exclusive word set before it, excludes or shuts out other antecedents from participation of the same consequent: as, Only faith justifieth; Only God is uncreated.
The Exclusive of the antecedent, excludes not concomitants, or them that accompany the same: as onelyonly the Father is true God, excludes not the concomitant, the Son and the holy Ghost, but false gods, idols, &c.
Exclusive of the consequent, is, which by a sign of Exclusion put between antecedent and consequent, excludes other consequents from the same antecedent, as, Reprobates do evil onelyonly; Carthusians do onelyonly eat fish.
2 Exceptive, is, which consists of an excepting particle, as Except, Besides, Unlesse, &c.
The Canons be four.
1 In an Exceptive proposition, alway the antecedent is excepted from participation of the consequent, and not contrary as was in the Exclusive.
2 The antecedent excepted must be contained under the Excepter: For it is foolish to say, Every man, except a beast, is able to laugh, because a beast is not contained under a man.
3 The antecedent from which the exception is made, must be an Universall, that it may be distributed: As it is foolish to say, Some man except Judas is elected.
4 That which is excepted should be straiter than that from which it is excepted; For it is vain to say, A man, except a man, runneth.
3 Restrictive is, which consists of restraint or limitation; as far forth as, in respect of, according to, &c.
Limitation is the determination of that according to which the Consequent agreeth with the Antecedent, or not agreeth.
And is
General.
Special.
General, which is conceived with general terms.
Special, which is conceived with special Terms, that is, which pertain to any thing in special, and properly.
And it is either of
One Noun.
Diverse.
Of one Noun, is, which limits the thing by it self, that the Consequent may be understood to agree essentially: As, A man, as he is a man, hath reason.
Of a diverse Noun, which limits the Antecedent by something diverse from the Antecedent.
And it is either
Essential. a
Accidental. b
Essential, which is done by an essential term.a
And is either
General.
Partial.
General, when it is limited by his Genus: as, a man, as he is a body, is local; as he is a living thing, he is nourished; as he is Animal, he hath sense, &c.
Partial, when a thing is limited by some part Essential, or Integral: As, A man touching his soul is Immortal: Sacraments touching their matter are visible, touching their form are invisible; Christ as man died, &c.
Accidental is which limits a thing Accidentally.
And is
Inward.
Outward.
Inward, when a thing is limited by some Inward accident either absolute or Relative: as, Fire, as it is hot, burneth; not as it is dry: God willeth hardning of sinners; not as it is sin, but as it is a punishment.
Outward, when a thing is limited by some outward comparison and respect; as when a mean man is said to be great in respect of a dwarf, Isaac was a Son in respect of Abraham, and a Fat…her in respect of Jacob; Faith justifieth as it hath reference to Christ.
The Canons of limitation are six.
1. A Consequent or Attribute contradictory, can with no Limitation, be made to agree with the antecedent foreign; False therefore are the Popish Limitations to prove that Accidents may be without the Subject in their Transubstantiated Sacrament; For it implieth a contradiction.
2. Every lawfull Limitation should have possibility to be referred to some form of Limitation, delivered by the Art of Logick,
3. A Limitation should be made by that which agreeably is in the antecedent, or Consequent, whether it be in it absolutely, or Relatively.
4. The manner Limiting in part should be distinct in deed and words, from the Limited in the antecedent and Consequent.
5. Limitation should be perspicuous, casie to be explained.
6. Limitation in a diverse respect, pertaineth to the antecedent and Consequent of the proposition Limited.
The Affection of propositions either
Consentany. a3 Affections.
Dissentany. b
Consentany, whereby propositions agree together,
And is
Equal valour foreign aa
Conversion, b
The Canons of equal valor are either
General.
Special.
General, which pertain as well to the Pure as to thea Modal, though chiefly to the Pure.
And they be ten.
1. Equal Valor of Propositions which is taken from the Signs of quantity, is shewed by the signification of the Signs and their mutual correspondence: These therefore are equivalent, Not every man is elected, and some man is not elected; there is no man that is not a sinuer, and every man is a sinner. Not any man is good, and, No man is good, &c.
