Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soul, Chapter 15

Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soul · Chapter 15

p. 137CHAP. XV. Of the Good and Evill Effects of Hatred. Cautelousnesse and Wisedome to profit by that we hate, with Confidence, Victory, Reformation. Hatred is Generall against the whole kind, Cunning, Dissimulation, Cruelty, running over to Persons Innocent, violating Religion. Envie, Rejoycing at Evill. Crooked Suspition. Contempt. Contumely.

I Now proceed to the Consequents or Effects of this Passion: And first for the usefull and profitable Effects thereof, which may be these.

First, a Cautelousnesse and fruit full Wisedome for our own welfare to prevent danger, and to reape benefit from that, which is at enmitie with us. For we shall observe in many evils that no man is brought within the danger, who …s not first drawne into the love of them. All inordinate corruptions then most desperately wound the Soule, when they beguile and entangle it. But the greatest use of this Caution is toQuod de … obs … vavit. Plutar… lib. de será nu minis▪ … … aliq…n lo pro remedi …uit. Sen de Bene…. l. 2. c. 18. learne how to benefit by the Hatred of others, and …s learned Physitians doe, to make an Antidote of Poyson. For as many venemous creatures are p. 138by Arte used to cure the wounds, and repaire the injuries, which themselves had made (Naturall Attraction, as it were, calling home that poyson which injurie and violence had misplaced:) So the malice and venome of an Enemy may by wisdome be converted into a Medicine, and by managing become a benefit, which was by him intended for an injury. Or to use the excellent similitudePlutarch. de Capiend. ex hostibus ut… lit. Coel. Khodigin. Antiq. lect. l. 5. cap. 17. of Plutarch, As healthy and strong beasts doe eate and concoct Serpents, whereas weake stomacks do nauseate at delicates: so wise men do exceedingly profit by the hatred of their enemies, whereas fooles are corrupted with the love of their friends; ond an injury doth one man more good, then a courtesie doth another. As Wind and Thunder when they trouble the Ayre, doe withall purge it; whereas a long calme doth dispose it to putrifaction: or as the same Whetstone that takes away from a weapon, doth likewise sharpen it; so a Wise man can make use of the detraction of an enemy to grow the brighter and the better by it. And therefore when … advised that Carthage should be utterly destroyed, Scipio Nascica perswaded the contrary upon these reasons, that it was needful for Rome to have alwaies some enemies, which by a kind of antipeFlorus. lib. 2. ristasis might strengthen & keep alive its vertue, which otherwise by security might be in dange… of languishing and degenerate into luxury. Fo… 1 Sam. 13. …0.1 Sam 13as the Israelites, when there was no Smith amongst them did sharpen their instruments with the Philistins; so indeed an enemy doth serve to p. 139quicken and put an edge upon those vertues, which by lying unexercised might contract rust and dullnesse, and many times when the reasons of the thing it self will not perswade, the Feare of giving advantage to an Enemy, or of gratifying him, will over-rule a man, lest hereby he give his soes matter of Insultation.

Hoc Ithacus velit & magno mercentur Atridae.

This makes our foes rejoyce, they would have bought

With a great price those crimes we doe for nought.

Thus as a Sink by an house makes all the house the cleaner, because the Sordes are cast into that: Or as they observe that Roses and Violets are sweetest, which grow neare unto Garlick and other strong sented Herbes, because these draw away unto them any fetid or noxious nourishment: so the eye and nearenesse of an enemy serveth by exciting Caution and diligence to make a mans life more fruitfull and orderly, then otherwise it would have beene, that we may take away occasion from them that would speake reproachfully. And thus Hector sharpely reproving the Cowardice of his brother Paris (who had beene the onelyonly cause of the Warre and calamity) when he fled from Menelaus, draweth his rebuke from hence, and telleth him that he was,

foreignIliad. foreign. 51.

foreign &c.

p. 140To Father, City, People, losse and blame;

Ioy to his foes, and to himselfe a shame.

