The Art of Rhetoric, Book 3 · Part 1 · Section 54 – Section 79
Of enlargynge examples by copye.
ANd now because examples enriched by Copy, helpe muche for Amplification: I will geue a taste, howe these and suche lyke Histories maye be encreased.
And for the better handelynge of theim, nedefull it is to marke well the circumstaūces: that beynge well obserued and compared together on bothe partes, they maye the rather be enlarged.
As thus.Example enlarged. That whiche bruite Beastes hauehave doone, shalt thou being a man seme not to hauehave done? They shewed them selues natural, and wilt thou appeare vnnaturall? Nay they ouercame nature, and wilte thou be ouercome of them? They became of beastes in bodye, men in nature, and wilt thou become of a manne in bodye, a Beaste in nature?
They beinge withoute reason, declared the propertye of reasonable creatures, and wilte thou beinge a man endued wyth reason, ap…eare in thy doynges altogether vnreasonable? Shall Dogges be th…nkefull: and menne, yea, christian menne wante suche a vertue? Shall wormes shewe suche kindenes: and menne appearre gracelesse? It had ben no matter if they had bene vnthankefull: but man can neuer escape blame, seinge God hathe commaunded, and Nature hathe graffed this in all menne: that they shoul…e do to other, as they woulde be done vntounto. Agayne, they for m…ate onelye sh…wed them selues so kinde: and shal man for so many benefites receiued, and for such goodnes shewed, requite for good will, euil dedes: for hartie louelove, deadlye hatred: for vertue, vyce: and for life geuen to him, yelde death to other? Nature hath parted man and beast: and shall man in nature be no manne? Shamed be that wretche that goeth agaynst nature, that one ye hath the shape of a man, and in nature is worse then a beast. Yea, worthye are all suche ra…her to be torne with deuils, then to liue with men. Thus an example might moste copiouslye be augmented, but thus muche for this time is sufficient.
The saiynge of Poets and all their fables are not to be forgotten,Poeticall narrations profitable. for by them we may talke at large, and winne mē by perswasion, if wee declare before hande, that these tales were not fayned of suche wise menne without cause, neither yet continued vntyll this tyme, and kepte in memorie without good consideration, and therupon declare the true meanynge of all suche writinge. For vndoubtedlye there is no one tale emonge al the Poetes, but vnderunder the same is comprehended some thinge that perteyneth eyther to the amendemente of maners, to the knowledge of trueth, to the settynge forthe of Natures woorcke, or elles to the vnderstandinge of some notable thynge done. For what other is the paynefull trauayle of Ulisses discribed so largelye by Homere, but a liuely picture of mans miserie in this life.
And as Plutarche sayth▪ and likewise Basilius Magnus: In the Iliades are described strengthe and valeantenes of the bodye: In Odissea is set forthe a lyuelye Paterne of the minde.
The PoetesPoets vnderunder cul…ures shew muche wisdome. were wise men, & wished in harte the redresse of thinges, the whiche when for feare they durst not openly rebuke, thei didde in coloures paynte theim oute, and tolde menne by shadowes what they shoulde do in good south: or els because the wycked were vnworthy to heare the truth, they spake so, that none myght vnderstande, but those vntounto whom they pleased to vtter their meaninge, and knewe thē to be menne of honeste conuersation.
We reade of DanaeDanae the fayre damosel, whom Iuppiter …empted full ofte; and coulde neuer hauehave his pleasure, tyll a… lengthe he made it raine golde, and so as shee sate in her chimney, a greate deale fell vponupon her lappe, the whyche shee toke gladly, and kepte it there: within the which gold Iuppiter him selfe was comprehended, wherby is none other thynge elles signified, but that women hauehave bene, and wyll be ouercome with money▪
Likewise Iuppiter fanseinge the fayre maide IsisIsis could not hauehave his will, till he turned him selfe into a fayre whyte Bull, whiche signified that beautie may ouercome the best.
If a manne woulde speake agaynste couetous Caytifes, can he better shewe what they are, then by settynge forthe the straunge plague of Tantalus,Tantalus who is reported to be in Hell, hauinge water comminge styll to his chynne, and yet neuer able to drynke: and an apple hangyng before his mouthe, and yet neuer able to eat?