2. Diversity of words takes not away the equal value of sense, when the things signified by the words in the sense and meaning of the Speaker are the same: These therefore are equipollent, Bread is the body of Christ, and bread is the Communion of Christs body; For its Christs intendment, as Paul expounds him.
3. Equivalents should have Antecedent and consequent the same indeed: The transplacing of antecedents and Consequents changeth the sense of propositions; For these are not equivalent, to say, Bread is Christs body, and in bread is Christs body, or Christs body is in the bread; nor these, Bread is Christs body, and, let Bread be Christs body, &c.
4. Of Equivalents, one may be more forcible and significant then another; and yet the agreement of sense remain safe: As these agree in sense, Bread is Christs body, and read is an holy sign of Christs body; Though the first hath a more forcible signification.
5. A Proposition of this sign [all] having limitation, is of equal value with the particular, when the limitation is taken away: as, All men that beleeve shall be saved, and, onelyonly some men shall be saved.
6 A proposition of the sign All, distributing into generall of the singulars, is of equal value also with a particular; as, God would all men to be saved; and, God would some of every sort of men to be saved.
7 A proposition of the sign All collective, is equall to an indefinite; as, All the outward senses are five; and there are five outward senses. Note also, that in the Hebrew, not all, is equivalent to none, as Psal. 143. Not all living shall be justified, i. e. no living.
8 Indefinites sometime are equivalent to universals, sometime to particulars; to those in a matter necessary, to these in a contingent.
9 The affirming of a privation, and deniall of an habit, are equivalent in an hable subject; as, He is not just, therefore he is unjust; this is true in a man, not in an infant, nor in a stone.
10 He that puts one eqvivalent, puts also the other; and contrary, He that takes away one, takes away the other: so when Christ saith, Few are chosen, he saith in effect, All are not chosen.
The speciall Canons which pertain to the Modals onelyonly are five.
1 Propositions of necessary and impossible are equivalent when they have the manner of the same spoken of a diverse quality, as, It is necessary that offences arise; and, it is impossible that offences should not arise.
2 Propositions of necessary and contingent are equivalent when they have a diverse quality in a word & in manner; It is necessary for the Elect to abide in Gods grace; It is not contingent for the Elect to abide in Gods grace.
3 Propositions of impossible and possible are eqvivalent when they have the saying of the same, and the manner of a diverse quality; It is impossible for the Elect to perish; It is not possible for the Elect to perish.
4 Propositions of possible and contingent, in the Greek, phrase are often equivalent, when the manners considered in themselves import a diverse signification.
5 In Modals secondarily so called, an exclusive in a necessary matter is eqvivalent to an universal; as, The elect only are saved, and all the elect are saved.
Conversion, is the agreement of two propositions byforeign. transposing of the parts; and it is either 1 simple, or 2 by accident, or 3 by counterplacing. 1 Simple, is the mutuall change of the Antecedent and consequent, the quantity and quality abiding the same; first, and properly about an universall denyer, and particular affirmer: 2 And by reason of the mater, about an universall affirme, necessary and reciprocall; as, No unbeleever eateth Christs flesh; therefore none that eateth Christs flesh is an unbeleever.
2 By accident is the mutuall change of antecedent and consequent, the quality abiding, but the quantity being changed, viz. the universall into a particular affirmant; as, Every man is a living creature; therefore, some living creature is a man.
3 By counterplacing is the mutuall transplacing of the consequent and antecedent, the quantity abiding, but the quality changed, viz. about an universal affirmant; as▪ All that are ordained to life do beleeve; therefore they that beleeve not, are not ordained to life, Acts 13.
The Canons of conversion are nine, of which the first four are generall, the other pertain to the Modais.
1 That which is to be converted, must have a proper connexion, understood without any ambiguity; these therefore are not to be turned; Christ is a vine; Bread is Christs body, &c.
3 The whole antecedent of that which is converted, must be made the consequent of the converter, not maimed or cut off.
4 In converting, the obique Cases must be made light, as not because, Some tree is in the Garden, therefore some Garden is in the Tree; but thus; therefore something that is in the Garden is a Tree.
5 Conversion of Modals is made by change of those extreames which are in the saying, the manner alway abiding fast, and the quality of the saying▪ kept.
