The Players Scourge, Part 1 · Act 7 · Scene 3 · Floating text 64 – Floating text 68
nIustinian. Codicis lib. 1. Tit. 6. De Episcopis et Clericis. Le…. 34. Corpus Iuris Civilis Tom. 4. Col. 161, 162.Vehementer credimus quod Sacerdotū puritas et decus, et ad Dominū Deū et Salvatorē nostrum Iesum Christum fervor, et ab ipsis missae perpetuae praeces, multam propitiationē nostrae reipub: et incrementū praebent, per quas datur nobis et barbaros subjugare, et dominum fieri eorum quae anteà non obtinuimus; et quantò plus rebus illorum accedit honestatis et decoris, tantò magis et nostram remp. augeri credimus. Si enim hi praetulerint vitam honestam et undique irreprehensibilem, et reliquum populum instruerint, ut is ad honestatem illorum respiciens multis peccatis abstineat, planè est, quod inde et animae omnibus m…liores erunt, et facilè nobis tribuetur à maximo Deo et Salvatore nostro Iesu Christo clementia conveniens. Haec igitur nobis speculantibus, nunciatum est, praeter communem rerum fidē, quosdam ex reverendissimis diaconis item que presbyteris, (nam eo amplius dicere erubescimus, Deo amantissimos nempe Episcopos,) quosdam, inquam, ex his non vereri, alios quidem per se, aleas seu tesseras contrectare, et adeò pudicum, ATQVE ETIAM IDIOTIS A NOBIS FREQVENTER INTERDICTVM SPECTACVLVM participare: alios verò talem ludum non accusare, sed vel communicare facientibus, au… sedere spectatores actus indecori, et spectare quidem cum aviditate omnimoda, res omnium rerum importunissimas, …ermones vero audire blasphemos, quos in talibus necesse est fieri, polluere etiam suas manus, et oculos, et aures SIC DAMNATIS ET PROHIBITIS LVDIS; alios vero neque obscurè et latenter, aut equorum certaminibus se immiscere, aut etiam invitare aliquos super equorū profligatione aut victoria, vel per seipsos vel per alios quosdam… Et quia nō decēter talia ludāt, aut SCENICORVM aut thylemicorū SPECTATORES FIVNT LVDORVM, aut earum quae in theatris certantium ferarum pugnae fiunt, quemadmodum ipsi vel his qui modo et recens initiati sunt, et adorandis mysterijs dignati… ipsi praedicant, ut ABR… NVNCIENT ADVERSARII DAEMONIS CVLTVI, ET OMNIBVS…POMPIS EIVS, QVARVM NON MINIMA PARS TALIA SPECTACVLA SVNT. Saepè quidem istis talia custodiri praedicamus: videntes autem de his factam nobis relationē in necessitatem incidimus ad praesentem veniendi legem, tum propter nostrum super religione studium, tum etiam propter sacerdotij ipsius simul et communis reipub: utilitatem. Et sancimus, neminem neque diaconum, neque presbyterum, et multo magis neque Episcopum, (quod quidem et incredibile fortè videri possit,) ut quorū in ordinationibus praeces ad Dominum mittuntur Christum Deum nostrum, et invocatio sancti et adorandi sit Spiritus, et eorum capitibus aut manibus imponuntur sanctissima eorum quae apud nos sunt mysteriorum, ut scilicet ipsis omnia sensoria instrumenta pura fiant et consecrentur Deo. Neminem igitur horum audere de caetero et post divinam nostram legem aut cubicare, (id est tesseris seu aleis ludere,) quocunque aleae genere aut ludo, aut ita ludentibus communicare aut conversari, aut recreari, aut unà cum ijs agere, aut eis testimoniū perhibere, aut interesse PLEBEI…S HVIVSMODI SPECTACVLIS quae prius diximus, aut quid eorum quae in his prohibētur facere, sed OMNI AD …LLA PARTICIPIO IN POSTERVM ABSTINERE &c. Si vero quis de caetero tale quid faciens deprehensus fuerit &c. et convictus feurit diaconus et presbyter vel aleator esse, vel alea…orum particeps, aut talibus assidens vanitatibus, vel praedictis interesse spectaculis; aut etiā fortè aliquis Deo amabilium Episcoporum (quod quidē neque eventurum esse confidimus,) prorsus tales cujusdā participes esse spectaculi, aut cum aleatoribus unà sedere, et disponere, aut pacisci, aut sponsiones …acere, de caetero ausus fuerit, *And was not this Emperour a rank Puritan thinke you, for making such a severe Law as this against these scandalous irregular Clergy men.eum à sacra …eperari liturgia jubemus, ac imponi ipsi canonicā poenam, et definiri tempus infra quod conveniat metrapolitanū suū jej…ijs et supplicationibus utentem magnum propitiari Deum super tali transgressione: et si per definitū tempus maneat lachrymis et poenitentia et jejunio et ad Dominum Deum oratione, remissionem delicti exorans, con…estim ei cui subjectum est hoc diligenter cognito, et sollicitè requisito, communē quidem pro ipso orationem fieri curabit, et cum om…i diligentia injunget ipsi ut posteà à tali sacerdotij d… decoratione abstinear; e… si putaverit ipsum sufficiente… ad poeni…e…tiam venisse, tum sacerdotali eum restituere dignetur clementiae. Si vero et post excommunicationē inventus fucrit, ne que vera poenitentia usus, et aliàs etiam aspernatus …am rem et manifestè ab adversario (diabolo) mente ine…atus, ipsum quidem sacerdos sub quo degit, sacris eximat catalogis, omnino eum deponens: ille autem non amplius ullo modo licentiam habeat ad sacerdotalem venire gradum &c.