Secondly, Hatred worketh Confidence and some Presumption and good assurance of our owne, or some assisting strength against evils. Which ariseth first out of the former: for Cau… lousnesse or Furniture against the onset of evil cannot but make the mind more resolute in its owne defence, than if it were left naked without Assistance. Againe, of all others, this is one of the most confident Passions, because it moves not out of sudden perturbations, but is usually seconded and backt with Reason, as the Philosopher observes;Rb…r. l. 2. c. 4. and ever the more Counsell, the more Confidence. Besides, being a deepe and severe Passion, it proportionably calleth out the more strength to execute its purposes. There is no Passion, that intendeth so much evil to another, as Hatred; An-ger would onelyonly bring Trouble; but Hatred, Mischiefe; Anger would onelyonly Punish and Retaliate, but Hatred would Destroy; for as the Philosophe… notes, it seeketh the not being of what it Hates. A man may be Angry with his friend, but hee hates none but an enemy; and no man can will so much hurt to his friend, as to his enemy. Now the more hurt a passion doth intend, the more strength it must call out to execute that intention; and ever the more strength the more Confidence.

Thirdly it worketh some manner of Victory over the evill hated: for Odium semper sequitur … p. 141animi elatione, as Scaliger out of Aristotle hath observed, It ever ariseth out of pride and height of mind foreign. Injury ever comes from some strength, and is a kind of Victory. For so farre forth as one is able to hurt another, he is above him. And this effect holds principally true in morall and practick courses; wherein I think it is a generall Rule: Hee in some measure loves an evill, who is overcome by it: for conquest in this nature is on the Will, which never chooseth an object till it love it. There onelyonly we can have perfect conquest of sinne, where will be a perfect hatred of it. Here, in the best, there is but an incompleat restauration of Gods Image: the body of nature and the body of finne are borne, and must die together.

Fourthly, it hath a good effect in regard of the evill hated in reasonable Creatures, namely the Reformation of the person, in whom that evill was. For as countenance and incouragement is the fosterer; so Hatred and contempt serveth sometimes as Phisick to purge out an evill. And the reason is because a great part of that goodnesse, which is apprehended to be in sinne, by those that pursue it, is other mens approbation. Opinion puts valew upon many uncurrent Coynes, which passe rather because they are receiued, than because they are warrantable. And therefore if a man naturally desirous of credit see his courses generally disliked, he can hardly so unnature himselfe, as still to to feed on those vanities, which hee seeth doe prouoke others unto loathing, though I confesse, p. 142it is not a perswasions of mens, but of Gods hatred of sinne, which doth worke a genuine and thorow Resormation.

I now proceed to observe those Effects, which are corrupt and hurtfull: and here wee may observe,

First, the rule of Aristotle, whose maxime it is, that Hatred is alwaies foreign against the whole kinde of its object▪ so then all the actions and effects of this Passion are corrupt, which are not Generall, but admit of private Reservations and Indulgences. For since tho nature and extent of the passion is ever considered with reference to its object, there must needs bee irregularity in that affection, when it is conversant about an uniforme nature with a various and differing motion. And this is manifestly true in that, which I made the principall object of a right hatred, Sin. In which, though there is no man, which finds not himselfe more obnoxious and open to one kind than another (it being the long experienced policie of the Devill to observe the diverse conditions of mens natures, constitutions, callings, and imployments; and from them to proportion the quality of his insinuations upon the will;) insomuch that a man may here in happily deceive himselfe with an opinion of loathing some evils, with which, either his other occasions suffer him not to take acquaintance, or the difficulty in compassing, disgrace in practising, or other prejudices perswade to a casuall dislike thereof, yet I say it is certaine, that if a mans Hatred of Sinne be p. 143not foreign an Vniversall and transcendent Hatred against all sinne, even those which his personall relations make more proper unto him, if hee doth still retaine some privy exceptions, some reserved and covered delights, be his pretences to others, or his perswasions to himselfe what they will, this is rather a personated than a true hatred a meteor of the braine, than an affection of the Soule. For as in the good, so in the ill of things; notwithstanding there seeme to be many contrarieties and dissimilitudes (as Seneca saith) Scelera dissident, that sinnes do disagree; yet indeed there is in that very contrariety such an agreement against God (as in Herod and Pilate against Christ) as admits not of any, in order unto God, but a gathered and united passion. And hence is that of Saint Iames, Hee that offendeth in one is guilty of all; because in that one hee contemneth that Originall Authority which forbad all. There are no tearmes of consistence betweene love and hatred divided upon the same uniforme Object. It is not the materiall and blind performance of some good worke, or a servile and constrained obedience to the more bright and convicting parts of the Law, that can any more argue, either our true love to the Precept, or our hatred to the Sinne, than a voluntary patience under the hand of a Chirurgion can prove, either that we delight in our owne paine, o… Abhorre our owne flesh. It is not Gods Witnesse within us, but his Word without us; not the Tyrannie of Conscience, but the goodnesse of the Law that doth kindly and p. 144genuinely restraine the violence, and stop the Eruptions of our defiled nature. Or though perhaps Feare may prevent the exercise and sproutings, nothing but Love can pluck up the root of sinne. A Lacedemonian endeavouring to make aPlutarch. …. La…on. dead carcasse stand upright as formerly it had done while it was alive, and not effecting it, concluded that outward meanes would availe little except there were something Within to support it. It is certainely so in actions as it is in bodies. Feare as an outward prop may helpe a while to keepe them up, but Love is the inward forme and life of them, without which they will quickly faint and fall againe.