IcarusIcarus. woulde nedes hauehave wynges and flye contrary to nature, wherupon when he hadde them sette together with ware, and ioyned to his syde, he mounted vp into the ayre. But so sone as the sunne hadde somewhat heated him, and his waxe began to melte, he fel downe into a greate Riuer, and was drowned out of hande, the whiche water was euer after called by his name. Now what other thing dothe this tale shewe vsus, but that euerye man should not meddle with thinges aboue his compasse.
MidasMidas. desiered that whatsoeuer he touched, the same might be golde: wherupon when Iuppiter hadde graunted him his bounde: his meate, drinke, and al other thinges turned into gold, and he choked with his owne desire, as al cocouetouse men lightely shalbe, than can neuer bee content when they hauehave enough.
What other thyng are the wonderfull labours of Hercules,Hercules laboures w…at they signi…ed. but that reason shoulde withstande affection, and the spirite for euer should fight, against the fleshe? We Christians had like fables heretofore of ioyly felowes, the Images wherof were set vp (in Gods name) euen in our Churches. But is any man so mad to thynk that euer there was suche a one as S. ChristoferS. Christofer what he signified. was paincted vntounto vsus? Mary God forbid. Assuredly when he liued vpō earth there were other houses builded for hym, then we hauehave at this tyme, and I thynke tailers were muche troubled to take measure of him for makyng his garmentes. He might be of kynne to Garganteo, if he were as bigge as he is set forthe in Antwerpe▪ But this was the meanyng of our elders (and the name self doth signifie none other) that eueryevery mā should beare Christ vponupon his backe, that is to say, he should louelove his brother as Christe loued vsus, and gaue his body for vsus: he shoulde tra…ile through hunger, colde, sorowe, sickenes, deathe, and al daungers with al sufferaunce that might be. And whether should he trauaile? to the euerliuyng GOD▪ but how? In darkenes? No forsouth, by the light of his word. And therfore Sainct Christofer beyng in the Sea, and not well able to gette out (that is to say beyng almost drouned in synne, & not knowyng whiche waie best to escape) an Heremite appered vntounto hym with a lāterne & a light therein, the whiche dothe signifie none other thyng to the Christian but the true woorde of God, whiche lighteneth the hartes of men, & geueth vnderstandyng to the youngelinges (as the Prophet doth saie). Againe, Sainct GeorgeS. George on horse backe. he is set on horsebacke & killeth a Dragon with his speare, whiche Dragon woulde hauehave deuoured a virgine, whereby is none other thyng mēt but that a Kyng and eueryevery man vntounto whom thexecution of iustice is committed, should defende the innocent against the vngodly attemptes of the wicked, and rather kill suche deuilles by marcial law, than suffer the innocentes to take any wrong. But who gaue our clargie any suche aucthoritie that those monsters shoulde bee in Churches as laye mens Bookes? God forbadde by expresse worde to make any grauen Image, and shal we be so bolde to breake Gods wil for a good entent, and call these Idolles laie mens Bookes? I could talke more largely of examples, & heape a nomber here together, aswell of Ethnike Aucthours, as of other here at home: but for feare I should be tediouse, these for this tyme that suffise.
¶Of Fables.
THe feigned fables, such as are attributed vntounto brute beastes, would not be forgotten at any hand. For not onelyonly they delite the rude & ignoraunt, but also they helpe muche for perswasion.Apologi. And because suche as speake in open audience hauehave euer moe fooles to heare them than wise men to geue iudgement: I would thynke it not amisse, to speake muche accordyng to the nature and fansie of the ignoraunt, that the rather thei might be wonne through fables, to learne more weightie & graue matters▪ for al men cannot brooke sage causes, and auncient collacions: but wil lyke earnest matters the rather, if some thing be spokē there …mong agreyng to their natures. The multitude (as Horace doth say) is a beast, or rather amōster that hath many heades Fables▪ how nedeful they are to …eache the ignoraū …e.and therefore like vntounto the diuersitie of natures, varietie of inuencion must alwaies be vsed. Talke altogether of moste graue matters, or depely searche out the ground of thynges or vse the Quiddities of Dunce to sette forth Gods misteries: & you shal see the ignoraunt (I warrant you) either fal a slepe, or elles bid you farewel. The multitude must needes be made mery: & the more foolish your talke is, the more wise wil they counte it to be. And yet it is no foolishnesse, but rather wisedome to wynne men by tellyng of fables to heare of Gods goodnesse. Undoubtedly fables well sette forthe, hauehave doen muche good at diuerse tymes, and in diuerse cō mune weales. The Romaine Menenius Agrippa allegyng vponupon a tyme a fable of the conflicte made betwixt the partes of a mans bodie, and his belie: quieted a marueilouse stirre that was lyke to ensewe & pacified the vprore of …ediciouse rebelles, whiche els thought for euer to destroy their countrie. Themistos…es perswaded the Atheniās not to chaunge their Officers, by rehersyng the fable of a scabbed fore. For (ꝙ he) when many flees stode feedyng vponupon his rawe fleshe, & had wel fedde themselues, he was contented at anothers persuasion, to hauehave them slapte away: whereupon their ensewed suche hungry flees afterwardes, that the sorie fo…e beyng al alone was eaten vp almost to the harde boone, and therefore cursed the tyme that eueryevery he agreed to any suche euil counsel. In lyke maner (ꝙ Themistocles) if you will chaunge Officers, the hungry flees will ea…e you vp one after another, whereas now you liue beyng but onelyonly bitten, and lyke to hauehave no farther harme, but rather muche welth and quietnesse hereafter, because they are filled, and hauehave enough, that heretofore suckte so muche of your bloud.