6 There is no other conversion in Modals then simple and by accident.
7 Propositions of the manner necessary are converted so as the pure simply, when they are universall negatives, or particular affimatives; and by accident▪ when they are universall affirmants, though so also they be simply converted; as, It is necessary that no man be a stone, is converted simply, therefore it is necessary that no stone be a man.
8 Propositions of possible are converted as the former of necessary.
9 Propositions of contingent, if they be affirmative, are converted as the former, but negatives not so; for particulars are converted simply, but universals no way.
Thus much of the consentany affections.
Dissentany is the opposition of Propofitions.
Opposition, is the fight of two Propositions according to… the disposition, in affirming and denying.
The Canons hereof be four.
1 Opposition must have the same antecedent and consequent understood without ambiguity; as, It is not good for man to be alone; it is good for man to be alone; here is no opposition; for the one is meant simply, the other respectively.
2 Opposition, must be foreign in the same respect, i. e. the consequent must be disposed with the antecedent according to the same part and nature of the antecedent, as, Christ was before Abraham; Christ was not before Abraham: the first is Time, meant as he is God: the other, as he is man; so here is no opposition.
3 Opposition must be foreign unto the same: as the Sun is darkened, the Sun is not darkened; by limitation both those are true, and not opposite; for in respect of our sight the Sun is darkened, but in it self the Sun is not darkened.
4 Opposition must be in respect of the same time; otherwise both may be true; as, Paul was at Rome, Paul was not at Rome, viz. at the same time.
Opposition is either
Contradictory. a
Contrary. b
Contradictory foreign, which is of perpetual dis-junction;a and it is principal or lesse principal.
Principal, is the fight of Propositions both in quality and quantity, as is between an universal affirmant, and a particular negant; also between a particular affirmant, and universall negant; as, All men are good, Some men are not good, &c.
Lesse principal, is between two singulars, two indefinites, and two immediate universals, fighting in quality onelyonly; as Peter was at Rome: Peter was not at Rome. A man is good; A man is not good, &c.
The Canons of contradiction are three.
1 Contradiction, is of all oppositions the first, the most perfect, and most fighting, and therefore the measure of them.
2 Contradiction, is of eternal dis-junction, so as it is impossible for both parts to be together true or false.
3 Contradiction wanteth all mean.
Contrariety is opposition between two universals, viz. them whose antecedent or subject is manifest without the consequence; as, Every man is wise; no man is wise.
2 Two contraries can never be together true, though they may be together false.
The opposition of Modals hath three Canons.
1 Contradictory Modals are, which have the same manner of diverse qualities, but the saying of the same quality; as, It is not possible for the elect to be deceived, It is possible for the elect to be deceived.
2 Contrarie Medals are, two universals having the same universal manner affirmant; but the saying in one denying, in another affirming; as, It is possible to be; It is possible not to be.
3 In Exclusives (which are Modals secondary) the particular negative added to the only manner exclusive, maketh the opposition: as, Only the elect are reconciled to God; not only the elect are reconciled, &c.
Hitherto of a simple proposition: now followeth the compound, which consisteth of a sense or sentence compounded.
And it is either
1 Expressed. m
2 Implied. n
1 Expressed, which hath the expresse note of composition.…
And it is either by conjunction, or particular relatives.
Compounded by Conjunction, is, whose parts are tied by a Grammatical Conjunction.
And it is either
Connexive.
Separative.
Connexive, whose parts are tied by a connexion, and is
Copulative.
Conditional.
Copulative, whose conjunction is copulative; as, Love God and thy brother.
The Canons are four.
1 A Copulative is affirmed and denied by reason of thei. e. Proposition. conjunction copulative, whereto if a negation be added, it alwayes maketh a negative; We are justified by faith, and not by works, &c. this is affirmative. Not by faith and works are we justified; this is negative.
2 The whole copulative proposition is esteemed by reason of the conjunction copulative.
3 To the truth of a copulative, there is required the truth of either part; and if one part be false, the proposition wholly is false.
4 Copulation noting the time, is to be taken in respect of one and the same time; otherwise the copulation will be false; as, Paul was at Rome, and saw Jerusalem. This is a deceitfull copulation, for both were not at one time; but at several times both were true.
Conditional, is, whose conjunction is conditional, as, If thou sin, thou shalt die.