Secondly, Another evill effect of hatred is a close and cunning Dissimulation in suppressing of it,Vide Sen…. Epist. 103. and palliating it with pretences of fairenesse and plausibility, till it have a full advantage to put forth it selfe. For by this meanes is the passion strengthned, and the Person, whom it respects, weakned: this by incautelousnesse and Credulity; (for common Charity, when it sees no signes of malice, will not easily suspect it) that by Restraint and Suppression; for any thing the more united, the more weighty it is: and as Winde, so Passions, the closer it is pent, the more strength it gathereth▪ Plutarch compareth it unto fire raked under ashes, and reserved untill another day, when we have some use of it. Which disposition the Historian hath often observed in Tiberius (whose principall vertue was Dissimulation) who being offended in the Senate with some p. 145words spoken by Hatevius and Scaurus; the Historians observation upon it is this. In Hat…vium statim invectus; Scaurum, cui implacabilius irascebatur, Tacit. A…al. lib. 1.silentio tramisit. The one he rebuked; but the other whom he more implacably hated, hee passed by with silence. And elsewhere upon occasion, Quae in praesens civiliter habuit, sed in animo revolvente ir as, etiamsi impetus affectionis langu…rat▪ memoria val…bat. Though hee seemed toAnal. lib. 4. Sta…it … odium donet impetus … … savor … langueret d… Do…n▪ in vita. Agric. take what was spoken courteously, yet hee laid it up in his minde, and though the heate of Passion, by being suppressed, did languish, the memory and grudge remained strong still. In which words the Historian hath expressed that excellent description of the same quality in Homer.

foreignIliad x. 81. Dieg. La…. l. 7 foreign …ripid. Med…a. 119.

foreign

foreign

foreign

L…w men with a Kings wrath are quite opprest,

For though he seeme the same day to digest

The …eate of's Passion, yet he still reserves

Close Anger in his breast, till fit time serves.

Whereunto agreeth that of the Tragedian,

Ira quaetegitur, n…Senec. Traged. Med….

Professa perdunt odia vindictae locum.

p. 146Anger thats hid gives surer blowes.A…erta Odia pal… de pell…, … & do…um Obscu…, …eque in…vita bi…ia. Tacit. Hist. lib. 4. Plutarch. A. pop…ib. & in Fabi….

But profest hate doth revenge lose.

And therefore Hanniball was wont to say that hee was more afraid of Fabius when hee did nothing, than of Marcellus when he did fight, of the one mans closenesse, than of the others boldnesse▪

And the reason why of all the Passions this o… hatred can thus smother and suppresse it selfe is, because it doth not affect the heart with troubl… or sadnesse (which affection the soule loves no… Aristotle, & …venal. V…ndicta mal…m quo non … ull….long to hold fast) but with a perverse joy and delight in pondring the contrivances of Revenge (which the Philosopher and the Poet have place… among the Objects of Delight.)