Now likewyse as I gaue a lesson how to enlarge an example, so may fables also in lyke sorte be sette out, & augmented at large by Amplification. Thus muche for the vse of fables. Againe, sometymes fei…ed Narrations and wittie inuented matters (as though they were true in deede) helpe wel to set forwarde a cause, & hauehave great grace in thē, beyng aptely vsed & wel inuented. Luciane passeth in this pointe: & sir Thomas More for his Eutopia can soner be remēbred of me, then worthely praised of any according as the excellē cie of his inuenciō in that behaulf doth most iustly require.
¶Digestion.
DIgestionDigesti…. is an ordely placyng of thynges, partyng eueryevery matter seuerally. Tullie hath an example hereof in his Oration whiche he made for Sextus Roscius Amarinus. There are three thynges (ꝙ Tullie) whiche hynder Sextus Roscius at this tyme, the accusacion of his aduersaries, the boldenes of them, and the power that they beare. Eruscus his accuser hath taken vpō hym to forge false matte…, the Roscians kinsfolke hauehave boldly aduentured, & wil face out their doynges, & Chrisogonus here, that most can do, wil presse vsus with his power.
¶A whisht, or a warnyng to speake no more.
A Whisht, is when we bid them holde their peace that hauehave least cause to speake, and can do litle good with their talkyng.Reticen…i…. Diogenes beeyng vponupon the Sea emong a number of naughtie packes in a greate storme of wether, when diuerse of these wicked felowes cried out for feare of drownyng, some with fained prayour to Iuppiter, some to Neptune, and eueryevery one as they beste fantaised the goddes aboue:…iogenes. whishte (ꝙ Diogenes) for vp Gods mother, if God hym selfe knowe you be here, you are lyke to be drowned eueryevery mothers sonne of you. Meanyng that they were so nought, and so fainedly made their prayour to false Godes without mynde to amende their naughtie lyfe, that the lyuyng God woulde not leaue them vnpunished though they cried neuer so fast. Wee vse this figure likewyse, when in speakyng of any man: we saie, whisht, the woulfe it at hand: when the same man cometh in the meane season, of whome we spake before.
¶Contrarietie.
COntrarietieContentio. is, when our talke standeth by contrarie wordes, or sentences together. As thus wee mighte despraise some one man. he is of a straunge nature as euer I sawe, for to his frende he is churlishe, to his foe he is ientle: geue him faire wordes, and you offende hym: checke hym sharpely, and you wynne hym. Let hym hauehave his will, and he will flye in your face: kepe hym shorte, and you shal hauehave hym at commaundement.
¶Fre…nesse of speache.
FReenesse of speache,Liberavox is when wee speake boldely, & without feare, euen to the proudest of them, whatsoeuer we please, or hauehave list to speake. Diogenes herein did excel, and feared no man when he sawe iust cause to saie his mynde. This worlde wanteth suche as he was, and hath ouer many suche, as neuer honest mā was, that is to say, flatterers, fawners, and southers of mennes saiynges.
¶Stomake grief.