We verily beleeve that the puritie and honour of Ministers, and their zeale to our Lord God and Saviour Iesus Christ, and their perpetuall prayers, afford much reconciliation and increase to our Republike; by which there is power given to us, both to subdue the barbarians, and to be made Lord of those things which before we have not obtained, and by how much the more honesty and comelinesse accrues to their affaires, we beleeve that our commonweale shall bee so much the more increased. For if these shall live an honest, and every way unblameable life, and shall instruct the residue of the people, that they beholding their honesty may abstaine from many sinnes, it is manifest, that frō thence even all mens soules will be the better, and convenient mercy shall be easily granted to us by our great God and Saviour Iesus Christ. We therfore contemplating these things, it is tolde us, beyond the common truth of things, that certaine of the most reverend Deacons and Presbyters, (for wee are more ashamed to say, that even Bishops who are best beloved of God,) I say, that some of these, are not afraid, some of them by themselves, to play at tables or dice, and to participate of so shamefull a SPECTACLE, WHICH WEE HAVE OFT PROHIBITED EVEN LAYMEN THEMSELVES: that others verily blame not this play, but either communicate with those who use it, or si… spectators of this unseemely act, beholding even with all greedinesse the most inconvenient foolish thing of any, and hearing blasphemous… speeches which must necessarily be uttered in such… sports, oStage-playes therefore and the heholding of Dicers, and Dice-play… pollute mens eyes, their eares, their hands and …oules.polluting even their hands, their eyes & eares with such CONDEMNED AND PROHIBITED PLAYES: that others trully, not obscurely and covertly, intermingle themselves in Cirque-playes and horse-races, or else bett with others upon the discomfiting and victorie of horses, either by…themselves or some others. And because they cannot conveniently use such Playes, they become SPECTATORS OF STAGE-PLAYES and Enterludes, or of those combates of wilde beasts that are made in theaters; albeit they thēselves doe preach even to those that are even now but newly admitted to and made partakers of th… sacred mysteries,pStage-playes therefore are the very pomps of the Divell, which wee renounce …n baptisme. that they should RENOVNCE THE WORSHIP OF THE DIVEL THEIR ADVERSARY, AND ALL HIS POMPES, OF WHICH SVCH SPECTACLES OR STAGEPLAYES ARE NOT THE LEAST PART. Truly we have ofttimes proclaimed that such things should bee observed by them: but seeing there is a relation of these things made unto us, we are fallen into a necessity of comming to the present law, both in respect of our care for religion, as also for the publike benefit of the ministry it self, and of the Republike. And we decree, that no Deacon nor Presbyter, and much more no Bishop, (which truly may chance to seeme incredible,) as in whose ordinations praiers are sent up to our Lord God Iesus Christ, and the holy and adored Spirit is invocated, and the most holy mysteries that are among us are imposed on their heads or hāds, that so al their sensitive instruments may be made pure and consecrated unto God. *Let Clergy men mark this well.Let none of them therefore hereafter presume after our divine law, either to play at tables or dice, or at any kinde of dice-play, or game, or to communicate or converse, or to be recreated with those who play thus, or to play together with them, or to beare witnesse to them, or to be present at such PLEBEIAN SPECTACLES AND STAGE-PLAYES which wee have spoken of before, or to doe any of those things that are here prohibited, but to ABSTAINE HEREAFTER FROM ALL PARTICIPATION WITH THEM. And if any one shall henceforth bee deprehended doing any such thing, and if any Deacon or Presbyter shal bee