The Canons are six.
1 A conditional hath two parts, whereof the first is called the antecedent, which contains the condition; the latter the consequent.
2 A conditional putteth nothing in esse, and onelyonly suspendeth the sentence, or sense of the minde, unlesse the manner and condition be put, which the antecedent designeth.
3 All the truth and force of it, is in the union and coherence of the parts, whereby the consequent rightly followeth from the antecedent.
4 The measure of it is some simple composition, to which it must be resolved, that the force of it may appear, and the reason of the connexion be manifest.
5 The affirmation hangeth on the affirmation of the condition; therefore it is then Negative, when the denial is put before the conjunction If, not when it is put after: So, If the Lord keep not the citie, the Keepers watch in vain: this is affirmative, not negative.
6 A conditional, having an impossible condition annexed, is equivalent to a simple denial: as, If the sands can be numbered, Abrahams seed shall be numbered, meaning they shall not be numbered.
Separative, which hath a separative conjunction: and is either
Disjoyned. a
Discrete. b
Disjoyned, whose conjunction is disjunctive; as, eithera we are justified by faith, or by works.
The Canons hereof be five.
1 The disjoyned parts of a proposition must be subordinate; it is therefore vain to say, Either it is a living creature, or a man.
2 The affirmation or negation is esteemed by the disjunctive conjunction onelyonly, whereto there must needs be added a negation, if the sentence must be negative.
3 For the truth of the disjunctive, it is enough if one part be true.
4 That therefore is false which hath no part true, and wherein taking away one, another member can be given which is true: as, Either the Pope is head of the Church, or it hath no head; both are false; and a third is true, Christ is the head, Colos. 1.
5 When the disjunctive opposition is immediate, and either member is removed, it makes the rest requivalent exclusively; as, Either we are justified by faith, or by works; but works are removed, Rom. 3. Therefore this exclusive sentence is true, OnelyOnly by faith are we justified.
A discrete sentence, is, which hath a discrete conjunction;b as, although, yet, notwithstanding, &c.
The Canons are two.
1 To the truth of a discretive is required the truth of both parts.
2 False therefore is the discretive when any one part is false; as, Christs humane nature is not eternall, yet it is every where present.
Compounded of particular relatives, is, which hath notes of comparison according to quality, quantity, time and place: as, Such as the Shepherd is, such is the sheep. He is as honest as he is learned▪ Where the treasure is, there is the heart. Then men fast when the Bridegroom is gone, &c.
2 An implyed compound sentence, is, which hath no expresse note of composition.
The Canons are two▪
1 The truth or falshood of an implyed sentence, wholly dependeth upon the manner of the consequence, or knitting of the antecedent or consequent; as, They that are guilty of Christs body, they eat Christ, body; this is a false compound proposition; for there is no connexion of parts.
2 As much as may be, this proposition is to be reduced to a meer simple.
Hitherto of a proposition common, called formall; now followeth a proposition in speciall, called materiall; which is determined to a certain condition of things antecedent and consequent.
It is divided partly by the words, partly by the things, and partly by both together.
First therefore every proposition is either
Dark.
Clear.
Dark, when the sense needeth Interpretation; Interpretation is the unfolding of the sense or sentence, and bringing of it to clearnesse.
The darknesse of a sentence is cured by six Canons; According to which every lawfull Interpretation is to be made.
1 A dark proposition must first of all be called back to a certain Method of some kind of discipline, and judged by the principles and analogie of the things delivered therein.
2 Interpretation is to be made according to the first intent and scope of the Speaker or Writer.
3 The order of the context is carefully to be weighed, and interpretation to be made by the knitting of the antecedents and consequents.
4 Like places are to be compared together, and by conference and agreement the sense to be set down.
5 Let the agreeing expositions of famous Interpreters be looked unto.
6 The dark places are to be expounded by the more clear, and not the dark by as dark.
A clear proposition, is, whose sense is manifest by its self, and needs no interpretation.
Again each of them is either
True.
False.
True, is, which agreeth to the composition and division of things without the mind, or which affirmeth or denieth as the thing is.
And it is either
Connominative Synonimical.
Denominative Paronimicall.
Synomina, be those that have a common name, and in regard thereof, one and the same essentiall definition.