STomake grief,Iracundia. is when we will take the matter as hote as a tost. We nede no examples for this matter, hote men hauehave to many, of whom they may be bould and spare not, that fynde them selues a colde. Some tymes we en…reate earnestly and make meanes by pra…er to wynne fauour.Deprecatio Somtymes we seke fauour by speakyng well of the companie present.Cōcilia…io. As. Thorowe your helpe my lordes this good deede hath been done.Laesio. Some tymes we speake to hurte our aduersaries, by settyng forth their euil behauior.Purgatio. Sometymes we excuse a fault, and accuse the reporters.Optatio. Sometymes we wishe vntounto God for redresse to euil. Sometimes we curse the extreme wickednes of some pastgood roisters.Execratio. In al whiche I thynke neither examples neede, nor yet any rehersal had been greately necessarie, cōsidering al these come without any great learnyng, sauing that for apt bestowing, iudgement is right nedeful.
¶Of figures in sentencies, called Schemes.
WHen any sentence vponupon the placyng, or settyng of wordes, is said to be a figure: thesaied is alwaies called a Scheme, the whiche wordes beyng altered, or displaced, the figure streight doth lose his name, and is called no more a scheme. Of this sorte there be diuerse, suche as hereafter folowe.
¶Doublettes.
DOublettes,Geminatio verborum. is when we reherse one and thesame worde twise together. Ah wretche, wretche, that I am. Tullie against Catiline inueighyng sore against his traiterouse attemptes, saith after a lōg rehersed matter, and yet notwithstandyng all this notouriouse wickednesse: the mā liueth stil, liueth? Nay mary he cometh into the counsel house whiche is more. An other: Darrest thou showe thy face, thou wretched theef, thou theefe I saie to thyne owne father, darrest thou looke abrode? Thus the ofte repeatyng of one worde doth munhe stirre the hearer, and makes the worde seeme greater, as though a sworde were ofte digged & thrust twise, or thrise in one place of the bodie.
¶Alteryng parte of a worde.
ALteryng parte of a word,Pau…um immutat … verbum. is when we take a letter, or sillable from some word, or els adde a letter, or sillable to a worde. As thus. Williā Somer seyng muche a do for accomptes makyng, & that the Kynges Maiestie of most worthie memorie Henry theight wanted mony suche as was due vntounto hym: And please your grace (ꝙ he) you hauehave so many frauditours, so many conueiers, and so many deceiuers to get vp your money, that they get al to themselues. Whether he said true, or no, let God iudge that. it was vnhappely spoken of a foole, & I thynke he had some Scholemaister: he shoulde hauehave saied Auditours, Surueyours, and Receauours.
¶Repetition.
REpetitionRepetitio a primo. is when we begynne diuerse sentencies one after another with one and thesame worde. As thus: When thou shalt appere at the terrible da…e of iudgemēt before the high maiestie of God, where is then thy richesse? where is then thy deintie faire? where is thē thy great band of men? where are then thy faire houses? wher are then al thy lādes, pastures, parkes, & forestes? I might saie thus of our soueraine lord the Kynges maiestie that now is. Kyng Edwarde hath ouerthrowne idololatrie: Kyng Edwarde hath bannished superstition: Kyng Edward by Gods helpe hath brought vsus to the true knowlege of our creation: Kyng Edwarde hath quieted our cō sciencies, & laboured that al his people should seeke healthe by the death and Passion of Christ alone.
☞Conuersion.
COnuersionConuersio… eiusdem in extremum. is an ofte repeatyng of the last worde, & is contrarie to that which went before. Whē iust dealing is not vsed: welth goeth away, fryndship goeth away, truth goeth awaie, all goodnes (to speake at a worde) goeth awaie. Where affections beare rule, there reason is subdued, honestie is subdued, good wil is subdued, & al thinges els that withstande euil, for euer are subdued.
¶Comprehension.
COmprehersion,Conuersio in eadem. is when bothe the aboue rehersed figures are in one kynd of speakyng vsed, so that bothe one first worde must ofte be rehersed, & likewise al one last worde. What winneth the hartes of men? Liberalitie. What causeth men to aduenture their lifes, and dye willyngly in defence of their masters? Liberalitie. What cō tinueth the sta…e of a Kyng? Liberalitie. What becometh a woman best,Silence b…cometh a wom…n best. & first of al? Silence. What seconde? Silence. What third? Silence. What fourth? Silence. Yea if a man should aske me til dowmes day, I would stil crie, silence, silence, without the whiche no woman hath any good gifte, but hauing thesame, no doubt she must hauehave many other notable giftes, as the whiche of necessitie do euer folow suche a vertue.
¶Progression.