convicted to bee either a dicer, or a partner with dicers, or one that sitteth by such vanities, or to be present at the foresaid Enterludes: or if perchance any one of the Bishops beloved of God (which *Yet some perchance there are who have Stage-playes acted before them now and then to their …hame, and the ill example of others, & that on Lords-day nigh…s too.truly we trust will never happen,) shall henceforth presume to be a partaker of any spectacle or play, or to sit together with dicers, and to direct, or bargaine, or …ett, wee command him to be sequestred from the sacred liturgie, and canonicall punishment to be inflicted on him, and a convenient time to bee appointed within which hee may resort to his Metropolitan with fasting and supplications, to appease the great God for this his offence: and if during the appointed time he shall continue imploring the remission of his fault with *The solemnnesse and seriousnesse of this repentance before his read…mission into the Ministerie, shewes the hainousnesse of that Ministers or Bishops offence, who either playes or betts at dice, or lookes on dicers, or resorts to Stageplayes.teares, repentance, and fasting, and prayer to his God; this being speedily made knowne to whō he is subject, and diligently examined by him, hee shall provide a common prayer to be made for him, and with all diligence shall enjoyne him, that he shall afterwards abstaine from such a disgrace of the ministry; and if he shall thinke that hee hath sufficiently repented, let him vouchsafe to restore him to his ministeriall function. But if even after his excommunication he shall be found not to have truly repented, and contemptuously to returne to the same thing againe being manifestly seduced in his mind by the Divell; let the Bishop or Minister under whom he lives strike him out of the sacred catalogues, and altogether depose him & let him by no means obtaine any future licence to come into the Ministeriall order.
Which Constitution shewes how execrable a thing it is, for Clergy men especially, to resort to Stageplayes.
To this worthy Constitution or Law of his, I shall annexe two others, worthy our observation.
aIustinian Codicis l. 5. Tit. 17 De Repudiis &c. Lex. 8. f. 169 a. Lypsius De Amphitheatro, c. 3. p. 17.Virnullo modouxorem expellat, nisi adulteram &c. nisi circensibus vel theatralibus ludis, vel arenarum spectaculis, in ipsis locis in quibus haec adsolent celebrari, se prohibente gaudentem.
bIustiniani Novella 22. & 117, Bulengerus, De Theatro l. 1. c. 50. p. 297. here p. 391Vir dimittere uxorem potest, si …raeter voluntatem suam circenses et theatricas voluptates captet, ubi scenici ludi sunt, aut ubi ferae cum hominibus pugnant.
A man may by no meanes put away his wife, unlesse she be an adulteresse, &c. or unles she resort to Cirque-playes, or Stage-plaies, or Sword-plaies, in those very places where they are wont to be celebrated, contrary to his command.
A man may put away his wife, if without his leave shee runne to Cirque-playes, and theatrical Enterludes, to play-houses, (or places where are Stage-plaies,) or where beasts fight with men.
Which lawes of his, authorizing men to put away their wives, (as cSee here p. 391.Sempronius Sophus did) if they resort to Playes, to Play-houses, or other spectacles without their licence, dBulengerus de Theatro l. 1. c. 5. p. 297. & here p. 389, 390, 391.(because it is an apparant evidence of their lewdnesse, and a meanes to make them common prostituted whores, few else resorting unto Playes but such;) is an impregnable evidence of the lewdnesse, the unlawfulnesse, the infamy of acting and frequenting Stage-playes, and of the intollerable mischievous qualities of Plaies themselves which thus strangely vitiate their Spectators: and withall should cause all husbands, all parents, to keep their wives and daughters from Playes and Theaters, (theeAgrippa De Vanitate Scientiarum cap. 63, 64. & here pag. 435. to 444, 452, 453. accordingly. very marts, the instructions of baudery and adultery), if they would preserve them chast; to which Adulterers, Woers and others oft entice them, that so they may more easily overcome their chastity, and make them pliable to their lusts, fSee Act. 6. Scene 3, 4, 5. accordingly.which they are alwayes sure to accomplish, if they can once but draw them to resort to Playes; as ancient, that I say not moderne experience, can too well witnesse.