Now of all the waies whereby this passion i… supprest, the most hatefull to God and man i… when men doe palliare and shrowd their mali… under pretences of Love, and praise men unto … ine.Aelian. de A…imal foreign 40. Like the Panther which with his swe… breath allureth other Creatures to come un… him, and when they are come, devoureth the… Pessimum inimicoru… genus la…dantes, of all kind… foreign Sophoc. in Aiai. of enemies those are the worst, which as the Pr… phet speakes, doe break… mens heads with oyle, a… make a poyson of their owne merits to kill the… with praises, as Achilles spake in the Poet.

foreignIliad. …. 313. Salust. in …il.

foreign.

p. 147That man's as odious to me as hell gates,

Who with his mouth speakes faire, with his heart hates.

And it was wicked counsell which Theog nis gave to his Cyrnus, amongst so many sage and morall precepts, like a dead flye in a pot of oyntment.

foreign

foreign

Fawne on thy Foe, till he be in thy will,

Then, without Reasons give revenge her fill.

It is a quality of all others most distant fromforeign. Soph…. …bid. noblenesse and ingenuitie of mind, for generous spirits will acknowledg with honour and love the vertues of their enemies; as Fabritius Lucinus, A. Gilli…. lib. 4 cap. 8.when many were competitours for the Consulship gave his suffrage to Cornelius Ruff…nus, the worthiest of the Company, though hee were his bitter enemie: and Caesar caused the demollished statues of Pompey to be erected againe, not suffe…ingPlutarch, de capium ex h… st▪ bu… …. Hom… … a. 48. foreign T…ogn. the honor of so brave a Commander (though his enemie) to bleed and languish under his eye. Whereupon Cicero told him that in restoring the Statues of Pompey▪ he had fastned and made sure his owne. And Publius Scipio made none other use of his Enmity with Tiberius Gracchus, than to dispose his daughter unto him in marriage, becauseAu… G…ll. l. 12. c. 8. Liv. li…. 38. at that time when he was sure to judg with least favour and partiality, he found him to bee a p. 148vertuous and deseruing man. And the Emperour Adrian, to shew that he esteemed Hatred retained a base and un-princely disposition, as soone as hee came to the Empire, he layd aside all his former enmities, in so much as then meeting one, who had beene his capitall enemy, he said unto him,… …. in Hadrian. Evasisti, thou art now escaped from my displeasure.

Thirdly, Another evill effect of Hatred is cruelty; for it **foreign.seeketh (as I noted out of the Philosopher) the Not-being of that which it hates▪ and therefore among the Egyptians, a **D…g. …. lib. 7. Clem. Alex. Padag. l. 1. c. 8. Cle…. Alex. Strom. lib. 5. & lib. 1.Fish was the Hieroglyphick of Hatred, because of all Creatures they doe most devoure one another. And thus Achilles in the Poet expresseth his hatred of Hector, when he befought him to bestow upon his dead body an honourable buriall.

foreignIliad foreign 345.

foreign

I would my mind would give me leave to gnaw

Thy Flesh in morsells and to eate it raw.

And the like like expressions we finde of the cruelty of Tiberius, a man full of rancour.

Fastidit vinum, quia jam sitit iste Cruore,… Tiber. c. 19.

Tam bibit hunc avidè, quàm bibit antè merum.

He loaths all Wine for Blood, & now with mo…

Greedy delight drinkes this than that before.