PRogressionProgressio standeth vpō contrarie sentences which answere one another. If we would rebuke a naughty boie, we might with cōmendyng a good boie, say thus. What a boie are thou in cōpar…son of this fellow here. Thou sleapes: he wakes: thou plaies: he studies: thou art euer abrode: he is euer at home: thou neuer waites: he stil doth his attendaunce: thou carest for no body: he doeth his dutie to al men: thou doest what thou ca…st to hurt al, & please none: he doth what he can, to hurte none, & please all.
¶Lyke endyng, and lyke fallyng.
THen the sentences are said to ende lyke, when those wordes do end in like sillables, which do lacke cases.Similite… desinens, similiter cadens. Thou liues wickedly, thou speakes naughtely. The rebelles of Northfolke (ꝙ a most worthie man that made an inuectiue against thē) through slauerie, slew Nobilitie: in dede miserably, in fashiō cruelly, in cause deuilishly.
Sentencies also are said to fal like, when diuerse wordes in one sentenc…e ende in lyke cases, & that in ryme. By great trauaile is got muche auaile, by earnest affection, men learne discrecion.
These .ij. kyndes of Exornacion are then most delitefull when contrarie thynges are repeated together: when that ones again is vtterde, whiche before was spoken: when sentencies are turned, and letters are altered. Of the first this may be an example: Where learnyng is loued, there labour is estemed: but wher sleuth is thought solace, there rudenes taketh place. A Kyng is honoured, that is a Kyng in dede. wil you drink or you go, or wil you go or you drinke. There is a diffrence betwixt an horsemilne, & a milnehorse. He is a meter man to driue the Carte, than to serue in the Courte. Through labou… cometh honour, through ydell lyuyng foloweth hangyng. Diuerse in this our tyme delite muche in this kynd of writyng, whiche beeyng measurably vsed, deliteth muche the hearers, otherwyse i… offendeth, and werieth mens eares with sacitie. S. AugustineAugustine. had a goodly gifte in this behaulf, & yet some thinkes he forgot measure, and vsed ouermuche this kynde of figure. Notwithstandyng the people were suche wher he liued, that they toke muche delite in rimed sentences, & in Orations made ballade wise. Yea thei were so nyce & so waiwarde to please, that excepte the Preacher from tyme to tyme coulde ryme out his Sermon, they woulde not long abide the hearyng. TacitusTacitus. also sheweth that in his tyme, the iudges & sergeauntes at the lawe were driuen to vse this kynd of phrase both in their writyng, & also in their speaking. Yea great lordes would thynk thēselfes contēpned, if learned men (when they spake before thē) sought not to speake in this sorte.Rymed sentences vsed without measure. So that for the flowyng stile, & ful sentence, crepte in mynstrelles elocution, talkyng matters altogether in rime, & for weightinesse & grauitie of wordes, succeded nothyng els but wantonnesse of inuencon. Tullie was forsaken, with Liuie, Cesar, & other: And Apuleius, Ausonius, with suche mynstrell makers were altogether folowed. And I thynke the Popes heretofore (seeyng the people folie to be suche) made al our Hymnes & Anthemes in rime,Rymes made, to mocke the simple. that with the singyng of mē, plaiyng of organnes, ringyng of belles, & r…nyng of Hymnes, & Sequencies the poore ignoraunt might thinke the Harmonie to be heauenly, & verely beleue that the Angels of God made not a better noise in heauen. I speake thusmuche of these two figures, not that I thinke folie to vse them (for thei are pleasaunt & praise worthie) but my talke is to this end, that thei shoulde neither onelyonly, nor chefely to vsed, as I know some in this our time do ouermuche vse them in their writynges. And ouermuche (as al men know) was neuer good yet. Yea a man may hauehave ouermuche of his mothers blessyng if she wil neuer leaue blessyng. Therefore a measure is best, yea euen in the best thynges. And thus farre for these .ij. figures.
¶Egual members.
EGuall members are suche, when the one halfe of the sentence answereth to the other,Pa…ia pa…ibus rela…a. with iust proporciō of nomber, not that the sillables of necessitee, should be of iust nōbre, but that the eare might iudge them, to bee so eguall, that there maie appere small difference. As thus. Lawe without merciemercy, is extreme power, yet men thorowe folie, deserue suche iustice. Learnyng is daungerous, if an euill man hauehave it. The more noble a manne is, the more ientle he should be. Isocrates passeth in this behalfe, who is thought to write altogether in nomber, kepyng iust proporcion in framyng of his sentence.