Paronima, be those that be derived, and have their denomination from others.
Connominative, is, in which the consequent is spoken of the aatecedent connominatively, Synonimicè.
And it is either
Notional,
Or Real.
Notionall, in which the second Notion is avouched of the first; as Animal is the Genus, Man is the species, &c.
Real, is, in which the consequent Synonimicall Real is disposed with the Antecedent, As, A man is an animal, Faith justifieth.
And it is
Ordinary.
Or Extraordinary.
Ordinary, in which the consequent is ordinarily disposed with the antecedent: As, A man is an animal; Peter is a man; Whitenesse is a Colour.
Whatsoever is said of the consequent by a Synonimical attribution, the same may also be said of the antecedent.
Extraordinary, is, in which there is a disposition of the Consequent connominative, with an extraordinary antecedent, viz. the Person of the Mediator Christ; as, Christ is God, Christ is man.
Denominative (or paronimical) attribution, is, which consists of an attribute (or consequent) paronimicall, as when either difference, or part, or accident, or circumstance, &. is spoken of the Subject, or antecedent; as, A man is reasonable; a man is bodied, is headed, is booted, is Temporal, is Local, &c. So, Christ is Eternal, is the Mediator, King, Priest, Prophet; Christ hath redeemed us with his blood, &c.
Each attribution, as well connominative, as denominative,
Is either
Proper.
Improper.
Proper, is, whose disposition and words are proper.
And it is Necessary, or Contingent.
Necessary, in which the Consequent is necessarily disposed with the antecedent.
The degrees hereof are three
1 foreign. Universal.
2 foreign. Immediate or of it self.
3 foreign. Reciprocall.
foreign; Or Universal, is, when the Consequent is attributed to an universall antecedent.
And it is either of the
Subject or Antecedent.
Adjacent.
foreign, (or Universall) of the Subject, is, when the consequent agreeth to all contained under the subject, viz. Specials or Singulars: as, an animall hath sense, this is spoken of man and beast, as also of all singular men and beasts. Therefore it is an attribution universall, (foreign) by reason of the subject.
Universall (foreign) of the adjacent, is, when the consequent is attributed to the antecedent without any exception of time or place: as, Every man is reasonable; this is true in all time and places.
foreign, Or Immediate, is when the consequent is in the antecedent immediately.
And it is either of
The First Manner.
The Second Manner.
Of the first manner, is, when the consequent is of the Essence or definition of the antecedent: As, a man is a living creature, a man is reasonable, Melchizedeck was a man, &c.
Of the second manner, when the antecedent is of the Essence or definition of the consequent; and this is either principal, or lesse principal.
Principal, when an accident perfectly proper is given to the subject: As, a man laugheth, weepeth, learneth, &c.
Lesse principal, when an accident imperfectly proper, is given to the subject; as a man is risible, and every risible thing is a man: This is the highest degree of necessity; noted therefore with two titles, foreign and foreign.
foreign, Universe, respecteth the consequent, and signifieth that it is wholly, and every whit drawn up of the antecedent, so as it is neither straighter, nor larger than it. It is not therefore foreign when I say, A man moveth. For moving is also without a man, and is not all contained in him; nor is it foreign when I say, A man is learned; for this consequent is more narrow than a man, and extends not so large; Seeing there are many men that are not learned.
The other term foreign, 1 Respecteth the subject or antecedent, and saith that that is the only and sole thing, of which the consequent is strictly spoken, so as there is no other subject to whom it is rather than to this, as there is no subject wherein laughter rather and neerer is; than a man.
The Canons of necessary propositions are six.
1 A Necessary proposition, is not onelyonly affirmant but also negant: As, Christs body is not every where; A man is not a stone. As in affirmatives it is foreign; so in Negatives it is foreign, in none at all.
2 Of necessary avouching, some is pure, some mixt of necessity, and contingencie: As, A man laugheth: this is mixt.
3 In pure Necessaries the couple or word Is, is freed from all difference of time or place, and from all existence.
4 A necessary consequent can in no respect, limitation, or Distinction be denied of the antecedent: as, A body is finite.