p. 149Hatred contenteth not it selfe with the death of an Enemie, but is many times prodigious in the manner of it, and after out-lives that which it hateth, insulting with pride and indignities over the dead bodie which cannot complaine, nor otherwise, but by its owne loath somnesse revenge… ▪ de Ca lig. & in …. …. …1. it selfe. Caligula, that monster of men, when hee commanded any to bee slaine, gave this charge with it, It a feri ut se m…ri sentiat, that hee should perish with such lingring blows, as that he might feele himselfe to dye. And he often commandedIb. in Calig. aged men to stand by and looke upon the slaughter of their children, and after would force themSenec. de Ir…. lib. 2. c. 33. unto mirth and feasting, for feare of their others which were left alive; for to have mourned for one, would have forfeited the others. And for indignitiesforeign. …. Aiax. Taci…. hist. lib. 1 offered unto dead bodies, there is nothing, which more frequently occurreth. The Philistines cut off the head of Saul and sent it in Triumph up and downe their Country. And the Historian notes of Otho that he never looked withCapita hostiu… in … … …, Apud I…st. lib. 14. Vir…. … ▪ foreign ▪ &. …. … …. more insatiable delight upon any spectacle, than the head of Piso his enemy. So when the Grecians saw the dead body of Hector, every man (as the Poet describes it) did bestow a stab, and a contempt upon it. But above all most hatefull was the cruelty of Marc. Antonius and his wife Fulvia, shewed on the dead body of Cicero the glory of the Romane eloquence, they cut off his head and his hands, setting them in contempt, where he was wont to deliver those excellent Orations; from whence they tooke it to their Table, and p. 150Fulvia cursing it and spitting upon it, pulled outPe…. Cri…it. lib. 1. cap. 8. Pl…tarch. … …. the tongue (which all ages have admired) out of the mouth, and pricked it full of holes with her needle or bodkin; to shew that malice would ever doe mischiefe to a man in his noblest and highest treasure▪ as we see in that desperate Italian, who having his enemy in his mercy, first made him (in hope to escape) to renounce his religion and salvation, and then presently slew him▪ that as farre, as was in his power, hee might kill his soule, as well as his body.

But yet further Hatred doth not content it selfSe…t. Titi…s quod habuit … … ▪ … d… mi s…a▪ …. ci…. pro Rabini…. to be Cruell to the person hated, but runneth over from him unto others, that have any relation to him, though never so innocent: As we see in Haman, who though onelyonly displeased with the neglect of Mordecai, thought scorne to lay hands on him alone, and therefore plotted the ruine of all the Iewes. And it is noted by Historians, that when Sejanus fell, the storme lighted on his FamilyTacit. Ana…. lib. 5. 6. Su… ▪ Tib …. …1. Anal. lib. 15. Plutarc…. de cap. ex …st. …. Q. Curt. lib. 7. and friends as well as on himself: as is also observed in the punishment of the conspiracy against Nero detected by Millichus. And Themist…cles (though innocent) was like to have suffered in a crimination of Treason, onelyonly for being a friend unto Pausanias. Yea so over flowing is this Quality, that it will sometimes strike a friend rather than not reach an enemy. It was a wickedI … de Adul…t. & Ami…. …. In …. pro…ession of Darius, Pereat cum inimico …, Let my friend rather perish with mine Enemy, than mine Enemy escape by my friend. And hence it is observed of Aristides, that he was wont to propose p. 151such advices as hee knew did conduce unto publick weale by some other men and not from himselfe, least Themistocles out of hatred of his person, should have withstood and impedimented a generall good. But Ajax in the Poet went yet higher.

foreign—Sop…oc. in Aiac.

foreign

So I may slay mine Enemy,

Let the same ruine swallow me.

And the principall reasons of this over flowingForsan …uturus … … patris. Senec. …. of hatred are Feare and Cowardice; for he, who hateth the Father, and sheweth cruelty unto him, doth usually feare the Sonne, lest he rise up in his fathers quarrell: and hence is that maxime of cruell policy,

foreign.

S…asinus apud Clem. Alex. Str…m. 6. Hom. Odyss. foreign. 307. Odium etiam Ti…or sp. rat. Tertul. Ap…l. cap. 26. Vlc… … …x … … consu…um. Am. Marc. l. 27. & A…ist. … ▪ lib. 2.That man's unwise who doth the father slay,

And leaves the Sonnes his quarrell to repay.

For wee know Orestes revenged his fathers quarrell and blood upon Aegisthus.