¶Like emong themselfes.
SEntences are called like, when contraries are set together,Similia inter se. and the firste taketh asmuche as the other folowyng: and the other folowyng taketh asmuche a waie, as that did, whiche went before. As thus▪ Lust hath ouercome shamefastenesse, impudencie hath ouercome feare, and madnesse hath ouercome reason. Or els sentences are said to be like emong themselfes, when eueryevery part of one sentēce is eguall, and of like weight one with another As thus. Is it knowen, tried, proued, euident, open, and assured that I did suche a deede? Another. Suche riote, Dicyng, Cardyng, pikyng, stealyng, fighting, ruffines, queanes and harlottes, must nedes bryng hym to naught.
¶Gradacion.
GRadacionGradatio. is when we reherse the worde that goeth nexte before, and bryng another woorde thereupon that encreaseth the matter, as though one should go vp a paire a staiers, and not leaue til he come at the toppe. Or thus. Gradacion is when a sentence is disseuered by degrees, so that the worde, whiche endeth the sentence goyng before, doeth begin the nexte. Labour getteth learnyng, learnyng getteth fame, fame getteth honour, honour getteth blesse for euer. Another. Of slouthe cometh pleasure, of pleasure cometh spendyng, of spēdyng cometh whoryng, of whoryng cometh lacke, of lacke cometh thefte, of thefte cometh hangyng, and there an ende for this world.
¶Regression.
THat is called regression,Regressio. when we repeate a worde eftso…es, that hath been spoken, and rehersed before, whether thesame bee in the beginnyng, in the middest, or in the latter ende of a sentence.
In the beginnyng, thus. Thou art ordeined to rule other, and not other to rule thee.
In the middest, thus. He that hath money, hath not geuen it and he that hath geuen money, hath not his money still: but he that hath geuen thankes, hath thankes still, & he that hath them still, hath geuen them notwithstandyng.
In the latter ende, thus. Manne must not liue to eate, but eate to liue. Man is not made so the Sabboth, but the Sabboth is made for man. If man do any filthy thyng, and take pleasure therein: the pleasure goeth awaie, but the shame tarieth still. If manne do any good thyng with pain, the paines go awaie, but the honestie abideth still.
¶wordes loose.
WOrdes louse are suche,Dissolutnm which as are vttred without any addicion of coniunccions, suche as knitte woordes and sentences together. As thus. Obeye the Kyng, feare his lawes, kepe thy vocacion, doo right, seke rest, like well a litle, vse all menne, as thou wouldest thei should vse thee.
¶Out criyng.
OUt criyng is when with voyce we make an exclamacion.Exclamatio Oh Lorde, O God, O worlde, O life, O maners of menne? O death, where is thy styng? O hell where is thy victorie?
¶Oft vsyng of one worde in diuerse places.
CAn he hauehave any mannes harte in hym, or deserueth he the name of a man, that cruelly killeth a poore innocent man, who neuer thought hym harme.
¶A cause geuen to a sentence vttered.
I Feare not myne aduersarie, because I am not giltie. I mistrust not the Iudges, because thei are iuste, the quest will not cast me, the matter is so plain.
¶A cause geuen to thynges contrary.
BEtter it were to rule, then to serue: For, he that ruleth, liueth: because he is free. But he that serueth, cannot be saied to liue. For where bondage is, there is no life properly.
¶Sufferaunce.
TAke your pleasure for a tyme, and do what you list,Permissio▪ a tyme will come when accompt shalbe made. Whē thynges cannot be, that we would hauehave, we should will that, whiche we can hauehave. Pacience is a remedy for eueryevery disease.
¶A doubtyng.
SHall I call hym foole,Dubitatio. or shall I call hym varlet, or bothe? Another. What made hym to commit suche a robberie? Lacke of money, or lacke of wit, or lacke of honestie? I doubte whether to call hym a foolishe knaue, or a knauishe foole. When muche matter was here in Englande, for callyng the Pope, supreme hedde of the Churche (ꝙ a Spanyarde,A Spaniardes dou…te. that whilome was of the Popes courte in Rome) you doubt muche here in England, whether the Pope be hedde of the churche or no, and greate variaunce there is emonges you, at the whiche foly of yours I doo muche maruaill, for we doubte muche at Rome, whether he be a member of the Churche at all, or no.