The second, are the imperial Constitutions of Honorius and Theodosius, which runne thus.
qIustinian. Codicis lib. 1. Tit. 6. De Episcopis et Clericis Lex. 17. Edi…. Parisii… 1537. fol. 16.Placuit nostrae clementiae ut nihil conjuncti Clerici cum publicis actionibus vel ad Curiam pertinentibus habeant. Praeterea ijs qui Parabolani vocantur, neque ad quodlibet publicum spectaculū, neque ad Curiae locum, neque ad judicium accedendi licentiam permittimus &c. Interdicimus sanctissimis Episcopis et presbyteris, diaconis et subdiaconis, et lectoribus, et omnibus alijs cujuslibet ordinis venerabilis collegij aut schematis constitutis, ad tabulas ludere aut alijs ludentibus participes esse, aut inspectores fieri, aut ad quodlibet spectaculū spectandi gratia venire. Si quis autē ex his in hoc deliquerit, jubemus hunc tribus annis a venerabili ministerio prohiberi, et in monasteriū redigi: sed in medio tempore si se poenitentē ostenderit, liceat sacerdoti sub quo constitutus est tempus minuere, et hunc priori rursus ministerio reddere.
It pleaseth our grace that Clergy men intermeddle not with publicke actions or things belonging to the Court. Besides, wee permit not those who are called*That is, such Ministers as were appointed to cure the bodies of those who were weake and sicke. See Iustinian. Cod. l. 1. Tit. 6. Lex. 18. accordingly. Parabolani, to have leave to come to any publike Spectacle or Stageplay, nor yet to the Court, or place of judgement. Wee prohibit the most sacred Bishops, and Presbyters, Deacons and Subdeacons, and all others of the venerable colledge, or livery, to play at tables, or to bee partners with others that play, or spectators of them, or to come to any spectacle or stageplay of purpose …o behold it. If any of these shall offend in this, we command him to be suspended the venerable ministrie for three yeares, and to be thrust into a Monastery: But if in the middle of this time hee shall shew himselfe penitent, it shal be lawfull for the Minister under whom hee is placed to shorten the time, & to restore him to his former ministery.
To which I may adde these ensuing Imperiall Constitutions of Gratianus, Valentinianus, and Theodosius.
rCodicis Theodosiani lib. 15 Tit. 5. De Spectaculis, Lex 2. Parisiis 1598. p. 471.Nullus solis die populo spectaculum praebeat, nec divinam venerationem confecta solennitate confundat.
sIbidem Lex. 5 p. 432. See Valentinianus, Theodo…ius, & Arcadius. Iustinian. Codicis lib. 3. Tit. 12. De …eriis Lex. 7. accordingly.Dominico quae est septimanae totius primus dies et natale, atque Epiphaniorum Christi, Paschae etiam atque quinquagesimae diebus omni Theatrorum atque Circensium voluptate per universas urbes earundem populis denegata, totae Christianorum ac fidelium mentes Dei cultibus occupantur. Si qui etiam nunc vel ludaei impietatis amentia, vel stolidae paganitatis errore atque insania detinentur, aliud esse supplicationum noverint tempus, aliud voluptatis. Acne quis existimet in honorem numinis nostri veluti majo ri quadam imperialis officij necessitate compelli, et nisi divina religione contempta spectaculis operā daret, subeundum forsitan fibi nostrae serennitatis offensam, si minus circa nos devotionis ostenderit quat quā solebat, nemo ambigat, *Kings then are most honoured, when as God is best served by their subiects and Courtiers.quod tunc maxime mansuetudini nostrae ab humano genere defertur, cum virtutibus Dei omnipotentis potentis ac meritis universis obsequium orbis impenditur.
Let no man exhibit any Stage-play or Spectacle to the people on the Sunday, nor confound Gods worship with any acted Enterlude.