And besides cruelty doth usually proceed from cowardice, as Amianus Marcellinus hath observed, and fearefull men, when they have any advantage to be cruell, doe seldome hold any measure therein, as being ever in doubt, if they leave p. 152any fire unquenched, that themselves shall bee burned with it. And therefore wee never read of any Emperours, which were more cruell, than those who were most fearefull and effeminate, as…. de I…a lib. 1. c. 13. Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Commodus, &c. As they say that wounded beasts, when they die, bite hardest;Maximè … esse sotent morsus … …. Flor… lib. 2. c. 15. their feare and despaire making them furious: So there is no wrath or Cruelty to that which proceeds from weaknesse, when it hath either jealousie, or advantage, or despaire to set it on. Yea, so violent it is, that it hath transported men unto profanesse, and made them violate Nature and Religion. As wee see in the cruelty of Tiberius towards the family of Sejanus, who, becauseSu…t. Tiber c. 6… it was an unheard and prodigious thing forTacit. Anal. i. 5 a little tender virgin to be strangled, gave command that the daughter of that late Favourite, should first be defloured, that so shee might bee the fitter to bee slaine. And Boniface the eighthPet. C…init. lib. 7. c. 13. Pope of that name being, according to the Ceremony of that Church, on Ash-wednesday to sprinkle ashes on the heads of such Bishops, as kneeled at his feet, and in some serious manner to mind them of their mortalities; when Prochetus Bishop of Genua, whom he bitterly hated, tendered himselfe at his fees to receive this Ceremony, he threw the Ashes in his eyes, with this benediction, A Gebelline thou art, and as a Gibelline thou shalt die: so powerfull was his malice to profane the rites of his religion! Yea, so farre will hatred proceed in this desperate contempt of God, that, if we may beleeve so prodigious a villany, p. 153it hath somtimes turned the very cup of the Lord into a Cup of poyson: as it is reported of Pope Victor the third, that he was poysoned in theMartin. apud …. in vit. P…nt. 3. Chalice at the Communion. Nether have there been wanting Examples of desperate men, who have made the most holy parts of Religion, Vowes, and Sacraments, the Seales and Pledges of their conspiracies in Malice: as once Catiline Salust. in Cat. Florus lib. 4. Dion. lib. 37. Plut. in lice…. & in Poplico …d.and his associates did animate themselves in their bloudy purposes, with drinking the bloud of a slaine Childe.

Now of all Hatreds, there are none more furious and unnaturall than those which arise out of contrarieties in Religion; because as a Stone, the higher the place is from whence it fals, doth give the more dangerous blow: no wound's so mortall, as that of a Thunder-bolt: so of all other those Hatreds which make pretences unto Heaven, and which arise from motives of the highest Nature, are ever most desperate and mortall. And therefore our Saviour tels us, that in this case men would forget all the bonds of naturall Obligation; insomuch that the Father would deliver his owne Childe, and the Children their Parents unto death. As we find that the bloudy Hatred of Cain against Abel arose from the different acceptance of their Sacrifices. Neither is it any wonder if that enmity grow excessive, which hath Zeale to kindle it, and pretence of Religion to warrant it: For when that which should restraine and set limits to a Passion, is made a party to ingage it, and sewell to foment it, no wonder if a Passion p. 154which hath no bounds from Religion, do impose… t…nere in …o dissi…ile est quod b…num esse …. …. Ep. 23. Plut. de Isi…. & O…od. …. none upon it selfe. And this occasion of mutuall Hatred, wee finde observed even in the ridiculous superstitions of Egypt, when one Towne would kill and eat the flesh of another in zeale to the Sheep, or Calves, or Dragons, which they did severally worship.

—Summus utrin que

Inde furor vulgo qùod Numina vicinorum,

Odit uter que locus.

This caus'd their rage, this made their great debate:

One Towne did worship what the next did hate▪

Another dangerous effect of Hatred is Envy and Malignitie at the sight of anothers happines;A…ist. Rbe…or. lib. 2. cap. 10. Plut. de Odi… & I…vidia. and therefore Envy is called an Evill Eye, because all the diseases of the Eye make it offended with any thing that is light and shineth; as Vermine doe ever devoure the purest Corne, and Moaths eat into the finest Cloath, and the Cantharides blast the sweetest Floures. So doth Envy ever gnaw that which is most beautifull in another whom it hateth; and as the Vulture, drawethAelian. de Animal. lib. 3 c. 7. lib. 4 c. 18. sicknesse from a perfume. For such is the condition of a rankorous Nature; as of a raw and angry wound, which feeles as great paine in the good of a Chirurgions, as in the ill offices of an Enemies hand, it can equally draw nourishment unto this Passion from the good and ill of whom it hates; yea and commonly greater too from the good than from the ill: For, Odiorum … p. 155causa quand… iniquae: When Hatred is built upon a bad foundation, it commonly raiseth it self the higher. And the reason is, because in Passions of this Nature, the lesse we have from the Object, the more we have from our selves, and what is defective to make up our malice in the demerit of him whom wee hate, is supplyed by the rising of our owne stomacke: as we see in the body that thin and empty nourishment will more often swell it than that which is substantiall.

And therefore I thinke there are not any Examples of more implacable Hatred, than those that are by Envy grounded on Merit. As Tacitus Tacitus.observes between the passages of Domitian and Agricola, that nothing did so much▪ strengthen the Emperours hatred against that worthy Man, as the generall report of his honourable behaviour and actions in those military services, wherein hee had been imployed. And the same likewise he intimates in the affections of Tiberius and Piso towards Germanicus.Plutar. lib. de R…p. Gerendâ.

It is wisely therefore observed by the Historian, That men of vast and various imployments, have usually the unhappinesse of Envy attending them, which therefore they have sometimes declined by retyring and withdrawing themselves from continuall addresses, as a wise mariner, who (as he spake) doth aliquantulum remittere Clavum … magnam fluctus vim. And thus we finde the honour which Davids merits procured him, which was the foundation of that implacable Hatred of Saul towards him. For as in naturall motions, p. 156that which comes from the faithest extreme, is most swift and violentiso in the motions of the Minde, the further off wee fetch the reason of our Hatred, the more venomous and implacable it is.

And here we may observe the mutuall and interchangable services, which corrupt affections exercise amongst themselves: For as Philosophy observes in the generation of those cold Meteors which are drawne to the middle region of the Aire, they are first by the coldnesse of the place congealed, and afterward doe by the like impressions fortify and intend the same quality in the Region: so here Hatred first generates Envy; and this againe doth reciprocally increase Hatred, and both ioyne in mischiefe. So much the more hurtfull to the Soule, wherein they are, than to the Enemy whom they respect, by how much they are more neer and inward thereunto: for certainly a malignant humour doth most hurt where it harboureth.

From this followeth another evill Effect,foreign L…er. l… Zen. lib. 7. Plutarch. de C…riosit. Arist. Ethic. lib. 2. cap. 7. Mag. Mor. cap. 2…. Prov. 17. 5. …4. 17.Prov 17:5Prov 17:4Prov 17:17 which I will but name, being of the same Nature with Envy; and it is that which Philosophers call foreign a rejoycing at the calamity of him whom wee hate, a quality like that of those who are reported to have **Culi… Rhod. Antiq. lect. lib. 6. cap. 35.been nourished with poyson. For as in Love there is a mutuall partaking of the same loyes and Sorrowes (for where the will and affections are one, the senses are in some sort likewise) so Hatred ever worketh contrarietie of affections: That which worketh p. 157Griefe unto the one, doth worke Ioy unto theDi…g. L…rt. l.…. other. And therefore Thales being asked how a Man might bee cheerfull and beare up in afflictions, answered: If hee can see his enemies in worse case than himselfe. The Poet hath given us the Character of such kinde of Men:

Pectora selle virent, Lingua est suff…sa ve…eno:

Risus abest, nisi quem visi fecere Dol…res.

Their breasts with gall, their tongues with venome flow:

They laugh not, till they see men brought to woe.

And therefore they are elegantly compared by the Philosopher unto Cupping Glasses, which draw onelyonly the vitious humours of the body unto them, and unto Flies that are overcome with the spirits of Wine, but nourished with the froth. Like those Wormes which receive their Life from the corruption of the Dead. And surely, the Prince of Devils may well have his Name given him from **Ecclz…. Math. 12. 24. foreign v…rtunt 70. 2. Reg. 1. 3. foreign a…d Pa…san. lib. 5. & Clem. Alex. in Protreps. Myiode… v… cat Plin. l. 29. cap. 6.Matt 12:242 Kgs 1:3Flies, because hee taketh most pleasure in the ulcers and wounds of Men, as Flies ever resort unto Sores.