5 The latter degree of necessary propositions, is alway more perfect than the former which it includeth: So a perfect foreign includeth a foreign, and a foreign includeth both a foreign, and a foreign.
6 Necessary attributions have the force of principles or beginnings; A Contingent proposition, is, wherein the consequent is contingently, or changeably disposed with the antecedent.
The Canons hereof are three.
1 A Contingent attribution hath such a consequent as may without contradiction be separated from the antecedent, when it is affirmative, or be given to it when it is a Negative.
2 Contingent propositions chiefly consist of common accidents, and integral parts lesse principal, and of adherents: As, A man is white, is bearded, booted, &c.
3 Contingent propositions are said to be probable, when the truth of them is neither by sense nor by other reason manifest unto us; For that is probable, which when it can neither certainly be affirmed, nor certainly be denied, inclineth the assent unto the one part.
An improper attribution, is, in which the consequent is improperly disposed with the antecedent.
And it is either by reason of
The Disposition▪ a
The Words. b
By reason of the disposition, is, when proper words beinga retained, the consequent … for any inward or Essential …lation or Union.
And it is either
Common,
Or Mystical.
Common, is, when an outward consequent is given to an antecedent for some vulgar and common Union or Relation: these Relations are of four sorts.
1 The Relation of the cause to the effect; As, The Sun is said to be hot, because it causeth heat; the Gospel is the power of God unto Salvation.
2 The Relation or Union of place, and cleaving to; as when Iron is said to burn for the fire united unto it.
3 The Relation or representation; as when the title of the Prince is given to his Ambassadour.
4 The Union of consent and indissoluble society; as when the wife hath the titles and dignity of her husband, as to be called Princesse, Prophetesse, Doctoresse, &c.
Mystical, is, in which the outward consequent is given to the antecedent for mystical or holy relation.
And it is either
Typical,
Or Sacramental.
Typical, when for the certainty of the representation, that is given to the Type which belongs to the Antitype. These attributions are simple or compound.
Simple, as when that which is due to Christ onelyonly, is given to his Type and Figure; as of David it is said, Psal. 16. Thou shalt not suffer thy holy One to see corruption; Of Solomon, I will establish his house for ever, 2 Sam. 7. These are fulfilled in Christ alone.
Compound, when partly they agree to the type, partly to the antitype, as, thou shalt not break a bone of him, Exod. 12. Joh. 19.
Sacramental, is, in which for the Union Sacramental, and certainty of sealing up, the thing signed or propriety thereof is given to the holy sign: As, Circumcision is a Covenant, the Lamb is a Passeover, Sacrifices are expiations of sins, Bread is Christs body, Baptism is the laver of Regeneration, Bread is the Communion of Christs body, &c.
Improper by reason of the words, is, in which a word is… transferred from the Native signification to some other: As when we say, The Woods do sing, The Seas clap their hands, The Fields laugh, and other figurative speeches.
A false attribution, is, which answereth not to the composition and division of things out of the mind; and it is either wholly false, or false in part; also either necessarily, or contingently false.
And thus much of the second part of Logick.
A Summary View of the Second Part of Logick.
The 2d. part of Logick is about a proposition, which is considered either
Commonly, and so is
Simple, in wich the
Constitution of
Parts
Signed
Antecedent, or subject.
Consequent, or attribute.
Signing Significative
Noun.
Verb.
Consignificative.
Disposition of parts which is either,
Signe
Signing
Expresse.
Implyed.
Division from the
Material
Finite both either
Infinit both either
Vniversal
Secondary
Definite.
Indefinite
Formal
Affirming Each either
Denying Each either
Pure
Modal
Primary
Secondary
Exclusive
Exceptive
Restrictive.
Affection
Consentany
Equivalence
Conversion
Dissentany, opposition, either
Contradictory.
Contrary.
Specially & conditionally, and is
Compounded
Expressed by.
Imployed
Conjunction
Connexive
Copulative.
Conditionall.
Separative
Disjoyned.
Discrete.
Relative particles.
Dark Both is either
Clear Both is either
True
Connominative
Notionall.
Reall
Ordinary.
Extraordinary.
False
Denominative, And both of them either
Proper
Necessary.
Contingent.
Improper by the
Disposition.
Common.
Mystical.
Typical.
Sarcamental
Words.