On the Lords day which is the first day and birthday of the whole week, and on the feast-dayes of the Epiphany of Christ, of Easter also and of Whitsontide, all the pleasure of Stage-playes and Cirque-playes, being denied the people throughout all their Citties, the whole minds of Christians & beleevers shalbe busied in the worship of God. And if any now are deceived either with the folly of Iewish impiety, or with the errour and frenzie of foolish paganisme; let them know, *Therefore Lords day nights are no fit times for Masques or Stage-playes.that there is one time of supplications, another of pleasures. And l…st any one should thinke himselfe as it w…re compelled out of honour to our Majesty with a certaine greater necessitie of imperiall duty, and that perchance he shall undergoe the displeasure of our grace, unlesse contemning divine religion, he shall addict himselfe to Stage-playes, or if hee shall shew lesse devotion towards us in this kinde than hee was wont: let no man doubt, that then most of all is attributed to our clemencie by mankind, when as the obedience and service of the world is bestowed on the vertues and universall merits of the omnipotent God.
The last is that of Iulian the Apostata, who in his Letter to Arsacius, the Arch-Pagan Priest of Galatia, writes thus by way of injunction, of purpose to draw the Pagans to the discipline of the Christians.
tZozomeni Eccles. Hist. l. 5. c. 17. Nicephorus Callisius Eccl. Hist. l. 10. c. 22. Eutropius Rerum Rom. Histor l. 11. p. 150. Centur. Magdeburg. Cent. 4. Col. 458. Baronius & Spondanus Annal. Eccles. Anno 362. sect. 60.Deinde sacerdotem quem que cohortare, ne in theatro conspiciatur; ne apud caupones potet; neve arti cuiquam aut operae pudendae aut ignominiosae praesit. Et morem quidem gerentes persequere, rebelles vero à te repelle.
Moreover exhort every Priest that hee be not seene in the theatre; that he drinke not at ale-houses; and that hee practise or survey no ignominious, no shameful art or worke. And honour those who are obedient, but repell the rebellious from thee.
So much shew of ingenuity was there even in this grand Apostate, as to doome Stage-playes unfit Spectacles, Playhouses & Alehouses undecent places for Pagan Priests, how much more then for Christian Ministers.
To all which Councels and Constitutions of this nature, I shall adde Gratian: Distinctio 33, 48. & Causa 21. Quaest. 3, 4. I…onis Decreta pars 5. cap: 373. & pars 11. c: 76.78, 79. Panormitan: Tit: De Vita et Honestate Cleric…rum, & De Clerici Officio. Alvarus Pelagius De Planctu Ecclesiae, lib: 2. Artic: 28. fol: 133. Isiodor Hispalensis De Officijs Ecclesiasticis l: 2. c: 2. HRabanus Maurus De Sacris Ordinibus lib: 1. Operum Tom: 6. p: 63. A, B Alexander Fabricius Destructorium Vitiorum l: pars 4. c: 23. Ioannis De Wankel Glossa in Breviarium Sexti lib: 3. Tit: 1. De Vita et Honestate Clericorum. vOperum Tom. 2. pag. 717.Innocentius 3. Decretalium Constit: lib: 3. Tit: 1. De Vita et Honestate Clericorum. Episcopus Chemnensis, Onus Ecclesiae, cap: 23. sect: 1, &c. Ioannis de Athon, Othoboni Constitutiones, fol: 78, 79, 80. & Constitutiones Concilij Oxoniensis, fol: 122, 123, 124. Lindwood Provincialium Constitutionum, l: 3. Tit: De Vita et Honestate Clericorum fol: 87, 88. Summa Rosella, Tit: Clericus, sect: 2. & Chorea Summa Angelica, Tit: Chorea: & Clericus, sect, 4, 9, 11. Claudius Espencaeus Digressionum in Epist: ad Timothaeum lib… 2. cap: 14, 15. Ioannis De Burgo Pupilla Oculi, pars 7. c: 10… Buchardus Decretorum l: 14. c: 7. Dionysius Richelius De Vita Canon: et Ecclesiast: Artic: 9. Clichthouius, De Vita et Moribus Sacerdotum, cap: 17. Bochellus D… cretorum Ecclesiae Gallicanae lib: 6. Tit: 18, & 19. Ioannis Langhecrucius, De Vita et Honestate Ecclesiasticorum, l: 2. cap: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22. & l: 3. c. 3, 4. With sundry other Canonists and Casuists in their Treatises, De Ecclesiasticis Officijs, & De Vita & Honestate Clericorum: who all unanimously conclude, (as the fore-quoted Councels and Constitutions doe;) That it is utterly unlawfull for