Another corrupt Effect of Hatred is a sinister and crooked suspition, whereby with an envious and criticall Eye we search into the actions and purposes of another; and according as is the sharpnesse of our owne wits, or the course of our owne behaviour and practices, we attribute unto them such ends as were haply never framed but in the forge of our owne braines: Evill men p. 158being herein like Vultures, which can receive none but a foule Sent. It is attributed amongst one of the noble Attributes of Love, that it Thinketh none Evill: and certainly, there is not a fouler quality against Brotherly Love, than that which (for the satisfying of it selfe in (but the Imaginary Evill of him whom it disliketh) will venture to finde out in every action some close impiety, and pierce into the reserved and hidden passages of the heart: like him in the Philosopher, who thought where ever hee went, that hee saw his owne Picture walke before him. And there fore we see how Agrippina when she would not discover any shew of Feare or Hatred towards her Sonne Ner…, who had at the first plotted her death on the Sea; and that fayling, sent the second time Anicaetus the Centurion to make sure worke, did in both these practices decline all shew of suspition, and not acknowledge either the Engine or the Murther to be directed by him. Solum Insidiar…m remedium aspiciens, si non intelligerentur. Tacit. A…al. lib …4.Supposing the onelyonly remedies of these plots to bee, if shee seemed not to understand them. For ill meanings doe not love to be found out. As the same Historian telleth us of Tiberius, Acrius accepit recludi quae premeret: Hee hated that man who would venture to dive into his thoughts. And certainly there is not any crooked Suspition which is not rooted in Hatred. For as to thinke the worst of our owne Actions, is a signe of Hatred to our sinnes (for I thinke no man loves his sinnes who dares search them:) so p. 159contr…riwise to have an humour of casting the worst glosses upon the Actions of another Man, where there is not palpable dissimulation, argues as great a want of Love. Wee seach for Evill in our selves to expell it; but wee search for evill in another to finde it. There is scarse a more hatefull quality in the eyes of God or Man, than that of the Herodians, to lye in wait to catch an innocent man, and then to accuse him.

Another Effect which proceedeth from corrupt Hatred, is proud and insolent carriage, whereby wee contemne the quality, or undervalue and villifie the Merit of a person. For though the Apostle hath in this respect of Pride and Swelling, opposed Knowledge unto Love: Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth; yet the opposition holdeth not there onelyonly: For there is Tumor Cordis, as well as Tumor Cerebri; as well a stubborne as a learned Pride, a Pride against the Person, as against the weaknesse of our Brother, a Pride whereby wee will not stoope to a yeelding and reconciliation with him, as whereby wee will not stoop to the Capacitie and Edification of him; that is, the swelling of Malice, and this of Knowledge. And hence it is that Hatred (as Aristotle hath excellently observed)Rbet. l…. 2. …. 4. when it is simple and alone (though that seldome fall out) is without the admixtion of any Griefe. And the reason I take it is, because Griefe is either for the Evill of another, and so it is ever the Effect of Love; or for the Evill which lyeth upon our selves, and so is the cause of p. 160Humilitie; neither of which are agreeable with Hatred, whose property ever it is to conceive in it selfe some worth and excellency, by which it is drawne to a Contempt and Insolence towards another Man. And therefore as it was Pride in Men and Angels, which wrought the first Hatred between God and them; so the most proper and unseparable Effect of this hatred ever since is Pride.

The last Corruption of this Passion is Impatience, Contention and Fury, as the wise Man telleth us, Hatred stirreth up strife. And thereforeProv. 10. 12.Prov 10:12 that worthy Effect of Love, which is contrary to this of Hatred, is called foreign. and Longanimitas. Long suffering to signifie some length, distance, and remotion between a Mans Minde and his Passion. But Hatred, being of a fierce Nature, is so farre from admitting any Peace, or yeelding to conditions of parley, that as hath been observed out of Aristotle) it rests not satisfied with the Misery, but desires (if it bee possible) the utter overthrow of an Enemy.