any Clergy men whatsoever, (who should be x1 Tim. 4.12. See Ambrose, Remigius, Chrysostome, Theodoret, Theophylact, Anselme, Beda, HRabanus Maurus, Primasius, Haymo Sedulius, Lyra, Calvin, Marlorat, Aretius, with others Ibidem, accordingly; & Concilium Mediolanense, apud Binium, Tom. 4. p. 891, 892.patternes of piety, temperance and humility to others:) not onelyonly to hunt, to hauke, to drinke or pledge any healthes; to make any riotous feasts, to weare any ySee my Survey of Mr. Cozens his cozening Devoti…ns, p. 72. & the Epistle Dedicatory to the Archbishops & Bishops &c. before my Anti-Arminianisme.velvets, silkes, or costly apparell, to intermeddle with secular affaires &c. to dance, to play at dice or tables, or at any unlawfull games, or to looke upon any others who are dancing or playing: but likewise to be actors, hearers, or spectators of any Enterludes, Stage-playes, or other such Spectacles whatsoever either in publike or private; for the premised reasons. All which concurring Authorities, (seconded by the Canons and Constitutions of our owne Church of England; Witnesse, Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum, ex Authoritate Regis Henrici 8. et Edovardi 6. Londini 1571. Tit. De Ecclesiastica, et ministris ejus, cap. 4 f. 48. Where we thus reade. Presbyteri non sint compo…ores, non aleatores, non aucupes, non venatores, non sycophanti, non otiosi, &c. & Ibid: fol… 48. cap. 13. f. 50. Caveat Episcopus ne otiosos, vanos, impudicos aut aleatores nutriat, &c. Together with Queene Elizabeths Injunctions, Injunct: 7. Canons Anno 1571. fol: 4.8.13. & Canons 1603. Can: 73, 74. Which thus decree: *I would all inconformable Ministers in manners would remember it.That Ministers shall not give themselves to drinking or riot, spending their time idly by day or by night, playing at cards, or tables, or any other unlawfull game; but at all times convenient they shall heare or reade somewhat out of the holy Scriptures, or shall occupie themselves with some other honest studie or exercise, alwayes doing the things which shall appertaine to honestie, and endeavouring to profit the Church of God, having alwayes in minde, that they ought to excell all others in purity of life, and should b… examples to the people to live well and christianly; under paine of ecclesiasticall censures to be inflicted on them with severity, according to the qualities of their offences:) should now at last persuade all Christians, (especially all Clergy men, for whom there is no evasion,) for ever to renounce, not onelyonly the acting, the composing, but likewise the very sight and hearing of all publike and private Stageplayes, which so many Councels, Canonical and Imperiall Constitutions, have thus unanimously censured, even from age to age. Wherefore I shall here close up this Scene (and I hope the mouthes of all Play-patrons whatsoever) with this 48. Play-confounding Argument, uncapable (I suppose) of any answer.
That which 55 severall Oecumenicall, Nationall,Argum. 48. Provinciall Synodes and Councels in severall successive ages of the Church: together with sundry Apostolicall, Canonicall, and Imperiall Constitutions, have severely inhibited, suppressed, anathematized, condemned under paine of excommunication, and the like; must undoubtedly be execrable, unseemely, unlawfull unto Chri…tians, unsufferable in any Christian Church or State.
But 55 s…verall Oecumenicall, Nationall, and Provinciall Synodes and Councels, in severall successive ages of the Church; together with sundry Apostolicall, Canonicall and Imperiall, Constitutions, have severely inhibited, suppressed, anathematized, condemned Stageplayes, together with their Actors and Spectators, under paine of excommunication, and the like: as all the premises witnesse.
Therefore they must undoubtedly be execrable, unseemely, unlawfull unto Christians, unsufferable in any Christian Church and State.
The premises no Christian can or dares controll, against so many apparant evidences: the Conclusion therefore must stand inviolable, maugre all that Players or Play-haunters can object against it.